JPH043629B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH043629B2 JPH043629B2 JP59077096A JP7709684A JPH043629B2 JP H043629 B2 JPH043629 B2 JP H043629B2 JP 59077096 A JP59077096 A JP 59077096A JP 7709684 A JP7709684 A JP 7709684A JP H043629 B2 JPH043629 B2 JP H043629B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- phosphoric acid
- matrix
- electrolyte
- fuel cell
- assembling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 94
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔発明の属する技術分野〕 本発明は燃料電池の組立方法に関する。[Detailed description of the invention] [Technical field to which the invention pertains] The present invention relates to a method for assembling a fuel cell.
第１図は通常の電解液固定型燃料電池の構造を
部分的に示した断面図である。第１図において燃
料電池１は耐熱性、耐食性および電気絶縁性を有
する多孔質薄膜部材に燐酸などの電解液を含浸保
持させたマトリツクス２、このマトリツクス２を
挾持するように設けられたいずれもガス拡散性と
電解液浸透性を有する多孔性の燃料電極３および
酸化剤電極４、これら電極にマトリツクス２と反
対側のガス側において接触し、集電の役割を果す
とともに両電極３，４へそれぞれ反応ガスを供給
するためのガス区画室５，６を形成するセパレー
タープレート７，８とからなる単位セルを所定の
数量だけ積層することにより組み立てられてい
る。燃料電極３はガスの拡散または透過を容易に
するための多孔性カーボンのリブ付き電極基材３
ａと電極反応を行わせるための貴金属を担持した
カーボン粉末をポリテトラフルオロエチレン（以
下PTFEと略称する）で結合した触媒層３ｂから
なり、酸化剤電極４も同様にリブ付き電極基材４
ａと触媒層４ｂにより形成される。マトリツクス
２は耐熱性、耐食性、非電導性を有する例えば
SiCの微粉末を少量のPTFEで結合した薄膜であ
る。
FIG. 1 is a sectional view partially showing the structure of a conventional fixed electrolyte fuel cell. In FIG. 1, a fuel cell 1 includes a matrix 2, which is made of a porous thin film member having heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and electrical insulation properties impregnated with an electrolyte such as phosphoric acid, and a matrix 2, which is provided so as to sandwich this matrix 2. A porous fuel electrode 3 and an oxidizer electrode 4, which have diffusivity and electrolyte permeability, are in contact with these electrodes on the gas side opposite to the matrix 2, and serve as current collectors and are connected to both electrodes 3 and 4, respectively. It is assembled by stacking a predetermined number of unit cells each consisting of separator plates 7 and 8 forming gas compartments 5 and 6 for supplying reaction gas. The fuel electrode 3 is a porous carbon ribbed electrode base material 3 for facilitating gas diffusion or permeation.
The oxidizer electrode 4 is made of a ribbed electrode base material 4, and the oxidizer electrode 4 is also made of a ribbed electrode base material 4.
a and the catalyst layer 4b. For example, matrix 2 has heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and non-conductivity.
It is a thin film made by bonding fine SiC powder with a small amount of PTFE.
以下電解液固定型燃料電池の構成とその部材の
概略について述べたが、マトリツクス２はとくに
次の諸性質にすぐれていることが要求される。(1)
電解液に対する湿潤性、(2)電解液保持力、(3)ガス
ふき抜け圧力、(4)機械的強度、(5)イオン伝導性、
(6)電気絶縁性などである。 The structure of the fixed electrolyte fuel cell and the outline of its components have been described below, and the matrix 2 is particularly required to have excellent properties as described below. (1)
wettability to electrolyte, (2) electrolyte retention, (3) gas blowing pressure, (4) mechanical strength, (5) ionic conductivity,
(6) Electrical insulation, etc.
燐酸電解液をマトリツクスに保持させるために
従来行われている方法は、燃料電池を組み立てる
前に、マトリツクス単独または燃料電極や酸化剤
電極の触媒層の上に設けられたマトリツクスに、
所定の濃度をもつた液状燐酸を所定量だけあらか
じめ滴下、塗布、スプレーなどにより含浸させる
か、これとは異る方法として、セパレータープレ
ート、酸化剤電極、マトリツクス、燃料電極、セ
パレータープレートとこの順に電池の各構成部材
を積層して積層セルを形成した後、第１図には図
示してない積層セルに設けられた電解液補給口か
ら各単位セルのマトリツクスに所定濃度の燐酸を
含浸させる二つの方法がある。 The conventional method for retaining a phosphoric acid electrolyte in a matrix is to attach it to the matrix alone or to the matrix provided on the catalyst layer of the fuel electrode or oxidizer electrode before assembling the fuel cell.
