JPH0656212B2 - Piston rod sealed structure - Google Patents
Piston rod sealed structureInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0656212B2 JPH0656212B2 JP62082204A JP8220487A JPH0656212B2 JP H0656212 B2 JPH0656212 B2 JP H0656212B2 JP 62082204 A JP62082204 A JP 62082204A JP 8220487 A JP8220487 A JP 8220487A JP H0656212 B2 JPH0656212 B2 JP H0656212B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- piston rod
- sealing
- packing
- sleeve
- high pressure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 35
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Sealing Using Fluids, Sealing Without Contact, And Removal Of Oil (AREA)
- Sealing Devices (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 （発明の利用分野） 本発明は高圧ガスチヤンバと低圧ガスチヤンバとを分離
する壁体に設けられた開口部を貫通するピストンロツド
を囲繞可能で且変形可能な密封パツキンと、壁体の低圧
側においてピストンロツドに油液を供給する装置とを備
え、密封パツキンが壁体の高圧側に配設されるバネによ
り軸方向に押圧されるように設けられ、密封パツキンに
ピストンロツドから高圧側へ向つて僅かに拡大される円
錐状部が具備されてなるピストンロツド密封構造体に関
する。Description: FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a deformable sealing packing that can surround a piston rod that penetrates through an opening provided in a wall that separates a high pressure gas chamber and a low pressure gas chamber, and a wall. A device for supplying oil liquid to the piston rod on the low pressure side of the body is provided so that the sealing pad is axially pressed by a spring arranged on the high pressure side of the wall body, and the sealing pad is provided on the high pressure side from the piston rod. And a piston rod sealing structure comprising a conical portion that is slightly enlarged toward.
（従来の技術） この種の密封構造体は例えば米国特許第4,251,081号に
開示されており、この構成では密封パツキンが、密封パ
ツキンに対しピストンロツドに向う方向の半径方向内向
きの力を与える円錐状部を介し軸方向に押圧されるよう
に設けられている。(Prior Art) A sealing structure of this type is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,251,081, in which the sealing pad is a conical shape that exerts a radial inward force on the sealing pad in the direction toward the piston rod. It is provided so as to be pressed in the axial direction via the portion.
この場合通常時にピストンロツドはその両端部が通常案
内されて移動可能に設けられ、一端部にはピストンが、
また他端部にはクロスヘツドが夫々具備されると共に、
ピストンロツドに沿つて生ずるガス漏れが防止されるよ
うに設けられる。In this case, at the normal time, the piston rod is provided so that both ends thereof are normally guided and movable, and the piston is provided at one end.
At the other end, a crosshead is provided,
It is provided to prevent gas leakage along the piston rod.
（発明が解決しようとする問題点） しかしながら、ピストンロツドはその両端部が案内され
て移動される構成をとる場合、ピストンロツドが貫通せ
しめられる壁体の開口部に対し軸方向に対し直角方向に
僅かに変位され、延いては密封パツキンの円錐状部も同
方向に相対的に変位し密封パツキンが歪むから、密封パ
ツキンの周辺においてガス漏れを生じ易くなる問題があ
つた。(Problems to be solved by the invention) However, when the piston rod has a structure in which both ends thereof are guided and moved, the piston rod is slightly moved in a direction perpendicular to the axial direction with respect to the opening of the wall body through which the piston rod penetrates. There is a problem that gas is easily leaked around the sealed packing because it is displaced and the conical portion of the sealed packing is relatively displaced in the same direction and the sealed packing is distorted.
しかして本発明の一目的は特にピストンロツドを貫通さ
せる密封パツキンの周辺におけるガス漏れを有効に抑止
でき、良好な密封効果を、保証し得るピストンロツド密
封構造体を提供することにある。Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a piston rod sealing structure capable of effectively suppressing gas leakage around the sealing packing that penetrates the piston rod and ensuring a good sealing effect.
本発明の他の目的は軸方向の寸法を小さくでき且製造費
が安価なピストンロツド密封構造体を提供することにあ
る。Another object of the present invention is to provide a piston rod sealing structure which can be reduced in axial dimension and is inexpensive to manufacture.
