JPH0235628B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0235628B2 JPH0235628B2 JP59181060A JP18106084A JPH0235628B2 JP H0235628 B2 JPH0235628 B2 JP H0235628B2 JP 59181060 A JP59181060 A JP 59181060A JP 18106084 A JP18106084 A JP 18106084A JP H0235628 B2 JPH0235628 B2 JP H0235628B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- base material
- overlay
- molten metal
- mold
- glass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/08—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for building-up linings or coverings, e.g. of anti-frictional metal
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は母材の外周に鋳かけ肉盛によつて肉盛
層を形成する方法に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a method for forming a built-up layer on the outer periphery of a base material by casting overlay.
母材の周囲に高周波誘導加熱を利用して鋳かけ
肉盛する方法は、既に特公昭44−4973号公報に開
示されている様に、極めて一般的な技術である。
The method of casting overlay around the base material using high frequency induction heating is an extremely common technique, as already disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 4973/1983.
また最近、この方法を改良したものとして例え
ば特公昭59−19786号公報に記載されているもの
がある。同公報に記載の発明は母材表面にガラス
粉末を被覆しておき、母材を断続的に降下させて
鋳かけ肉盛する時、予熱用誘導加熱コイルによつ
てガラス粉末を一旦溶融して、母材に溶着させた
後に肉盛溶湯を接触させて溶着させる様にしたも
のである。この発明においては溶融金属と母材と
の溶着を目的に予熱し、この予熱時の熱で併せて
ガラス粉末を溶融、溶着させるものであるので、
必ずしもガラスの融着には最適の条件とはいいが
たく、問題点も残している。 Recently, there is a method that has been improved on this method, for example, as described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 19786/1986. The invention described in the same publication covers the surface of the base material with glass powder, and when the base material is lowered intermittently for casting overlay, the glass powder is once melted using an induction heating coil for preheating. , after welding to the base material, welding is performed by contacting the molten metal overlay. In this invention, the molten metal and the base material are preheated for the purpose of welding, and the heat during this preheating is used to melt and weld the glass powder.
These conditions are not necessarily optimal for fusing glass, and there are still problems.
そのいくつかを挙げると、
(1) 母材に被覆したガラス粉末は粉末状態で母材
表面に単に塗布された状態であるので、予熱、
溶融前の段階では、予熱用誘導加熱コイルが肉
盛装置に取付けられたり、あるいは予熱用誘導
加熱コイルの上方に配置され、肉盛時に母材の
倒れを防ぐためのガイドローラーの部分を通過
したりするときに剥落することがあり、この部
分が不溶着の原因になる。 Some of them are as follows: (1) Since the glass powder coated on the base material is in a powder state and simply applied to the surface of the base material, preheating,
At the stage before melting, the preheating induction heating coil is attached to the overlay device or placed above the preheating induction heating coil, and the material passes through a guide roller to prevent the base material from falling during overlay. It may peel off when it is wetted, and this can cause non-welding.
(2) ガラス粉末は短時間に急激に加熱されるので
部分的にふくれを生じたり、加熱むらに伴うガ
ラス化の不均一部分を生じ易くなり、母材への
融着が理想的な状態では行われず、これが肉盛
層の不溶着を招く原因になる。(2) Glass powder is heated rapidly in a short period of time, so it tends to blister in some areas or cause uneven vitrification due to uneven heating, and if the glass powder is not ideally fused to the base material, If this is not done, this will lead to non-welding of the built-up layer.
本発明の目的は、ガラス粉末を用いる従来の鋳
かけ肉盛り法における上記問題点を解消すること
にある。
An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems in the conventional casting overlay method using glass powder.
