JPH0692964B2 - Smoke behavior analyzer - Google Patents
Smoke behavior analyzerInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0692964B2 JPH0692964B2 JP5939090A JP5939090A JPH0692964B2 JP H0692964 B2 JPH0692964 B2 JP H0692964B2 JP 5939090 A JP5939090 A JP 5939090A JP 5939090 A JP5939090 A JP 5939090A JP H0692964 B2 JPH0692964 B2 JP H0692964B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- smoke
- layer
- fire
- temperature
- smoke layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 title claims description 55
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000002837 heart atrium Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)
- Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)
- Fire Alarms (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 本発明は室内火災において天井に立ち昇り、そこから下
に向けて充満して行く煙層の降下特性並びに煙層温度の
解析をする煙挙動解析装置に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial field of application] The present invention relates to a smoke behavior for analyzing the descent characteristic of a smoke layer rising to the ceiling and filling downward from the ceiling and the smoke layer temperature in an indoor fire. Regarding the analysis device.
大容積の室を有する建築物、例えば多数の人が集まる大
ホール吹き抜け大空間の設計は、火災発生時に、室内の
人々を火災の煙に巻き込ませることなく安全に退去させ
るような避難条件の確保が必須とされる。この条件を定
めるには煙流動の予測が必要になる。Designing a building with a large volume of rooms, for example, a large space through a large hall where a large number of people gather, to ensure evacuation conditions so that people in the room can safely move out without getting caught in the smoke of the fire when a fire occurs. Is required. To establish this condition, it is necessary to predict smoke flow.
しかし従来は火災の煙がどのような動きをするかについ
て確立した理論はなく、しかも建築物の形状及び火災の
態様は建築物の使用目的、使用形態に応じて様々である
ので、個別に推論するしかなかった。このため設計が困
難になり、安全性確保の面から問題があった。However, there is no established theory about how smoke of a fire moves in the past, and the shape of the building and the mode of the fire vary depending on the purpose of use and the form of use of the building. I had to do it. Therefore, the design becomes difficult and there is a problem in terms of ensuring safety.
そこで、本発明は室火災の火災初期において、煙層と空
気層が上下二層となって形成されることが多いことに着
目し、各々の層内の物理的、化学的性質が一様物質であ
ると仮定することにより、工学的に煙流動の予測が行え
る装置を提供することを目的とする。すなわち火災発生
を想定する建築物の室の大きさ・形状及び燃焼量を設定
するだけで、火災発生後に時間経過とともに室の天井か
ら床面に向けて充満して行く煙層の下面高さＺ及び煙層
温度Tsを演算表示できる装置を提供する。Therefore, the present invention focuses on the fact that the smoke layer and the air layer are often formed in two layers, one upper and one lower, in the early stage of a room fire, and the physical and chemical properties in each layer are uniform. It is an object of the present invention to provide a device capable of engineeringly estimating the smoke flow by assuming that In other words, simply by setting the size and shape of the room of the building where the fire is expected and the amount of combustion, the lower surface height Z of the smoke layer that fills from the ceiling of the room to the floor surface over time after the fire has occurred. And a device capable of calculating and displaying the smoke layer temperature Ts.
本発明は煙層の下面高さＺの時間的変化を算出するに当
たって、自然排煙をする室内火災のモデルとして第１図
に示すものを想定している。The present invention is based on the assumption that the model shown in FIG. 1 is used as a model of an indoor fire that emits natural smoke when calculating the temporal change of the lower surface height Z of the smoke layer.
第１図において、（１）は室の内壁、（２）は床面、
（３）は室の下部にある外気の流入口、（４）は天井に
設けた排煙口である。ここに室の床面付近で発生する火
災は火炎を併って逆三角錐状に立ち昇り、一定の高さで
プルーム（煙のみの状態）となって室の天井に達し、こ
こで煙層（５）を形成する。この煙層（５）は火災の進
行に併って容積が増加し、その下面が徐々に下降して行
く。なお、この煙層（５）の一部は排煙口（４）から排
出される。In FIG. 1, (1) is the inner wall of the room, (2) is the floor,
(3) is an outside air inlet at the bottom of the room, and (4) is a smoke exhaust port provided on the ceiling. The fire that occurs near the floor of the room rises in an inverted triangular pyramid shape along with the flame, and reaches a ceiling in the room as a plume (a state of smoke only) at a certain height. (5) is formed. The volume of the smoke layer (5) increases as the fire progresses, and the lower surface thereof gradually descends. A part of the smoke layer (5) is discharged from the smoke outlet (4).