（問題点を解決するための手段） 本発明によれば、上記目的は密封パツキンが円筒状で金
属製のスリーブにより囲繞され、Ｏリングが密封パツキ
ンとスリーブとピストンロツドを貫通させる壁体の開口
部の肩面との間に跨つて配設されることを特徴とするピ
ストンロツド密封構造体を提供することにより、達成さ
れる。(Means for Solving the Problems) According to the present invention, the above object is achieved by enclosing a hermetically-sealed packing in a cylindrical shape by a metal sleeve, and opening an O-ring in a wall body through which the hermetically-sealed packing, the sleeve and the piston rod penetrate. It is achieved by providing a piston rod sealing structure characterized in that the piston rod sealing structure is disposed so as to straddle the shoulder surface of the piston rod.
（作用） 上述の構成をとる本発明によれば、パツキン押えに対し
スリーブを周設すると共に、このスリーブを含めて密封
パツキンと壁体の開口部の肩面との三者をＯリングで密
封せしめるから、密封パツキンが変位して歪みを生じて
も、パツキン押え周辺からのガス漏れを抑止し、且スリ
ーブ並びにＯリングは密封パツキンの位置をピストンロ
ツドに対し強固に保持するようにも作用し得、ピストン
ロツドの、軸方向に対し直角方向の変位も極力抑制し得
ることになる。(Operation) According to the present invention having the above-described configuration, the sleeve is provided around the packing retainer, and the O-ring seals the sealing packing including the sleeve and the shoulder surface of the opening of the wall. Therefore, even if the sealed packing is displaced and distorted, the gas leakage from the periphery of the packing holder is suppressed, and the sleeve and the O-ring can also act to firmly hold the position of the sealed packing against the piston rod. The displacement of the piston rod in the direction perpendicular to the axial direction can be suppressed as much as possible.
（実施例） 図面には本発明によるピストンロツド密封構造体が示さ
れる。ピストンロツド(1)の下端部にはクロスヘツド(2)
が一体に形成され、当該クロスヘツド(2)は案内体(3)内
に往復動可能に収容されている。案内体(3)自体は高圧
ガスチヤンバ(4)を低圧ガスチヤンバ(5)（即ちクランク
ケーシング−図示せず）から分離する壁体の一部をなし
ている。また高圧ガスチヤンバ(4)はカバー(6)を介して
他の高圧ガスチャンバ(7)と分離される。高圧ガスチヤ
ンバ(7)内にはピストン（図示せず）が配設されてお
り、ピストン自体はピストンロツド(1)の上端部と連結
される。通常高圧ガスチヤンバ(7)内のガス圧はエンジ
ンあるいはポンプの一部をなすピストンの移動により変
化する。ピストンロツド(1)はプラスチツク製の密封パ
ツキン(8)と２個のＯリング(9)とからなる密封体を介し
てカバー(6)内の開口部を気密に貫通する。この場合当
該密封体は周知のものであり、高圧ガスチヤンバ(4)内
のガス圧を均一に維持するように機能する。必要であれ
ば密封体の密封パツキン(8)を割愛することもでき、こ
のときは高圧ガスチヤンバ(4)内のガス圧が高圧ガスチ
ヤンバ(7)内のガス圧に応じて変化することになる。(Example) A piston rod sealing structure according to the present invention is shown in the drawings. At the lower end of the piston rod (1) is a crosshead (2)
Are integrally formed, and the cross head (2) is reciprocally housed in the guide body (3). The guide body (3) itself forms part of a wall separating the high pressure gas chamber (4) from the low pressure gas chamber (5) (i.e. crank casing-not shown). Further, the high pressure gas chamber (4) is separated from the other high pressure gas chamber (7) through the cover (6). A piston (not shown) is arranged in the high pressure gas chamber (7), and the piston itself is connected to the upper end of the piston rod (1). Normally, the gas pressure in the high pressure gas chamber (7) changes due to the movement of the piston that forms part of the engine or pump. The piston rod (1) airtightly penetrates the opening in the cover (6) via a sealing body made of a plastic sealing bag (8) and two O-rings (9). In this case, the sealing body is well known and functions to maintain the gas pressure in the high pressure gas chamber (4) uniformly. If necessary, the sealing packing (8) of the sealing body can be omitted, and at this time, the gas pressure in the high pressure gas chamber (4) changes according to the gas pressure in the high pressure gas chamber (7).