本発明においては、母材の肉盛に際して、まず
母材表面に被覆したフラツクスであるガラス粉末
の少なくとも表面部を、肉盛り用とは別の加熱手
段によつて溶かし、一種のほうろうをかける要領
でガラス層を融着被覆させる。このように予めガ
ラス層を融着被覆しておくと、肉盛中にガイドロ
ーラの部分でこすられて剥落するようなことがな
くなる。また、上記の加熱はガラスの融着だけを
目的に、これに最も適した条件で施工されるの
で、非溶着部のない全く均一なガラス融着層を得
ることができる。
In the present invention, when overlaying the base material, first, at least the surface portion of the glass powder, which is the flux coated on the surface of the base material, is melted using a heating means different from that used for overlaying, and then a type of enameling is applied. The glass layer is fused and coated. If the glass layer is fused and coated in advance in this manner, it will not be rubbed off by the guide roller during overlay and will not peel off. Moreover, since the above heating is carried out under the most suitable conditions for the sole purpose of fusing the glass, it is possible to obtain a completely uniform glass fusing layer without any non-welded parts.
第1図は本発明の方法を実施するための鋳かけ
肉盛用の装置を示す図である。 FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a casting overlay device for carrying out the method of the present invention.
同図において、1はテーパ部および平行部の周
壁を有するロート状の耐火性加熱型を示す。同耐
火性加熱型1には、これを外包するように環状の
誘導加熱コイル2が配置され、その下部に加熱型
1と同軸に、加熱型1の下部と同径の内孔を有す
る環状の緩衝型3が置かれている。さらにその下
部には、同じく同軸的に、緩衝型3の内径よりも
若干大きめの内径の水冷鋳型4が配置され、これ
らは同軸的に組立てられ定位置に固定されてい
る。また、耐火性加熱型1の上方には、母材予熱
用の誘導予熱コイル7が同じく同軸的に配置され
ている。さらに誘導予熱コイル7の上方には、母
材の倒れを防ぐためのガイドローラー(図示せ
ず)が配置される。 In the figure, reference numeral 1 indicates a funnel-shaped refractory heating mold having a peripheral wall of a tapered part and a parallel part. The refractory heating mold 1 has an annular induction heating coil 2 arranged so as to enclose it, and an annular induction heating coil 2 coaxially with the heating mold 1 at the bottom thereof and having an inner hole having the same diameter as the lower part of the heating mold 1. Buffer type 3 is placed. Furthermore, a water-cooled mold 4 having an inner diameter slightly larger than the inner diameter of the buffer mold 3 is disposed coaxially below it, and these molds are coaxially assembled and fixed in a fixed position. Further, above the refractory heating mold 1, an induction preheating coil 7 for preheating the base material is similarly arranged coaxially. Furthermore, a guide roller (not shown) is arranged above the induction preheating coil 7 to prevent the base material from falling down.
本発明を実施するに当たつては、予めガラスを
一種のほうろうがけによつて被覆したガラス融着
層6を有する母材5を上記肉盛装置にセツトす
る。母材5を組合わせモールド中に垂直に装入
し、母材5の下端または必要に応じて下端から適
宜はなれた位置に肉盛層の外径とほぼ同径の外径
を有する閉止部材(図示せず)を固定し、さら
に、その下部は母材昇降機構(図示せず)に取付
けられている。母材5としては鋳鉄、鋼、特殊鋼
等を適宜使うことができる。予熱コイル7で母材
5を予熱すると共に、母材5と加熱型1との間隙
に溶湯を注入し、溶湯を加熱コイル2によつて凝
固しない様に加熱撹拌し、予熱された母材表面と
溶着反応を起こさせ、所要時間後、母材5を降下
させ、逐次肉盛層を緩衝型3および水冷鋳型4で
凝固させ、これと同時に新しい溶湯を加熱型1の
中に追加注湯し、以下にこれを繰り返して肉盛を
完了する。母材表面に被覆されたされたガラス溶
融状態になつて、溶融フラツクス層8を形成して
溶湯表面を覆い、溶湯が大気により酸化、汚染す
るのを防いでいる。 In carrying out the present invention, a base material 5 having a glass fusing layer 6 coated with glass by a kind of enameling is set in the overlaying device. The base material 5 is vertically charged into a combination mold, and a closing member (having an outer diameter approximately the same as the outer diameter of the overlay layer) is placed at the lower end of the base material 5 or at a position appropriately separated from the lower end as necessary. (not shown) is fixed thereto, and its lower part is attached to a base material lifting mechanism (not shown). As the base material 5, cast iron, steel, special steel, etc. can be used as appropriate. The base metal 5 is preheated by the preheating coil 7, and molten metal is injected into the gap between the base metal 5 and the heating mold 1. The molten metal is heated and stirred by the heating coil 2 so as not to solidify, and the surface of the preheated base metal is heated. After the required time, the base material 5 is lowered and the overlay layers are successively solidified in the buffer mold 3 and the water-cooled mold 4, and at the same time, new molten metal is additionally poured into the heating mold 1. , repeat this to complete overlay. The glass coated on the surface of the base material becomes molten and forms a molten flux layer 8 to cover the surface of the molten metal, thereby preventing the molten metal from being oxidized and contaminated by the atmosphere.
