JPH0113818B2 - - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

The present invention relates to growth promotion of economically important animals. More particularly, the invention relates to feeds containing additives that promote the growth rate of such animals and at the same time increase feed utilization efficiency. It is well known that promoting growth rates and increasing feed utilization efficiency in economically important animals are important considerations in agricultural economics. Faster growth rates result in expanded use of equipment used to raise the animals and improve return on investment. Increased efficiency of feed utilization results in lower production costs. In the search for effective development or growth promoters, it is generally recognized that relatively small-scale improvements in growth rate and feed efficiency can be advantageous. Thus, for example, in broiler chicks, a growth rate enhancement of 3% or more and an increase in feed efficiency of about 2% or more are economically meaningful, especially when using relatively small amounts of the active compound and the user It is meaningful if the price is favorable for Many compounds have been used as animal growth promoters. Among these compounds are
Some antibiotics include, for example, penicillin G, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, tylosin, lincomycin and flavomycin. However, antibiotics are known to vary in their growth promoting effects and increasing feeding efficiency, and that some are effective for one purpose and ineffective for others. Therefore, it would be a significant advance in the art to provide compounds that provide significant improvements in both growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. The antibiotic amphomycin is described and claimed in US Pat. No. 3,126,317. The production and properties of amphomycin are as follows:
"Antibiotics and Hemotherapy"
(Antibiotics and Chemotherapy) Volume 3,
pp. 1239-1242 (1935), Antibiotics Annual 1954-
1955, Medical Encyclopedia, Inc.
Inc.) New York, pp. 1011-1019 and Anuibiotics Medicine and Clinical Therapy.
Clinical Therapy) Volume, No. 2, 142-145
(1956). However, the use of amphomycin as a feed growth additive is not disclosed in any of the known publications regarding amfomycin. Amfomycin is an acidic polypeptide and readily forms salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases such as sodium, ammonium, calcium and aluminum salts. As used herein, the term "amphomycin" shall refer to the free acid or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The present invention provides a novel method for promoting animal growth and improving feed conversion efficiency, which comprises orally administering to the animal a feed containing an effective amount of amfomycin. Further, according to the present invention,
Novel feed compositions are provided that include nutritionally balanced compositions incorporating effective amounts of amphomycin to promote growth and improve feed conversion efficiency. Although the invention is applicable to all types of non-human animals, it is particularly useful for economically important animals such as chickens (particularly chicks), pigs, cows, turkeys, chickens, ducks, horses, goats, rabbits and sheep. be. Particularly important non-ruminants are chickens (particularly chicks) and pigs, and important ruminants are cows, sheep and goats. It has been found that daily oral administration of a growth-promoting amount of amphomycin as a component in the feed consumed by animals significantly accelerates the animal's growth rate and at the same time improves feed utilization efficiency.
For example, in studies with broiler chicks, amphomycin used at concentrations of about 4 to 12 g per ton of regular feed resulted in about 3% more weight gain and 3% more weight gain than control chicks fed the same diet without amphomycin. yielded an average result of % reduction in total feed consumption.
Generally, amphomycin concentrations of about 4 to 100 g/ton of feed have been found to be effective on growth rate and feed utilization efficiency in both ruminant and non-ruminant animals. Amfomycin is commonly used in animal husbandry;
It can also be added to any nutritionally suitable feed known to those skilled in the feed industry. Such feeds contain grains, fats, minerals, vitamins and similar known ingredients in proportions that depend on the animal being fed. Amphomycin can be added to the feed using known procedures. For example, amphomycin (or its non-toxic salts as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,126,317; for purposes of this invention is considered equivalent to amfomycin itself),
It can be added directly to the animal feed at a concentration of g/ton of feed and uniformly distributed throughout by mixing. In another preferred embodiment, amphomycin can be added to an edible non-toxic diluent, preferably a nutritive substance, to form a highly concentrated premix. The premix is prepared using amphomycin concentrate (4 g amphomycin/bond) to contain approximately 10-30 pounds of amphomycin concentrate per 100 pounds of premix.
A sufficient amount of the premix is then added to the feed to provide a feed composition containing 4-100 g of amphomycin/ton of feed. The amphomycin supplemented feed prepared as described above provides significantly improved growth rates and feed utilization efficiency at any dose when used in animal feeding. According to another feature of the invention, amphomycin, when administered orally to a ruminant with developed ruminant function, alters the digestive fermentation of said ruminant to produce further propionate in conjunction with the production of acetate. , which was found to improve feed utilization efficiency. The efficiency of carbohydrate utilization in ruminants is known to be increased by treatments that stimulate the animal's rumen flora to produce propionate compounds rather than acetate compounds (e.g., U.S. Pat. (See No. 3839557). Also, carbohydrate utilization efficiency can be effectively tracked by observing the production and concentration of propionate compounds in the rumen. When an animal is producing more propionate, the feed is being used more efficiently. The standard in vitro method for determining compounds that promote propionate production in the rumen is the artificial rumen method described in US Pat. No. 3,794,732.