第１図に示す自然排煙の火災の二層ゾーンモデルにおけ
る煙層の下面高さＺを求める式は次のように導出され
る。The equation for obtaining the lower surface height Z of the smoke layer in the two-layer zone model of the natural flue gas fire shown in FIG. 1 is derived as follows.
室内の煙層の総質量変化率に着目すると、 が成立する。Focusing on the total mass change rate of the smoke layer in the room, Is established.
また、室内の煙層の総熱量変化率に着目すると、 が成立する。Also, focusing on the rate of change in the total heat quantity of the smoke layer in the room, Is established.
また室内の空気層の熱総量の変化率に着目すると、 が成立する。Also, focusing on the rate of change of the total heat of the air layer in the room, Is established.
また、室内容積一定の関係より、 Vs＋Va＝Ｖ … が成立する。In addition, Vs + Va = V is established from the relationship that the indoor volume is constant.
上記〜式が特性解析上の基礎式となる。以下これを
展開していく。The above formulas are basic formulas for characteristic analysis. This will be expanded below.
式は、 であるから、 となる。ceremony, Therefore, Becomes
式の左辺は、次のように変形できる。The left side of the equation can be transformed as follows.
したがって式は次のようになる。 Therefore, the formula is as follows.
さらに、式が となることにより、式は次のようになる。 Furthermore, the formula is Then, the formula becomes as follows.
式、式の連立微分方程式を解析すれば煙層の下面の
高さＺ及び煙層温度Tsの時間的変化を求めることができ
る。 By analyzing the equations and the simultaneous differential equations of the equations, the temporal changes in the height Z of the lower surface of the smoke layer and the smoke layer temperature Ts can be obtained.
上記式から式において用いた記号の意味は、次のよ
うになる。The symbols used in the above equations have the following meanings.
Mp:火災プルーム量 Mp:流入空気量 （kg/s） Me:排煙量 （kg/s） Af:燃焼面積 （m2） Q:発熱速度 （Kw） Zo:仮想点熱源と火源との距離 （ｍ） Z:プルーム下端高さ （ｍ） Vs:アトリウム内上層プルーム層体積 （m3） Va:アトリウム内下層空気層体積 （m3） Cp:空気定圧比熱＝1.0 （KJ/kg・deg） hc:対流熱伝達係数＝0.01 （Kw/m2・deg） g:重力加速度＝9.8 （m/s2） Ta:外気温度 （゜Ｋ） Ts:煙層温度 （゜Ｋ） ρa:外気の密度＝（353/Ta） （kg/m3） ρs;煙層の密度 （kg/m3） Aw:煙層に接する壁面積 （m2） である。Mp: Fire plume amount Mp: Inflow air amount (kg / s) Me: Smoke exhaust amount (kg / s) Af: Combustion area (m 2 ) Q: Heat generation rate (Kw) Zo: Distance between virtual point heat source and fire source (m) Z: Plume bottom height (m) Vs: Atrium upper layer plume layer volume (m 3 ) Va: Atrium lower layer air layer volume (m 3 ) Cp: Air constant heat capacity = 1.0 (KJ / kg ・ deg) hc: Convection Heat transfer coefficient = 0.01 (Kw / m 2 · deg) g: Gravity acceleration = 9.8 (m / s 2 ) Ta: Outside air temperature (° K) Ts: Smoke layer temperature (° K) ρa: Outside air density = (353 / Ta) (kg / m 3 ) ρs; Smoke layer density (kg / m 3 ) Aw: Wall area in contact with the smoke layer (m 2 ).
上述のように導かれた連立微分方程式を実際に用い
るために、本発明装置はコンピュータを用い、第２図に
示すように、上記式の解析ができる演算部（６）
と、火源の大きさ、室の形状・寸法及び外気温を解析条
件として入力する入力手段（７）と、演算結果を印字出
力又はディスプレイ表示する出力手段（８）とから構成
している。In order to actually use the simultaneous differential equations derived as described above, the apparatus of the present invention uses a computer, and as shown in FIG. 2, an arithmetic unit (6) capable of analyzing the above equations.