ここで本発明で使用するガラスの組成について
述べる。 Here, the composition of the glass used in the present invention will be described.
本発明のガラスは通常の溶接あるいはろう付け
で使用されるフラツクスと同じ様な目的で使用さ
れるものであるが、更に、これに加えて、予め被
覆した際に、亀裂や剥離が起こることのない強固
な被覆層を得る必要がある。このため、母材の性
質とくに線膨張係数を考慮に入れる必要がある。 The glass of the present invention can be used for the same purpose as flux used in ordinary welding or brazing, but in addition, it has the added benefit of preventing cracking and peeling when coated in advance. It is necessary to obtain a strong coating layer. For this reason, it is necessary to take into consideration the properties of the base material, especially the coefficient of linear expansion.
また、本発明では母材の種類と溶湯成分によつ
て多少違つてくるが、一般に鋼母材に高合金鋳鉄
を肉盛する場合を想定すると、溶着界面の温度は
凡そ1000℃以上になるので、被覆するガラスへこ
の温度でも分解することなく、安定してフラツク
スの機能を維持できるものが必要である。以上の
要件を勘案すると、成分的にはSiO2、Al2O3、
CaO、CaF2、B2O3その他のアルカリ金属、アル
カリ土類金属の酸化物、ハロゲン化物等が有効で
ある。さらに、濡れ性を良くするためにはB2O3
が、また耐火性を良くするためにはSiO2、Al2O3
等が有効である。 In addition, in the present invention, although it varies somewhat depending on the type of base metal and the composition of the molten metal, in general, assuming that high-alloy cast iron is overlaid on a steel base material, the temperature at the weld interface will be approximately 1000°C or higher. A flux is needed that can stably maintain the function of a flux without decomposing the glass to be coated even at this temperature. Considering the above requirements, the components are SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ,
Oxides and halides of CaO, CaF 2 , B 2 O 3 and other alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are effective. Furthermore, to improve wettability, B 2 O 3
However, to improve fire resistance, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3
etc. are valid.
従つて、本発明で使用するガラスの組成はこれ
らを混合したものが望ましい。 Therefore, the composition of the glass used in the present invention is preferably a mixture of these.
前記、特公昭59−19786号公報に記載の従来技
術では、予熱は溶着促進のための予熱ということ
に主眼が置かれ、主として母材自身の溶着促進の
ために行われるために、ガラスが融解する以前に
母材表面は、周辺の熱影響で相当酸化しており、
この様な条件の下で、前記酸化物の清浄化が完全
に達成されるのは極めて難しい。また、ガラスの
一部不溶着の部分やあるいは、酸化物がそのまま
残存することが起こりうる。 In the prior art described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 59-19786, the main focus is on preheating to promote welding, and since it is performed mainly to promote welding of the base material itself, the glass melts. Before this, the surface of the base material was considerably oxidized due to the influence of surrounding heat.
