JPH0348777B2 - - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for qualitatively and quantitatively improving the fertilization or foliar fertilization of cultivated plants and ornamental plants in greenhouses, in open fields or in agricultural fields.

It is known that in closed greenhouses, irrigation water is enriched with carbon dioxide, which improves both plant growth and resistance to pests and diseases by influencing the geology. The introduction of water impregnated with carbon dioxide into the soil is carried out by one of the known methods, for example drip irrigation, ditch irrigation, catchment irrigation, sprinkler irrigation. In order to introduce carbon dioxide-rich water into the soil, it is important to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide into the water as much as possible above the normal absorption capacity, and to achieve optimal absorption so that free water remains in the irrigation water. It is imperative to avoid foam formation in transportation, dosing and nozzle mechanisms, etc. The spraying or spraying of highly and optimally gas-impregnated irrigation water results in a loss of carbon dioxide as soon as the irrigation water is released due to the high degree of impregnation, making this type of irrigation method economical. On the other hand, irrigation water spraying has become important for so-called foliar fertilization or general fertilization. Foliar fertilization takes advantage of the plant's ability to absorb nutrients through its leaves, and the nutrient solution, to which fungicides or other insecticides may also be added, is sprayed directly onto plant leaves using a nozzle mechanism. Difficulties often arise due to deposits of dissolved nutrient salts in the narrow transport tubes and nozzle sections that prevent flow or become clogged. Therefore, these mechanisms require constant care and cleaning. Another drawback is the formation of deposits and spots on the leaves of plants. Furthermore, when this method is used, the substance has to be transformed into a form of the compound that is more easily absorbed by plants, such as a chelate form, making this method more expensive and thus preventing its use on a large scale. ing.

The object of the present invention is to improve this method of foliar fertilization by increasing the reliability of the nozzle mechanism and qualitatively as well as quantitatively improving the uptake of nutrients through the leaves, i.e. by reducing the deposition on the plant surface over a wide area. It is to improve by preventing.

This problem is an aqueous solution containing at least one type of plant nutrient or the nutrient and agricultural chemicals such as herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc. Water within the natural absorption capacity for carbon dioxide in water 1
It is formed with a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.1 to 2g per
This problem can be solved by spraying the aqueous solution on the leaves of the plants and separately supplying deficient nutrients to the soil in the cultivation area.

The method of the invention takes advantage of the ability of plant leaves to directly absorb macro- and micronutrients and to make the nutrients available for plant assimilation. This nutrient uptake by the leaves is achieved according to the new method of the present invention.
It can be substantially improved and made easier by adding carbon dioxide gas to the nutrient solution or irrigation water used for the production of the nutrient solution in an amount within the normal absorption capacity at ambient temperature. . The normal absorption capacity of water at a temperature of about +20° C. is about 0.88 gas/pure water per carbon dioxide gas, which corresponds to about 1.78 g CO ₂ /water. Since ordinary tap water already contains other types of gases and substances, in practice the normal absorption capacity will be lower than the above-mentioned values. Increasing the carbon dioxide content above normal values increases the solubility of nutrients in water. Therefore, if the water contains carbon dioxide, the nutrient salts will not easily crystallize or otherwise precipitate out of the nutrient solution, thus reducing the risk of blockages in the nozzle or spray mechanism conduit or nozzle, and in plants. Absorber tube clogging is largely avoided. Therefore, the device requires less frequent repairs and essentially no post-treatment of the plants is required. At the same time, the reliability of the spraying mechanism is substantially increased. This ensures that the nutrient solution can be distributed very evenly to the leaves of useful plants.

Foliar fertilization has hitherto been possible only to a limited extent. Fertilizing the soil, on the other hand, causes the production of acids directly in the vicinity of the roots and, above all, increases the production of carbonic acid, which is useful for the plant. Carbon dioxide is
Roots produce such acids when they physically penetrate nutrient water through respiration. This produces chemically dissolved carbonic acid in a ratio of 1:1000 to physically dissolved carbon dioxide. This acid forms bicarbonate, making cationic minerals available to plants.

However, plants cannot use this method on the surface of leaves. According to the invention, the water is therefore made to contain a certain amount of carbon dioxide, thereby improving the quantitative nutrient uptake through the surface.
The improved solvency also has a qualitative improvement effect by largely eliminating harmful pore-clogging crystallization and deposits. As the concentration of nutrients in the fertilization water increases on the leaf surface due to carbon dioxide content, it creates a higher osmotic pressure gradient. As a result, the plant surface can absorb more nutrients. This increased absorption capacity is also maintained when carbon dioxide is absorbed through the pores. This is because the concentration of carbon dioxide increases again at the same time as evaporation, and the dissolving power is maintained sufficiently until the evaporation process ends.