Either a predetermined amount of liquid phosphoric acid with a predetermined concentration is impregnated by dropping, coating, spraying, etc., or alternatively, a separator plate, an oxidizer electrode, a matrix, a fuel electrode, a separator plate, and then the battery are impregnated in this order. After laminating each component to form a laminated cell, two steps were taken to impregnate the matrix of each unit cell with phosphoric acid at a predetermined concentration through an electrolyte supply port provided in the laminated cell (not shown in FIG. 1). There is a way.
しかしながら、前者の電池組み立て前にあらか
じめマトリツクス内に燐酸電解液を保持させてお
くのは、マトリツクス内に保持された燐酸の量を
正確に把握することができるという利点はある
が、電池の組立時にマトリツクス内にはすでに燐
酸電解液が保持されているために、燐酸が大気中
の湿気を吸収して容積が増加し、燐酸の濃度が変
化するとともに電池積層体の外周から燐酸が漏洩
し、これが原因で電池の構成部材が腐食される。
電解液は通常燐酸が過飽和に溶解されたものが用
いられるためかなり高温状態としていることも洩
出を助長している。一方後者の電池を組み立てた
後にマトリツクス内に燐酸電解液を保持させるの
は、燐酸が吸湿することや、積層体の外周から燐
酸が漏洩して電池の構成部材が腐食されるという
問題は生じないが、各単位セルに保持された燐酸
の量を正確に把持することや、燐酸がマトリツク
ス全体に均一に分布し保持されているかどうかな
どについて確認することができない。 However, the former method of retaining phosphoric acid electrolyte in the matrix before battery assembly has the advantage of being able to accurately determine the amount of phosphoric acid retained in the matrix, but when assembling the battery, Since the phosphoric acid electrolyte is already held in the matrix, the phosphoric acid absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, increases its volume, changes the concentration of phosphoric acid, and leaks phosphoric acid from the outer periphery of the battery stack. This causes corrosion of battery components.
Since the electrolytic solution used is usually one in which phosphoric acid is supersaturated, the electrolytic solution is kept at a fairly high temperature, which also promotes leakage. On the other hand, the latter method of retaining the phosphoric acid electrolyte in the matrix after assembling the battery does not cause problems such as phosphoric acid absorbing moisture or phosphoric acid leaking from the outer periphery of the laminate and corroding the battery components. However, it is not possible to accurately determine the amount of phosphoric acid held in each unit cell, or to check whether phosphoric acid is uniformly distributed and held throughout the matrix.
このように燐酸電解液をマトリツクスに保持さ
せる従来の二つの方法はそれぞれ互いに一方の長
所は他方の欠点になるという関係があり、両者の
長所を兼備することができなかつた。 As described above, the two conventional methods for holding a phosphoric acid electrolyte in a matrix have a relationship in which the advantages of one are disadvantages of the other, and it has not been possible to combine the advantages of both methods.
本発明は、以上の点に鑑みてなされたものであ
り、その目的はマトリツクス内に保持させる燐酸
電解液の量および分布状態を正確に把握すること
ができ、しかも電池の組立時に燐酸電解液が電池
積層体の周囲から漏洩することがない燃料電池の
組立方法を提供することにある。
The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and its purpose is to make it possible to accurately grasp the amount and distribution state of the phosphoric acid electrolyte to be held in the matrix, and to make it possible to accurately grasp the amount and distribution of the phosphoric acid electrolyte during battery assembly. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for assembling a fuel cell that does not cause leakage from around a battery stack.
本発明は燃料電極と酸化剤電極と該両電極に挟
持されたマトリツクスとを有し、該マトリツクス
に燐酸電解質を含浸した単位セルを所定数積層し
て成る燃料電池の組立方法において、電池組立前
のマトリツクスに所定濃度の燐酸電解質を含浸
後、該電解液から燐酸が晶析し電解液がマトリツ
クスから実質的に流動漏出しない温度以下に冷却
した後、前記マトリツクスを前記両電極と共に積
層して成ることにより、電池組立時に電解液が流
動することなく、積層体の外周から電解液が漏出
しないようにしたものである。
The present invention relates to a method for assembling a fuel cell comprising a fuel electrode, an oxidizer electrode, and a matrix sandwiched between the two electrodes, in which a predetermined number of unit cells in which the matrix is impregnated with a phosphoric acid electrolyte are stacked. The matrix is impregnated with a phosphoric acid electrolyte of a predetermined concentration, and after cooling to a temperature below which phosphoric acid crystallizes from the electrolytic solution and the electrolytic solution does not substantially flow and leak from the matrix, the matrix is laminated together with the two electrodes. This prevents the electrolytic solution from flowing during battery assembly and prevents the electrolytic solution from leaking from the outer periphery of the laminate.