Under such conditions, complete cleaning of the oxides is extremely difficult to achieve. Furthermore, it is possible that some unwelded portions of the glass or oxides may remain as they are.
これに対して、本発明では母材は既に別の手段
で予めガラス融着されているので、母材のセツト
時にはガラスは溶融被覆されており既に表面は清
浄化されている。予熱コイル近傍では融着ガラス
膜は再溶解されるが、表面の清浄化は既に母材を
セツトした状態でなされているので、少なくとも
ガラスが再溶解して、蒸発するまでは、母材の酸
化は起こらないので、極めて理想的な状態で母材
と溶湯とを接触させることができ、この結果全体
に均一に母材と溶湯との濡れが促進されることに
なる。 On the other hand, in the present invention, the base material is already glass fused by another means, so that when the base material is set, the glass is fused and coated and the surface has already been cleaned. The fused glass film is remelted near the preheating coil, but since the surface has already been cleaned with the base material set, the base material will not be oxidized at least until the glass is remelted and evaporated. Since this does not occur, the base material and the molten metal can be brought into contact in an extremely ideal state, and as a result, wetting of the base material and the molten metal is promoted uniformly over the entire surface.
肉盛用の溶湯の成分組成は目的や用途によつて
適宜種々の合金組成を選択することができるが、
酸化されやすい合金元素を添加する場合は加熱型
の中の溶湯を母材に被覆されたガラスとは別のフ
ラツクスで被覆することが必要になることもあ
る。 Various alloy compositions can be selected as appropriate for the composition of the molten metal for overlay depending on the purpose and use.
When adding alloying elements that are easily oxidized, it may be necessary to coat the molten metal in the heating mold with a flux different from the glass coated on the base material.
以下に本発明の実施例を説明する。 Examples of the present invention will be described below.
実施例 1
(母材へのガラスの被覆工程)
SiO2 61重量%
Al2O3 6重量%
B2O3 16重量%
CaO 11重量%
Na2O+K2O 6重量%
上記組成100重量%に対して結合剤、粘土を5
重量%と水を40重量%とを添加してなる混合物を
有機分散剤に分散させ、スプレーによりS45C製
の180mm径の母材表面に0.3〜0.5mm厚さに被覆し
た。次ぎにこれを十分に乾燥したのち、高周波に
よつて表面を700〜800℃に加熱し、被覆層を溶融
しながら連続的に移動させてガラスの溶着層を形
成した。このガラス被覆層にはほうろうの層が全
面に均一に形成されクラツクや膨れの発生は認め
られなかつた。Example 1 (Glass coating process on base material) SiO 2 61% by weight Al 2 O 3 6% by weight B 2 O 3 16% by weight CaO 11% by weight Na 2 O + K 2 O 6% by weight The above composition is 100% by weight Binder, clay for 5
A mixture of 40% by weight and 40% by weight of water was dispersed in an organic dispersant and coated on the surface of a 180 mm diameter base material made of S45C to a thickness of 0.3 to 0.5 mm by spraying. Next, after sufficiently drying this, the surface was heated to 700 to 800° C. using high frequency waves, and the coating layer was continuously moved while melting to form a glass welding layer. A layer of enamel was uniformly formed over the entire surface of the glass coating layer, and no cracks or blisters were observed.
(肉盛り工程)
上記被覆工程で調製したガラス被覆母材を1週
間放置した後、下記組成の鋳鉄を肉盛りした。ガ
ラス被覆した母材には錆の発生や、疵は全く生じ
てなかつた。肉盛装置は第1図に示した装置を使
用した。(Build-up process) After the glass-coated base material prepared in the above-mentioned coating process was left for one week, cast iron having the following composition was built-up. There was no rust or scratches on the glass-coated base material. The overlay device shown in FIG. 1 was used.