Since the carbon dioxide content is adjusted within a certain range, the loss of carbon dioxide when the nutrient solution is sprayed is very low. Therefore, when the water spray is deposited on the surface of the plant leaves, the original regulated carbon dioxide content is substantially maintained and remains relatively stable, so that the carbon dioxide contained in the water Carbon also improves the plant's absorption of nutrients through its leaves. Again, this is because the inclusion of carbon dioxide increases the solubility of nutrients in water compared to water without carbon dioxide. During the evaporation of the water mist deposited on the leaves, carbon dioxide is correspondingly gradually released and can be absorbed directly to the same extent by the atmospheric stomata. The release of carbon dioxide gas from the nutrient solution takes place directly in the vicinity of the pores and is proportioned to the degree of evaporation of water; the concentration of the gas increases above the limits of natural conditions, so that the carbon dioxide loss is extremely small. The irrigation water drip device therefore acts as a custom-made carbon dioxide dispenser. Thus 90%
Up to or more nutrients can be absorbed and utilized by plants.

The carbon dioxide content of the solution or water is advantageously chosen in such a way that a high solubility of the water for nutrient salts is obtained, ie deposits of dissolved substances are also excluded through the entire feed system.

Adjusting the carbon dioxide content to between 0.5 and 2 g/water can serve the purpose. Its content can also advantageously be reduced to 0.1 g/.

In this connection, the currently fluctuating quality of water with respect to carbon dioxide must be taken into account. Water for irrigation or fertilization is generally obtained from rainwater or tap water, or a mixture thereof, and also in part from rain-generated surface water or groundwater. Although the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased over the last 100 years, rain currently has an inherently relatively low carbon dioxide content. It has a condensate absorption capacity of 40% sulfur dioxide to 0.88% carbon dioxide. The water from the water system is either free of carbon dioxide or its content is extremely reduced for technical reasons (protection against corrosion) (Bild der Bitssenschaft, No. 11/84,
Bild der Wissenschaft, Heft 11/84, ``On the formation of mineral waters'', especially p. 52). The paper also points out the high solubility of carbonic acid, which is given equal importance in the field of botany in terms of its usefulness to roots. As conventional experiments have demonstrated, the main cause of modern plant pest damage is carbon dioxide and carbonic acid deficiency. Carbonic acid has the effect of inhibiting bacterial growth, thereby making it possible, for example, to maintain the quality of mineral water in its original or natural state.

The considerations discussed here for plants also apply to the ingestion of minerals and the like by animals and humans.

The essential advantages of the novel method according to the invention are as follows.

The increased carbon dioxide content increases the water's ability to dissolve nutrient salts and thereby substantially improves nutrient uptake directly through the leaves of the plant.

Together with the nutrient solution impregnated with carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide necessary for assimilation by the plant is simultaneously supplied to the leaves and plants through the stomata. Moreover, since the supply is done in a metered manner, it is very economical. In this case, a particularly remarkable feature of carbon dioxide is exploited, namely its ability to cross cell membranes with sufficient osmotic pressure more easily than most other substances. Carbon dioxide then reaches all tissue substances.

When using carbon dioxide impregnated nutrient solutions, the amount of fungicides or other pesticides added can be significantly reduced. This is because carbon dioxide has the effect of suppressing bacterial development and strengthening the resistance of plants. In that case, savings of 50% or more can be achieved.

Nutrient deposits and scab formation in transport and spray equipment are eliminated by the high carbon dioxide content in the nutrient solution, as well as pore clogging and spot formation due to deposits on plant leaves. can be avoided.

Compared to conventional atmospheric fertilization, which introduces carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere in the greenhouse, the loss of carbon dioxide is very low, so that the method of the invention can be carried out particularly economically.

Carbon dioxide is buffered in the nutrient solution deposited on the leaf surface, and only through the process of evaporation does it gradually reach the plant's stomata and become useful.

When the process of the invention is used on a large scale, carbon dioxide obtained by recovery from waste gases, in particular combustion gases, e.g. chimney exhaust gases of power plants, of only industrial purity, i.e. By optimally impregnating the water with a gas having a purity of about 99.5% or less, the process is also substantially less costly. In this way, the method of the invention can also be applied to open fields in agriculture.