And an input means (7) for inputting the size of the fire source, the shape and size of the room, and the outside temperature as analysis conditions, and an output means (8) for printing out or displaying the calculation result.
建築物の設計者は、室の形状・大きさと室の使用態様に
応じた火災の規模を入力手段により入力すれば、演算部
が煙層の下面高さ及び煙層の温度を時間の関数として算
出し、出力部がこれを数値のデータとして出力する。If the building designer inputs the scale and size of the room and the scale of the fire according to the usage pattern of the room by the input means, the calculation unit calculates the bottom height of the smoke layer and the temperature of the smoke layer as a function of time. It is calculated and the output unit outputs it as numerical data.
このように煙層の降下状態及びその温度が明確に把握で
きるので、建築物の火災に対する避難上の安全設計が容
易に行える。In this way, since the descending state of the smoke layer and its temperature can be clearly understood, it is possible to easily perform a safety design for evacuation against a building fire.
本発明を具体的な建築物の煙挙動解析に適用した例につ
いて説明する。An example in which the present invention is applied to a concrete smoke behavior analysis of a building will be described.
解析例として以下に述べるのは、アパレル関連産業のセ
ンター的な役割を担うフアッションマートとして計画さ
れた建築物で、その内部に各種展示会、ファッションシ
ョーを行う第３図に示すような吹き抜けドーム（10）が
設けられている。この吹き抜けドーム（10）は直径が約
60m、高さ44.5mの卵状のもので、壁面を網入りガラスと
して各フロアからファッションショー等を見渡すことが
できるようにしている。As an example of analysis, the following is a building planned as a fashion mart that plays a central role in apparel-related industries. Inside it, there are various exhibitions and fashion shows. 10) is provided. This colonnade dome (10) has a diameter of approximately
It is an egg-shaped object with a height of 60 m and a height of 44.5 m, and the walls are made of meshed glass so that you can see fashion shows from each floor.
この場合に検討すべきことは、そこで行われる各種展示
会及びファッションショーで火災が発生したときの規模
を仮定し、その際に発生する煙がドーム内に充満するま
でに、ドーム内の人を安全に退去させることができる避
難方法を確立することである。In this case, what to consider is to assume the scale of a fire at various exhibitions and fashion shows that will take place, and to ensure that the people inside the dome are fully covered by the smoke generated at that time. It is to establish an evacuation method that allows safe evacuation.
前述した演算式を解くのに必要な条件を次のように
決定する。The conditions necessary to solve the above-mentioned arithmetic expression are determined as follows.
例えば、衣類の展示会において、一展示ブロックに火災
が発生したと想定すると、通常は446.4kgの衣類が10分
間で全焼すると考えられ発熱速度Ｑは である。これを、建設省建築研究所の提案する「建築物
の総合防火設計法（1989年度版）」という総合技術開発
プロジェクトの提案値にあてはめると、火源の燃焼面積
Afと発熱速度Ｑは、時間ｔの関数として ｔ＜120（ｓ）で、 Af＝t/240（m2）,Q＝6.25t（Kw）120≦ｔ＜320（ｓ）
で、 Af＝0.0825t−9.4（m2）Ｑ＝121.25t−13,800（KW）320
≦ｔ（Ｓ）で、 Af＝17（m2）Ｑ＝25,000（Kw） のように定めることができる。For example, at a clothing exhibition, assuming a fire in one exhibition block, it is normally considered that 446.4 kg of clothing will be burned down in 10 minutes, and the heat generation rate Q is Is. Applying this to the proposed value of the comprehensive technical development project called "Comprehensive Fire Protection Design Method for Buildings (1989 version)" proposed by the Ministry of Construction Architectural Institute, the burning area of the fire source
Af and heat generation rate Q are t <120 (s) as a function of time t, Af = t / 240 (m 2 ), Q = 6.25t (Kw) 120 ≦ t <320 (s)
And Af = 0.0825t-9.4 (m 2 ) Q = 121.25t-13,800 (KW) 320
When ≦ t (S), it can be determined as Af = 17 (m 2 ) Q = 25,000 (Kw).