高圧ガスチヤンバ(4)内にはカバー(6)とバネ支承体(11)
との間にプレストレスを与える圧縮バネ(10)が配設され
る。このバネ支承体(11)はプラスチツク製の密封パツキ
ン(13)のフランジ(12)に支承され、またフランジ(12)は
金属製のスリーブ(14)に当接されており、スリーブ(14)
自体は案内体(3)上の肩面(15)に支承されている。密封
パツキン(13)はピストンロツド(1)を貫通させる開口部
を有している。バネ支承体(11)、フランジ(12)およびス
リーブ(14)間は夫々平坦面を介して接触され、これらの
平坦面はピストンロツド(1)の軸線に対し直角な方向に
延びている。Inside the high pressure gas chamber (4) is a cover (6) and a spring bearing (11).
A compression spring (10) for applying a prestress is disposed between and. The spring bearing (11) is supported on the flange (12) of the plastic sealing packing (13), and the flange (12) is abutted on the metal sleeve (14), and the sleeve (14).
It is itself supported on the shoulder surface (15) on the guide body (3). The hermetic packing (13) has an opening through which the piston rod (1) penetrates. The spring bearing (11), the flange (12) and the sleeve (14) are in contact with each other via flat surfaces, which extend in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the piston rod (1).
且また案内体(3)には潤滑油をピストンロツド(1)の下部
へ供給する流路(16)が具備されており、潤滑油はピスト
ンロツド(1)上で薄層状をなし、ピストンロツド(1)が往
復動する際薄層状の油膜が密封パツキン(13)とピストン
ロツド(1)との間に案内される。ピストンロツド(1)上に
形成される油膜により極めて効果的な密封が行なわれ、
高圧ガスが高圧ガスチヤンバ(4)からピストンロツド(1)
に沿って低圧ガスチヤンバ(5)へ漏出することが防止さ
れる。またＯリング(17)が図面から明らかなように、高
圧側における低圧側近傍において密封パツキン(13)を介
在させてピストンロツド(1)を囲繞し、且つ密封パツキ
ン(13)とスリーブ(14)とピストンロツド(1)を貫通する
開口部を有した壁体の肩面(15)との間に形成される空所
に配設される。これによりガスが密封パツキン(13)と案
内体(3)との間を通り低圧ガスチヤンバ(5)へ漏出するこ
とが防がれる。Moreover, the guide body (3) is provided with a flow path (16) for supplying lubricating oil to the lower part of the piston rod (1), and the lubricating oil forms a thin layer on the piston rod (1), and the piston rod (1) When reciprocating, the thin oil film is guided between the sealing packing (13) and the piston rod (1). The oil film formed on the piston rod (1) provides extremely effective sealing,
High pressure gas is transferred from high pressure gas chamber (4) to piston rod (1).
Leakage to the low pressure gas chamber (5) is prevented. Further, as is clear from the drawing, the O-ring (17) surrounds the piston rod (1) with a sealing packing (13) interposed in the vicinity of the high pressure side and the low pressure side, and further includes a sealing packing (13) and a sleeve (14). It is arranged in a space formed between the piston rod (1) and the shoulder surface (15) of the wall body having an opening. This prevents gas from leaking to the low pressure gas chamber (5) through between the sealed packing (13) and the guide body (3).
密封パツキン(13)には上向き且外側へ拡大する円錐状の
延長部(18)が具備されており、延長部(18)には密封パツ
キン(13)を経て上方へ移動した油液が溜められ得る。延
長部(18)がこのように円錐状に成形されることにより、
ピストンロツド(1)の往復動中溜められた油に、いわば
ポンプ作用が生じ、密封パツキン(13)を介し下方へ油液
が戻されることになる。The sealed packing (13) is provided with a conical extension (18) that expands upward and outward, and the extension (18) collects the oil liquid that has moved upward through the sealed packing (13). obtain. By forming the extension (18) into a conical shape in this way,
The oil accumulated during the reciprocating movement of the piston rod (1) is, so to speak, pumped, and the oil liquid is returned downward through the sealed packing (13).
次に本発明のピストンロツド密封構造体の動作について
説明する。Next, the operation of the piston rod sealing structure of the present invention will be described.
密封パツキン(13)はピストンロツド(1)の外周部に密着
されているが、採用されるガスが水素若しくはヘリウム
のような分子量の小さな高圧ガスである場合、ピストン
ロツド(1)と密封パツキン(13)間に油膜を形成すると共
に、両者の接触面上の小さな溝を介し油液が流動されな
いよう構成する必要がある。The sealed packing (13) is closely attached to the outer periphery of the piston rod (1), but when the gas used is a high pressure gas with a small molecular weight such as hydrogen or helium, the piston rod (1) and the sealed packing (13) are It is necessary to form an oil film between them and to prevent the oil liquid from flowing through a small groove on the contact surface between them.