以下本発明を実施例に基づき説明する。 The present invention will be explained below based on examples.
燐酸を電解液とする燃料電池において、１〜
5μmの粒子径を有するSiCと、このSiCに対して
５〜15重量％のPTFEとからなる混合体を酸化電
極触媒層または燃料電極触媒層の少くとも一方の
表面に通常用いられている方法を用いて50〜
150μmの厚さに塗布してマトリツクスを形成す
る。 In a fuel cell using phosphoric acid as an electrolyte, 1 to
A mixture of SiC having a particle size of 5 μm and PTFE of 5 to 15% by weight relative to the SiC is coated on at least one surface of the oxidation electrode catalyst layer or the fuel electrode catalyst layer using a method commonly used. Using 50 ~
A matrix is formed by coating to a thickness of 150 μm.
このマトリツクスに100〜105重量％の燐酸濃度
を有する燐酸水溶液をマトリツクスの空孔容積が
完全に燐酸水溶液で充填されるに充分な量含浸
し、含浸された燐酸が所期の量となつていること
をバブルプレツシヤーなどの測定から確認する。
次いでこのマトリツクス構造体を燐酸の晶析温度
20℃以下に冷却する。 This matrix is impregnated with a phosphoric acid aqueous solution having a phosphoric acid concentration of 100 to 105% by weight in an amount sufficient to completely fill the pore volume of the matrix with the phosphoric acid aqueous solution, and the impregnated phosphoric acid is in the desired amount. Confirm this through measurements such as bubble pressure.
This matrix structure is then heated to the crystallization temperature of phosphoric acid.
Cool to below 20℃.
第２図は過飽和に燐酸を溶解した水溶液を高温
から冷却したときの平衡状態図を示したものであ
り、縦軸は温度、横軸は燐酸濃度を表わし、曲線
は液相から固相を晶出する境界を表わす。第２図
の状態図によれば過飽和に溶解された燐酸は104
重量％付近に固体として晶出する温度の極小点を
有し約17℃である。17℃以下に冷却すればすべて
固相となるが、燐酸濃度が100〜105重量％の範囲
で20℃以下に冷却すれば固相部分が液相部分より
多くなるので、マトリツクス中の電解液は流動が
妨げられ、電池に組み立てるとき、マトリツクス
の外周部から漏洩することがなくなる。また晶析
した燐酸は水溶液の場合よりも吸湿速度が遅いた
めに、電池の組立時に燐酸の吸湿が少く、体積膨
張に伴う燐酸の漏洩がないことも寄与している。
したがつて本実施例によれば電解液は電池の組み
立て前に含浸しておくのが好ましく、電解液とし
ての燐酸濃度は縦来も100〜105重量％の過飽和溶
液が用いられているが、過飽和溶液とするために
は80〜100℃の昇温状態にする必要があり、この
ままでは自然冷却により固体燐酸が晶出するのに
実際には過冷されて晶出温度が低下するので、電
池の組立時には溶液状態となつている。そしてこ
の状態のリン酸は、流動性もよく吸湿性も高いた
め、これらが電解液の漏洩の原因となる。したが
つてマトリツクス形成後この構造体を20℃以下に
強制的に冷却すれば固体燐酸が晶出して流動性を
悪くし、吸湿性も弱めることができるので、第２
図の状態図から好ましくは燐酸濃度を104重量％
とし17℃以下に冷却するのがよく、時間的にも効
率が高い。 Figure 2 shows an equilibrium phase diagram when a supersaturated aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid is cooled from a high temperature.The vertical axis represents temperature, the horizontal axis represents phosphoric acid concentration, and the curve shows the crystallization of the solid phase from the liquid phase. Represents the boundary to be released. According to the phase diagram in Figure 2, supersaturated dissolved phosphoric acid is 104
It has a minimum temperature of about 17°C at which it crystallizes as a solid in the vicinity of % by weight. If the phosphoric acid concentration is in the range of 100 to 105% by weight, the electrolyte in the matrix becomes a solid phase, but if the phosphoric acid concentration is in the range of 100 to 105% by weight, the solid phase becomes larger than the liquid phase if it is cooled to 20℃ or less. This prevents flow and prevents leakage from the outer periphery of the matrix when assembled into a battery. Further, since crystallized phosphoric acid has a slower moisture absorption rate than an aqueous solution, phosphoric acid absorbs less moisture during battery assembly, and this also contributes to the fact that there is no leakage of phosphoric acid due to volume expansion.