またホールの大きさ・形状を第３図に示すような寸法の
ものとすれば、煙層容積Vs及び煙層と室内壁との接触面
積Awを、煙層の下面高さＺの関数として表すことができ
る。また夏季の火災を想定して、外気温度Ta ＝300（゜Ｋ）とする。If the size and shape of the hole are as shown in Fig. 3, the smoke layer volume Vs and the contact area Aw between the smoke layer and the indoor wall are expressed as a function of the bottom surface height Z of the smoke layer. be able to. Also, assuming a summer fire, the outside temperature Ta = 300 (° K).
以上の条件を演算式に入れて解析すると、煙層の下
面高さＺ（ｍ）、煙層温度Ts（゜ｋ） 排煙速度Me（Kg/s） は、時間ｔに対して第４図に示すように変化する。When the above conditions are put into an arithmetic expression and analyzed, the lower surface height Z (m) of the smoke layer, the smoke layer temperature Ts (° k), and the smoke exhaust speed Me (Kg / s) are shown in FIG. It changes as shown in.
上述の演算結果は、展示会についてのものであったが、
同じホールにおいてファッションショーを行った場合は
通常の発熱速度が8000（KW）と考えられるから、火源設
定を上記提案値にあてはめて次のように決定する。The above calculation result was for the exhibition,
When a fashion show is held in the same hall, the normal heat generation rate is considered to be 8000 (KW), so the fire source settings are applied to the above suggested values and determined as follows.
ｔ＜210（ｓ）では、 Af＝t/120（m2）,Q＝7.143t（Kw）210≦ｔ＜680（ｓ）
では、 Af＝0.0340t−6.1（m2）,Q＝50.0t−9,000（KW）680≦
ｔ（Ｓ）では、 Af＝17（m2）,Q＝25,000（Kw） である。At t <210 (s), Af = t / 120 (m 2 ), Q = 7.143t (Kw) 210 ≦ t <680 (s)
Then, Af = 0.0340t-6.1 (m 2 ), Q = 50.0t-9,000 (KW) 680 ≤
At t (S), Af = 17 (m 2 ) and Q = 25,000 (Kw).
この条件を演算式によって解析すると、第５図に示
すような結果を得ることができる。When this condition is analyzed by an arithmetic expression, the result as shown in FIG. 5 can be obtained.
上述した演算条件は、室の大きさ・形状、外気温Ta（゜
Ｋ）、火源に応じて変化するものである。例えば外気温
度は夏と冬では異なるし、火源の規模も室の使用状態に
よって異なる。また排煙口及び外気流入口を持たない蓄
煙式の室もある。したがって、想定し得る全ての状況に
ついて、上記条件入力を行い、蓄煙式の場合はMe＝Md＝
０として各状況についての解析値を適確に求めることが
できる。また、機械的な排煙設備を設ける場合は、この
機械の排煙速度を重量換算した上で、上記Meに置き換え
て計算すればよい。The above-mentioned calculation conditions change depending on the size and shape of the room, the outside temperature Ta (° K), and the fire source. For example, the outside air temperature differs in summer and winter, and the scale of the fire source also differs depending on the usage condition of the room. There is also a smoke storage room that does not have a smoke exhaust port or an outside airflow inlet. Therefore, the above conditions are input for all possible situations, and Me = Md =
It is possible to accurately obtain the analysis value for each situation by setting 0. Further, when a mechanical smoke exhaust facility is provided, the smoke exhaust speed of this machine may be converted into weight and then replaced with the above Me.
本発明によれば、火災を想定する室の大きさ、形状と火
災規模を入力すれば、煙層の下降状態並びに煙層の温度
を適確に知ることができる。したがって建築物の避難上
の安全設計が容易に行える。According to the present invention, by inputting the size and shape of a room assuming a fire and the fire scale, it is possible to accurately know the descending state of the smoke layer and the temperature of the smoke layer. Therefore, the safety design for the evacuation of the building can be easily performed.
第１図は本発明装置を用いて解析を行う火災のモデル
図、第２図は本発明装置の構成を示すブロック図、第３
図は本発明装置の解析例として用いた具体的な室の寸法
・形状を示す断面図である。 第４図は第３図に示す室で展示会を行った場合の自然排
煙時における夏季の煙降下解析図、第５図は第３図に示
す室でファッションショーを行った場合の自然排煙時に
おける夏季の煙降下解析図である。FIG. 1 is a model diagram of a fire that is analyzed using the device of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the device of the present invention, and FIG.