It has surprisingly been found that amphomycin, when subjected to this in vitro procedure, significantly increases the production of propionate in the rumen, thus proving to be effective in increasing feed utilization efficiency in ruminants. shown. The characteristics of this ruminant are
This is probably in addition to the above-mentioned feed utilization promoting activity of amphomycin in monogastric animals involving a different mechanism of action. Amphomycin is uniquely effective in increasing feed utilization efficiency when administered orally to ruminants as a feed additive at concentrations of about 4-100 g/ton of feed. Suitable feed compositions containing amphomycin as a feed additive can be prepared as described above. As shown in Example 2 below, an in vitro artificial rumen test shows that amphomycin significantly increases methane production and increases propionate production. Methane formation causes 'flatulence' in cattle and also reduces feed efficiency.
Also, amfomycin does not significantly inhibit cellulose (cellulose digestion) nor does it affect total caloric digestion. The use of amphomycin as a feed additive may be further understood by reference to the examples set forth below. These Examples are provided only to further specifically explain the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Example 1 The efficacy of amphomycin in promoting growth and improving feed efficiency of broiler chicks is specifically explained below. In this example, a basal diet containing the following ingredients was used: Powdered Yellow Corn 544.1 lbs Soybean Flour (Unhulled) 290.4 〃 Corn Gluten Flour (60%) 25.0 〃 Fish Meal-Herring (60%) 25.0 〃 Meat and Bone Meal (47%) 25.0 〃 Dicalcium Phosphate 5.0 〃 Limestone 8.0 〃 *Trace Mineral Mix 1.5 〃 Iodized Salt 4.0 〃 **Premix #1A 5.0 〃 ***Premix #2A 5.5 〃 Choline Chloride (25%) 2.6 〃 Vitamin A Concentrate (30000 Units) 35g Methionine 0.4lb Fat 53.5 〃Total 995.0 lbs. *Trace mineral mix contains magnesium oxide, ferrous carbonate, potassium iodide, cupric oxide, cobalt sulfate, and zinc oxide, all dispersed in calcium carbonate. **Premix #1A consists of the following: Vitamin A Concentrate 30,000 IU/g 1.47 lbs Vitamin D Concentrate 30,000 ICU/g 7.35 〃 Hydrogenated Animal-Vegetable Oil 0.91 〃 Soybean Flour (No Skin) 90.27 〃 100.00 〃 *** Premix #2A consists of: Riboflavin (20g/lb) 1.50lb Calcium Pantothenate (32g/lb)
1.56 〃 Niacin 0.44 〃 ≠Coagulone (16-S) vitamin K concentrate
1.89 〃 B12 (60 mg/lb) 2.00 〃 Hydrogenated Animal-Vegetable Oil 0.93 〃 ≠≠ Soybean Flour (No Skin) 91.68 〃 100.00 〃 ≠ Equivalent to 5.28 g Menadione/lb ≠≠ Soy-Fat Mix (92.61 lb) Procedure :Female broiler chicks (Hubbard breeder hen x white)
A White Mountain rooster was used as the test animal. Chicks were housed in electrically heated metal chick nurseries with raised wire mesh floors. The unit contamination degree was increased for more effective bacterial load as a stress for testing antibiotics. room and nursery box unit,
The chicks were kept unclean from previous trials completed before rearing began. Drinking water for testing was sourced from overflow water from spawning cage operations. The water was collected in a waste can and left overnight to allow the particulate matter to settle. Chicks were vaccinated against New York disease, bronchitis and Maretske's disease at 7 days of age. Feed trays were attached with wire mesh that rested on top of the feed to minimize feed consumption. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Ten groups of 10 birds in each group were selected on the basis of hatching weight and fed the experimental diet for a 4-week study period, and four groups were fed the control diet. Groups of chicks and food were placed in cages based on positions selected from a random number table. Chicks and feed were weighed per group on a weekly basis. The study was terminated at 4 weeks of age. A comparison bait was prepared as follows. +Premix-69 0.50 lb basal bait (as listed above)
99.50 Total 100.00 lbs Experimental feed (for an amphomycin concentration of 4 g/ton) was prepared as follows. ++ Premix-75 0.50 lb Basal Feed 99.50 Total 100.00 + Premix-69 consists of: Nutrigard (50% Ethoxyquin) 4.99 lbs Fat 0.85 〃 Soy Protein 94.16 〃 Total 100.00 〃 ++ Premix-75 consists of: Nytrigard (50% ethoxyquin)
4.99 lbs. Fat 0.85 〃 Soy Protein 84.25 〃 Amphomycin Concentrate (4g Amfomycin/lb) 9.91 〃 Total 100.00 〃 Results: Average 4-week weight, average % weight change, average feed efficiency, and average feed efficiency are shown in the table below. Shows % change. Apparently, amfomycin at a concentration of 4 g/ton of feed resulted in a 6.21% increase in body weight and a 4.07% increase in feed efficiency. Results of a 4-week study using 4g/ton amphomycin

[Table] Example 2 Artificial Rumen Test Following the general procedure of Example 5 of U.S. Pat.
The dose was evaluated in mg/culture (25 ml inoculum - artificial saliva with cellulose, starch and urea as nutrients). The test results are shown in the table below.

[Table] Analysis In the above test, amphomycin significantly increased propionate production and methane production (“flatulence”).
It was found that the cause of Amfomycin does not significantly inhibit cellulases;
It also had no significant effect on total digested calories. A dose of 0.1 mg/culture appears to be the most effective, although closely adjacent doses are also acceptable. As the dosage increases, cellulose degradation decreases slightly, methane production decreases significantly, propionate production increases significantly, and acetate and butyrate production decreases. Higher doses are not harmful from a cellulose degradation point of view, but result in less improvement in caloric efficiency due to reduced acetate and butyrate production. The above studies show that amphomycin is useful in improving feed efficiency in ruminants with developed ruminant function.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. An animal feed characterized by containing amphomycin. 2. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the animal is a chicken. 3. The feed according to claim 1, wherein the animal is a pig. 4 Claim 1 in which the animal is a ruminant
Feed as described in section. 5. The feed according to claim 4, wherein the ruminant is a cow, sheep, or goat.