The use of industrially pure carbon dioxide obtained from stack exhaust gases simultaneously reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide in the troposphere, which has a negative impact on the climate. Applying the novel method of the invention, pesticides can be made unnecessary to a large extent or their usage can be substantially reduced.

Moreover, this new technology increases economic efficiency as fertilizer can be selectively tailored to what the plant really needs, thereby resulting in substantial fertilizer savings.

Furthermore, it is known that the large amounts of fertilizers currently required in agriculture place an ever-increasing load on groundwater. Also contributing essentially is the fact that, on the one hand, plants cannot fully utilize fertilizers introduced artificially into the soil, and on the other hand, the soil itself cannot maintain high fertilizer concentrations. Therefore, fertilizers, especially nitrogen compounds, are continuously washed away by rain and enter groundwater. By foliar fertilization as described above, this risk is almost essentially avoided.

In many cases it is sufficient to provide nutrients by foliar fertilization alone. Therefore, if foliar fertilization is used in a completely purposeful manner in combination with soil fertilization, as described in claim 1 of the present invention, it will be even better and more effective for plants and groundwater. Balanced favorable conditions can be achieved.

The results of the experiment showed that there is a high risk that only certain nutrient salts will be washed away into groundwater.
This includes, inter alia, nitrogen compounds and trace elements.

If water specifically enriched with suitable nutrients-elements is used according to the improved foliar fertilization method according to claim 1 of the present invention, the ground water will be free of these loaded substances. be done and stay. This is because, as mentioned above, more advanced foliar fertilization methods allow for selective and virtually complete absorption of nutrients applied by foliar fertilization.

On the other hand, nutrient salts, which the groundwater contains little or only a small amount, can be added to the soil in the novel process directly or separately from the substances contained in the groundwater. That is, it can be advantageously applied in the form of a nutrient solution impregnated with carbon dioxide, although by conventional methods. Fertilizer application is carried out by a kind of split application method. In that case, it is also possible to use the nutrient salts introduced directly into the soil in conventional dry, granular form.

This new application method substantially reduces soil and groundwater loading with excess nutrients and salts, making selective fertilization possible and leading to substantial savings in salt content.

The novel process of the invention makes it possible to compensate for the long-standing depletion of humus and the resulting disadvantages in an economically and ecologically sensible manner.

The novel method of the present invention first allows the loading of herbicides, fungicides, and other insecticides to be significantly reduced, for example by about 50% or more. As a result, the load on soil and groundwater due to these substances can be greatly reduced. Note that many of these substances are poorly or difficult to decompose. In addition to quantitative improvements in nutrient absorption, qualitative improvements (bicarbonate production) also occur. In this new method, the increased absorption capacity of the plant surface for nutrients is maintained for a relatively long time. This is because the concentration of carbon dioxide in the volume of water, which decreases upon evaporation of water, is maintained until absorption through the surface has ceased. The supply of carbon dioxide and at the same time the supply of nutrients takes place in a metered manner.

The high concentration of nutrients caused by carbon dioxide impregnation leads to an increase in osmotic pressure on the surface of the plant. This allows nutrients to penetrate better and faster. The presence of carbon dioxide simultaneously improves permeability. Both factors mentioned above contribute decisively to the improvement of surface absorption, whereby the nutrient solution also reaches the intracellular organelles.

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] 1. An aqueous solution containing at least one plant nutrient or said nutrient and an agricultural chemical, said aqueous solution containing at least one type of plant nutrient or said nutrient and an agricultural chemical, said aqueous solution comprising: The concentration of carbon dioxide is 0.1 to 2 g per 1 water, which is within the absorption capacity range, and the aqueous solution is sprayed on the leaves of plants in the cultivation area, and deficient nutrients are separately added to the soil in the cultivation area. An improved method of fertilization characterized by supplying fertilizers. 2. First, an aqueous solution is formed with carbon dioxide at a concentration of 0.1 to 2 g of carbon dioxide per 1 water, which is within the natural absorption capacity of water at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, and then a plant nutrient or the above-mentioned nutrient is added. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the agricultural chemicals are dissolved in the agricultural chemicals. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the carbon dioxide to be absorbed into water is industrial carbon dioxide with a purity of 99.5% or less recovered from industrial waste gas.