ピストンロツド(1)は垂直方向に往復動される他に、ピ
ストン（図示せず）とシリンダ壁（図示せず）との間お
よびクロスヘツド(2)と案内体(3)との間に通常間隙があ
るので、極めて小巾であるが、垂直往復動に対し直角な
方向にも変位される。The piston rod (1) is reciprocally moved in the vertical direction, and in addition to the normal gaps between the piston (not shown) and the cylinder wall (not shown), and between the crosshead (2) and the guide body (3). Therefore, it is extremely narrow, but it is also displaced in the direction perpendicular to the vertical reciprocating motion.
この場合密封パツキン(13)はバネ支承体(11)とスリーブ
(14)とは比較的小さな部材のフランジ(12)に対し緊着状
態にされていて、密封パツキン(13)はピストンロツド
(1)に沿うガス漏れ若しくはＯリング(17)におけるガス
漏れを生ずることなく密封状態を保持して変位しうる。In this case, the sealing packing (13) consists of the spring bearing (11) and the sleeve.
(14) is a tightly attached state to the flange (12) of a relatively small member, and the sealing packing (13) is a piston rod.
It can be displaced while maintaining the sealed state without causing gas leakage along (1) or gas leakage in the O-ring (17).
密封パツキン(13)の材料としてはカーボン若しくはグラ
フアイト入りのポリテトラフルオロエチレンを使用でき
よう。圧縮バネ(10)により与えるプレストレス力は、例
えば、熱ガスエンジンのようなエンジンに用いられるピ
ストンロツドの直径が12mmであり、且ピストンの行程が
４０mmで作動ガスとして平均15MPa（約113Torr）の水素
ガスを用いる場合300Ｎ（約30.6kg）にされ得る。Carbon or graphite-filled polytetrafluoroethylene could be used as the material for the hermetic packing (13). The prestressing force exerted by the compression spring (10) is, for example, when the diameter of the piston rod used in an engine such as a hot gas engine is 12 mm, the stroke of the piston is 40 mm, and the working gas has an average hydrogen content of 15 MPa (about 113 Torr). When using gas, it can be set to 300 N (about 30.6 kg).
スリーブ(14)はバネ力を受ける作用を果たす他に、作動
中の温度上昇に伴うプラスチツク材の膨張を抑制するよ
う機能する。これにより本発明によるピストンロツド構
造体においては作動を停止せしめ冷却した後でも、密封
パツキン(13)がピストンロツド(1)に対して良好に密着
され得る。The sleeve (14) not only acts to receive a spring force, but also functions to suppress expansion of the plastic material due to temperature rise during operation. As a result, in the piston rod structure according to the present invention, the sealed packing (13) can be satisfactorily adhered to the piston rod (1) even after the operation is stopped and the cooling is performed.
上述の構成においては、密封パツキン(13)のフランジ(1
2)の内バネ支承体(11)とスリーブ(14)との間に挾持され
る部分を比較的小さくし、且半径方向の長さをフランジ
(12)の最大直径の２５％以下にすることが好ましい。In the above configuration, the flange (1
The portion held between the inner spring support (11) and the sleeve (14) in 2) is made relatively small, and the radial length is flanged.
It is preferable to be 25% or less of the maximum diameter of (12).
（発明の効果） 上述のように構成された本発明によるピストンロツド密
封構造体によれば、仮にピストンロツドがピストンロツ
ドの軸方向に対し直角方向に変位しても有効な密封を実
現でき、顕著に信頼性を高めることができる等々の効果
を達成する。(Effect of the Invention) According to the piston rod sealing structure of the present invention configured as described above, even if the piston rod is displaced in the direction perpendicular to the axial direction of the piston rod, effective sealing can be realized, and the reliability is remarkably improved. To achieve the effects that can be increased.
図面は本発明のピストンロツド密封構造体の簡略断面図
である。 １…ピストンロツド、２…クロスヘツド、３…案内体、
４…高圧ガスチヤンバ、５…低圧ガスチヤンバ、６…カ
バー、７…高圧ガスチヤンバ、８…密封パツキン、９…
Ｏリング、１０…圧縮バネ、１１…バネ支承体、１２…
フランジ、１３…パツキン押え、１４…スリーブ、１５
…肩面、１６…流路、１７…Ｏリング、１８…延長部The drawing is a simplified cross-sectional view of the piston rod sealing structure of the present invention. 1 ... Piston rod, 2 ... Crosshead, 3 ... Guide body,
4 ... High pressure gas chamber, 5 ... Low pressure gas chamber, 6 ... Cover, 7 ... High pressure gas chamber, 8 ... Sealed packing, 9 ...