(肉盛層の成分、重量%)
C Si Mn Cr Mo
2.57 0.64 0.92 13.8 0.41
予熱コイルによる予熱温度:約900℃
肉盛溶湯の注湯温度:1550℃
平均肉盛度:20mm/min
以上のような条件で鋳かけ肉盛したものを縦方
向、横方向で切断して溶着状況を検査した。(Components of overlay layer, weight %) C Si Mn Cr Mo 2.57 0.64 0.92 13.8 0.41 Preheating temperature by preheating coil: Approximately 900℃ Pouring temperature of overlay molten metal: 1550℃ Average overlay degree: 20mm/min or more The welding conditions were inspected by cutting the parts that had been cast and overlaid under these conditions in the vertical and horizontal directions.
肉盛鋳かけ起点と終了部の各々およそ80mmをの
ぞいて溶着不良個所は認められず、ノロや金属酸
化物のかみこみ、ブローホールなどの内部欠陥も
全く認められなかつた。 No defects in welding were observed except for approximately 80 mm at the start and end of the overlay casting, and no internal defects such as slag, metal oxide entrapment, or blowholes were observed.
予めガラスを溶着被覆していないものは部分的
に錆が生じたりガイドローラーの部分で塗布した
ガラス粉の剥離が起こり、この部分に溶着不良が
起こりやすいが、本例では、この様なことは全く
なく、全面均一に溶着していた。 If the glass has not been welded and coated in advance, rust may occur in some areas or the glass powder applied to the guide roller may peel off, making it easy for welding defects to occur in these areas, but in this example, such problems are avoided. There was no welding at all, and the entire surface was uniformly welded.
実施例 2
溶湯表面をフラツクスで被覆を施した例を示
す。Example 2 An example is shown in which the surface of the molten metal is coated with flux.
母材は実施例1と同じ条件のものを使用し、肉
盛成分はVを含む酸化の激しいものを使用した。
成分組成は以下の通りである。 The base material was used under the same conditions as in Example 1, and the overlay component was a material containing V that is highly oxidized.
The component composition is as follows.
C Si Mn Cr Mo V
2.67 0.52 0.88 10.4 1.21 9.72
(重量%)
肉盛溶湯は酸化が非常に激しいために、表面を
溶湯の酸化物と反応後に流動性に富むフラツクス
で被覆した。C Si Mn Cr Mo V 2.67 0.52 0.88 10.4 1.21 9.72 (% by weight) Because the oxidation of the overlay molten metal is very severe, the surface was coated with a highly fluid flux after reacting with the oxide of the molten metal.
肉盛条件は、実施例1の肉盛工程と同じ条件と
した。 The build-up conditions were the same as those in the build-up process of Example 1.
この方法によつて作られた肉盛部の溶着は完全
に行われており、スラグのかみこみ、ブローホー
ルも全く認められなかつた。 The welding of the built-up parts made by this method was complete, and no slag entrapment or blowholes were observed.
本発明の効果を列記すると以下の通りである。 The effects of the present invention are listed below.
(1) 全面均一な溶着が得られる。(1) Uniform welding can be achieved over the entire surface.
(2) 母材を長期間放置したときの表面腐食が防止
できる結果、(1)の効果がもたらされるので、フ
ラツクス被覆作業と鋳かけ作業を同期化する必
要がなくなり、生産性の向上が図られる。(2) As a result of preventing surface corrosion when the base material is left for a long period of time, the effect of (1) is brought about, so there is no need to synchronize flux coating work and casting work, which improves productivity. It will be done.
第1図は本発明を実施するための鋳かけ肉盛用
の装置の概略を示す図である。
1:耐火性加熱型、2:誘導加熱コイル、3:
緩衝型、4:水冷鋳型、5:母材、6:ガラス融
着層、7:誘導予熱コイル、8:溶融フラツクス
層。
FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a casting overlay device for carrying out the present invention. 1: Fireproof heating type, 2: Induction heating coil, 3:
Buffer mold, 4: water-cooled mold, 5: base material, 6: glass fusion layer, 7: induction preheating coil, 8: molten flux layer.