The figure is a sectional view showing the dimensions and shape of a specific chamber used as an analysis example of the device of the present invention. Fig. 4 is a summer smoke drop analysis diagram during natural smoke exhaust when an exhibition was held in the room shown in Fig. 3, and Fig. 5 was natural exhaust when a fashion show was held in the room shown in Fig. 3. It is a smoke fall analysis figure at the time of smoke.
Claims (1)
・寸法及び外気温を解析条件として入力する入力手段
と、 連立微分方程式 ここで、 Mp:火災プルーム量 Md:流入空気量 （kg/s） Me:排煙量 （kg/s） Af:燃焼面積 （m2） Q:発熱速度 （KW） Zo:仮想点熱源と火源との距離 Z:プルーム下端高さ （ｍ） Vs:室内上層プルーム層体積 （m3） Va:室内下層空気層体積 （m3） Cp:空気定圧比熱＝1.0 （KJ/kg・deg） hc:対流熱伝達係数＝0.01 （Kw/m2・deg） g:重力加速度＝9.8 （m/s2） Ta:外気温度 （゜Ｋ） Ts:煙層温度 （゜Ｋ） ρa:外気の密度＝（353/Ta） （kg/m3） ρs:煙層の密度 （kg/m3） Aw:煙層に接する壁面積 （m2） とする に基づき、上記入力条件に従い、経過時間ｔに対する煙
層の下面高さＺ及び煙層温度Tsを算出する演算部と、 演算結果Ｚ（ｔ）及びTs（ｔ）を出力する出力手段とを
具備したことを特徴とする煙挙動解析装置。1. Input means for inputting the size of a fire source, the shape and size of a room, and the outside temperature as an analysis condition in an indoor fire, and simultaneous differential equations. Where Mp: Fire plume amount Md: Inflow air amount (kg / s) Me: Smoke exhaust amount (kg / s) Af: Combustion area (m 2 ) Q: Heat generation rate (KW) Zo: Distance between virtual point heat source and fire source Z: Plume bottom height (m) Vs: Indoor upper plume layer volume (m 3 ) Va: Indoor lower air layer volume (m 3 ) Cp: Air constant heat specific heat = 1.0 (KJ / kg ・ deg) hc: Convective heat transfer Coefficient = 0.01 (Kw / m 2 · deg) g: Gravitational acceleration = 9.8 (m / s 2 ) Ta: Outside air temperature (° K) Ts: Smoke layer temperature (° K) ρa: Outside air density = (353 / Ta ) (Kg / m 3 ) ρs: Density of smoke layer (kg / m 3 ) Aw: Wall area in contact with the smoke layer (m 2 ) Based on the above input conditions, the bottom surface height of the smoke layer with respect to elapsed time t A smoke behavior analysis apparatus, comprising: a calculation unit for calculating the height Z and the smoke layer temperature Ts; and an output unit for outputting the calculation result Z (t) and Ts (t).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5939090A JPH0692964B2 (en) | 1990-03-09 | 1990-03-09 | Smoke behavior analyzer |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5939090A JPH0692964B2 (en) | 1990-03-09 | 1990-03-09 | Smoke behavior analyzer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH03260798A JPH03260798A (en) | 1991-11-20 |
| JPH0692964B2 true JPH0692964B2 (en) | 1994-11-16 |
Family
ID=13111910
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5939090A Expired - Fee Related JPH0692964B2 (en) | 1990-03-09 | 1990-03-09 | Smoke behavior analyzer |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0692964B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5233446B2 (en) * | 2008-07-02 | 2013-07-10 | 株式会社大林組 | Method of calculating the lower end height of the smoke layer, method of calculating the elapsed time from the occurrence of a fire until the lower end height of the smoke layer reaches a predetermined height, an evaluation method of evacuation safety performance in case of fire of a building, these calculation methods or Program for executing evaluation method and calculation system |
| JP5233448B2 (en) * | 2008-07-02 | 2013-07-10 | 株式会社大林組 | Calculation method of smoke layer bottom height, evaluation method of evacuation safety performance in case of fire of building, program for executing this calculation method or evaluation method, and calculation system of smoke layer bottom height |
| EP2690610A1 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-01-29 | Hekatron Vertriebs GmbH | Method and device for escape path control |
-
1990
- 1990-03-09 JP JP5939090A patent/JPH0692964B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH03260798A (en) | 1991-11-20 |
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