O-ring, 10 ... compression spring, 11 ... spring support, 12 ...
Flange, 13 ... Packing foot, 14 ... Sleeve, 15
... shoulder surface, 16 ... flow path, 17 ... O-ring, 18 ... extension
Claims (3)
(5)とを分離する壁体に設けられた開口部を貫通する往
復動のピストンロツド(1)を囲繞し、且つ変形可能な密
封パツキン(13)と、壁体の低圧側においてピストンロツ
ドに油液を供給する装置とを備え、密封パツキン(13)は
壁体の高圧側に配設されるバネ(10)により軸方向に押圧
され、密封パツキン(13)にピストンロツド(1)から高圧
側へ向かつて拡大される円錐状部が具備されてなり、密
封パツキン(13)は円筒状で金属製のスリーブ(14)により
囲繞され、Ｏリング(17)が高圧側における低圧側近傍に
おいて密封パツキン(13)を介在させピストンロツド(1)
を囲繞し、密封パツキン(13)とスリーブ(14)とピストン
ロツド(1)を貫通する壁体の開口部の肩面(15)との間に
形成される空所に配設されてなるピストンロツド密封構
造体。1. A high pressure gas chamber (4) and a low pressure gas chamber.
(5) Encloses a reciprocating piston rod (1) that penetrates an opening provided in a wall that separates (5) and a deformable sealed packing (13), and oil liquid to the piston rod on the low pressure side of the wall. The sealing pad (13) is axially pressed by a spring (10) arranged on the high pressure side of the wall body so that the sealing pad (13) is directed from the piston rod (1) to the high pressure side. It is provided with a conical portion which is once expanded, the sealing packing (13) is surrounded by a cylindrical metal sleeve (14), and the O-ring (17) is close to the high pressure side and the low pressure side. ) Intervening piston rod (1)
And a piston rod seal that is disposed in a space formed between the sealing packing (13), the sleeve (14), and the shoulder surface (15) of the opening of the wall that penetrates the piston rod (1). Structure.
承体(11)が密封パツキン(13)の半径方向に伸びるフラン
ジ(12)と協働されるように設けられ、ピストンロツド
(1)の軸線に対し直角な方向においてフランジ(12)に対
しスリーブ(14)とバネ支承体(11)とが当接する領域が密
封パツキン(13)の最大直径の２５％以下である特許請求
の範囲第１項記載のピストンロツド密封構造体。2. A piston rod is provided with a spring-loaded sleeve (14) and a spring bearing (11) for cooperating with a radially extending flange (12) of a sealing packing (13).
A region in which the sleeve (14) and the spring support (11) are in contact with the flange (12) in a direction perpendicular to the axis of (1) is 25% or less of the maximum diameter of the sealing packing (13). A piston rod sealing structure according to claim 1.
面を介しスリーブ(14)に対して軸方向に当接されてなる
特許請求の範囲第１項記載のピストンロツド密封構造
体。3. The piston rod sealing structure according to claim 1, wherein the sealing packing (13) is axially abutted against the sleeve (14) through a flat surface extending in the radial direction.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62082204A JPH0656212B2 (en) | 1987-04-01 | 1987-04-01 | Piston rod sealed structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62082204A JPH0656212B2 (en) | 1987-04-01 | 1987-04-01 | Piston rod sealed structure |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS63251669A JPS63251669A (en) | 1988-10-19 |
| JPH0656212B2 true JPH0656212B2 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
Family
ID=13767892
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62082204A Expired - Lifetime JPH0656212B2 (en) | 1987-04-01 | 1987-04-01 | Piston rod sealed structure |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0656212B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2707645B2 (en) * | 1988-10-28 | 1998-02-04 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Electric blower |
| AU2020214763A1 (en) | 2019-01-29 | 2021-09-09 | Azelio Ab | Improved rod seal assemblies for machines with crossheads and sealed oscillating rods |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5814270Y2 (en) * | 1977-12-16 | 1983-03-22 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | seal ring |
| WO1980001306A1 (en) * | 1978-12-12 | 1980-06-26 | United Stierling Ab & Co | Piston rod seal |
-
1987
- 1987-04-01 JP JP62082204A patent/JPH0656212B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS63251669A (en) | 1988-10-19 |
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