Therefore, according to this embodiment, it is preferable to impregnate the battery with an electrolytic solution before assembling the battery, and a supersaturated solution with a phosphoric acid concentration of 100 to 105% by weight has traditionally been used as the electrolytic solution. In order to make a supersaturated solution, it is necessary to raise the temperature to 80 to 100℃, and if this continues, solid phosphoric acid will crystallize due to natural cooling, but it will actually be supercooled and the crystallization temperature will decrease, so the battery When assembled, it is in a solution state. Phosphoric acid in this state has good fluidity and high hygroscopicity, which causes electrolyte leakage. Therefore, if this structure is forcibly cooled to below 20°C after matrix formation, solid phosphoric acid will crystallize, impairing fluidity and weakening hygroscopicity.
From the phase diagram shown in the figure, the phosphoric acid concentration is preferably 104% by weight.
It is best to cool it down to 17℃ or less, which is also time-efficient.
以上実施例で説明したように、燐酸を電解液と
する燃料電池においてはマトリツクス中に電解液
を含浸するに当つて、従来電池の組立前に行つて
も、組立後に行つてもいずれも前述のように満足
な状態が得られなかつたのに対し、本発明の方法
によれば電池組立前のマトリツクス構造体を電解
液含浸後その晶析温度以下に強制冷却して固相を
晶析させることにより、吸湿性と流動性を低下さ
せ電池の組立時に電解液が漏洩するのを防ぐとと
もに、マトリツクス内に保持される電解液の量を
正確に把握することができる。すなわち、本発明
はマトリツクスへの電解液含浸に関して従来異る
二つの方法がもつているそれぞれ特有の欠点を一
挙に解決するものである。
As explained in the examples above, in a fuel cell using phosphoric acid as an electrolyte, when impregnating the matrix with the electrolyte, it is conventionally done either before or after assembly of the battery, as described above. However, according to the method of the present invention, the matrix structure before battery assembly is impregnated with electrolyte and then forcedly cooled to below its crystallization temperature to crystallize the solid phase. This reduces hygroscopicity and fluidity to prevent leakage of the electrolytic solution during battery assembly, and also makes it possible to accurately determine the amount of electrolytic solution held within the matrix. That is, the present invention solves all at once the inherent drawbacks of the two conventional methods for impregnating a matrix with an electrolyte.
第１図は燃料電池の構造を示す部分的断面図、
第２図は燐酸水溶液の平衡状態図である。
２……マトリツクス、３……燃料電極、４……
酸化剤電極。
Figure 1 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the structure of a fuel cell;
FIG. 2 is an equilibrium state diagram of an aqueous phosphoric acid solution. 2...Matrix, 3...Fuel electrode, 4...
Oxidizer electrode.
Claims (1)
たマトリツクスとを有し、該マトリツクスに燐酸
電解質を含浸した単位セルを所定数積層して成る
燃料電池の組立方法において、電池組立前のマト
リツクスに所定濃度の燐酸電解質を含浸後、該電
解液から燐酸が晶析し電解液がマトリツクスから
実質的に流動漏出しない温度以下に冷却した後、
前記マトリツクスを前記両電極と共に積層して成
ることを特徴とする燃料電池の組立方法。 ２ 特許請求の範囲第１項記載の燃料電池の組立
方法において、燐酸の所定濃度は、104重量％で
あり、17℃以下に冷却することを特徴とする燃料
電池の組立方法。[Claims] 1. A method for assembling a fuel cell comprising a fuel electrode, an oxidizer electrode, and a matrix sandwiched between the electrodes, in which a predetermined number of unit cells in which the matrix is impregnated with a phosphoric acid electrolyte are stacked. , after impregnating a phosphoric acid electrolyte of a predetermined concentration into the matrix before battery assembly, and cooling the matrix to a temperature below which phosphoric acid crystallizes from the electrolytic solution and the electrolytic solution does not substantially flow and leak from the matrix,
A method for assembling a fuel cell, characterized in that the matrix is laminated together with both electrodes. 2. The method for assembling a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined concentration of phosphoric acid is 104% by weight, and the method is characterized by cooling to 17° C. or lower.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP59077096A JPS60220570A (en) | 1984-04-17 | 1984-04-17 | Method of impregnating fuel cell with electrolyte |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP59077096A JPS60220570A (en) | 1984-04-17 | 1984-04-17 | Method of impregnating fuel cell with electrolyte |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS60220570A JPS60220570A (en) | 1985-11-05 |
| JPH043629B2 true JPH043629B2 (en) | 1992-01-23 |
Family
ID=13624247
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP59077096A Granted JPS60220570A (en) | 1984-04-17 | 1984-04-17 | Method of impregnating fuel cell with electrolyte |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS60220570A (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH01120775A (en) * | 1987-11-04 | 1989-05-12 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Assembling method for phosphoric acid fuel cell |
-
1984
- 1984-04-17 JP JP59077096A patent/JPS60220570A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS60220570A (en) | 1985-11-05 |
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