Claims (1)
と、該枠の下に同軸的に配置された冷却型より成
る組合せモールドの内側に設けられた通路空間に
肉盛用母材を遊嵌せしめ、該母材を肉盛に先立つ
て予め該耐火枠の上方に該枠と同軸的に配置され
該母材を包囲する誘導予熱コイルによつて予熱す
ると共に、該母材と該モールドの間に形成された
空〓に肉盛用溶湯を注入して該溶湯と該母材を溶
着させ、該溶湯を該冷却型によつて冷却、凝固さ
せながら該母材を該モールドに対して同軸的に移
動せしめることによつて該母材の周囲に連続的に
鋳かけ肉盛する方法において、上記母材を上記肉
盛装置にセツトし同軸的に移動して母材を予熱し
ながら鋳かけ肉盛する以前に、上記母材表面に予
めガラス層を上記予熱とは別の加熱によつて溶融
し融着せしめておくことを特徴とする鋳かけ肉盛
方法。 2 上記母材とモールドの間に注湯された肉盛用
溶湯の表面を溶融フラツクスで被覆シールするこ
とを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第1項に記載の鋳
かけ肉盛方法。[Claims] 1. A cladding matrix is provided in a passage space provided inside a combination mold consisting of a refractory frame surrounded by an induction heating coil on the outside and a cooling mold coaxially arranged below the frame. The materials are fitted loosely, and the base material is preheated prior to overlaying by an induction preheating coil that is placed coaxially above the refractory frame and surrounds the base material. The molten metal for overlay is injected into the cavity formed between the molds to weld the molten metal and the base material, and the molten metal is cooled and solidified by the cooling mold while the base material is placed in the mold. In this method, the base material is set in the overlay device and moved coaxially to preheat the base material. A casting overlay method characterized in that, before casting overlaying, a glass layer is melted and fused onto the surface of the base material by heating other than the preheating. 2. The casting overlay method according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface of the molten metal for overlay poured between the base material and the mold is coated and sealed with molten flux.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18106084A JPS6160256A (en) | 1984-08-30 | 1984-08-30 | Building-up method by tinkering |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18106084A JPS6160256A (en) | 1984-08-30 | 1984-08-30 | Building-up method by tinkering |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6160256A JPS6160256A (en) | 1986-03-27 |
| JPH0235628B2 true JPH0235628B2 (en) | 1990-08-13 |
Family
ID=16094079
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP18106084A Granted JPS6160256A (en) | 1984-08-30 | 1984-08-30 | Building-up method by tinkering |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS6160256A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR930009983B1 (en) * | 1987-03-24 | 1993-10-13 | 히다찌 긴조꾸 가부시끼가이샤 | Wear-resistant compound roll |
| GB2226080B (en) * | 1988-11-22 | 1993-06-02 | Nissan Motor | Controlling engine operation according to detected engine revolution speed and identified cylinder |
| JPH0814273B2 (en) * | 1989-05-29 | 1996-02-14 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Ignition timing control device for internal combustion engine |
| US5419973A (en) * | 1990-06-13 | 1995-05-30 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Composite roll for rolling and process for producing the same |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS53144826A (en) * | 1977-05-24 | 1978-12-16 | Kubota Ltd | Preparation of complex roll |
| JPS5919786B2 (en) * | 1980-12-25 | 1984-05-08 | 株式会社富士工業所 | Method of forming cast overlay reclad material on the outer periphery of base material |
| JPS601109B2 (en) * | 1981-07-02 | 1985-01-11 | 株式会社クボタ | Centrifugal casting method |
| JPS5919786A (en) * | 1982-07-21 | 1984-02-01 | Nippon Denso Co Ltd | Fluid flow rate control valve |
-
1984
- 1984-08-30 JP JP18106084A patent/JPS6160256A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6160256A (en) | 1986-03-27 |
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| EXPY | Cancellation because of completion of term |