JPH0786714B2 - Full color copying machine - Google Patents
Full color copying machineInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0786714B2 JPH0786714B2 JP1002602A JP260289A JPH0786714B2 JP H0786714 B2 JPH0786714 B2 JP H0786714B2 JP 1002602 A JP1002602 A JP 1002602A JP 260289 A JP260289 A JP 260289A JP H0786714 B2 JPH0786714 B2 JP H0786714B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- intermediate transfer
- transfer
- belt
- photoconductor
- toner
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Landscapes
- Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
- Color Electrophotography (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〈産業上の利用分野〉 本発明は、感光体に形成した各色成分のトナー像を一旦
中間転写媒体（中間転写ベルト）に重ね合わせた後、用
紙に転写する方式のフルカラー複写装置に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION <Industrial field of application> The present invention relates to a method in which toner images of respective color components formed on a photoconductor are temporarily superposed on an intermediate transfer medium (intermediate transfer belt) and then transferred to a sheet. The present invention relates to a full color copying machine.
〈従来技術〉 従来、電子写真装置としてのカラー複写機では、例えば
ベルト状の感光体を、通常は、コロナ放電などの直流電
界による主帯電チャージャによって帯電し、色分解され
た原稿の光学像を上記感光体ベルト上に投影して静電潜
像を形成し、第一色、例えば黄色のトナーで現像してト
ナー像を作る。この場合、黄色トナーは、感光体ベルト
と逆極性に帯電されている。<Prior Art> Conventionally, in a color copying machine as an electrophotographic apparatus, for example, a belt-shaped photoconductor is usually charged by a main charging charger by a DC electric field such as corona discharge, and an optical image of a color-separated document is obtained. An electrostatic latent image is formed by projecting on the photoconductor belt and is developed with a toner of a first color, for example, yellow to form a toner image. In this case, the yellow toner is charged with the opposite polarity to the photoconductor belt.
次に、上記感光体ベルトに、黄色トナーとは逆極性に帯
電され、例えばベルト状の中間転写媒体を当接させ、感
光体ベルト上に作られていた黄色トナー像を転写する。
感光体ベルトは、残存する黄色トナーを清掃したのち除
電され、第一のカラーに対する現像・転写を終える。Next, a yellow toner image formed on the photoconductor belt is transferred to the photoconductor belt by contacting a belt-shaped intermediate transfer medium, which is charged with a polarity opposite to that of the yellow toner.
The photoconductor belt is discharged after cleaning the remaining yellow toner, and the development / transfer for the first color is completed.
以下、マゼンタ、シアン等、カラー画像を完成するに必
要な各カラートナーに対して、黄色トナーと同様の操作
を繰返すが、この一連の操作により、中間転写ベルト上
には黄色のトナーが順次重畳して転写され、この重畳さ
れたトナー像がトナーと逆極性に帯電された用紙に転写
されたのち、用紙は剥離チャージャによって中間転写ベ
ルトから剥離され、定着処理の上排紙口から排出されて
複写を終えるように構成されている。Hereinafter, the same operation as that for the yellow toner is repeated for each color toner such as magenta and cyan necessary for completing the color image, but the yellow toner is sequentially superposed on the intermediate transfer belt by this series of operations. After being transferred, the superimposed toner image is transferred to the paper charged with a polarity opposite to that of the toner, and then the paper is separated from the intermediate transfer belt by the separation charger, and is discharged from the discharge port after the fixing process. It is configured to finish copying.
〈発明が解決しようとする問題点〉 ところで、上記の複写過程で、第一色のトナー像が転写
された中間転写ベルトに、感光体ベルト上の第二色およ
び第三色のトナー像を順次重畳して転写する場合、これ
らのトナーは総て同極性に帯電されているため、相互に
反発して画像欠陥を生ずる。特に、トナーが重なり合う
部分では、転写ごとに電位が上昇するので、このような
現像は顕著なものとなる。上記の画像欠陥があると、特
に文字や線の周辺にトナーが飛散し（画像のにじみ）、
或いは既に転写されたトナーが逆転写により抜け部分を
生じるなど、画質が著しく劣下するものとなる。<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> By the way, in the above copying process, the second color toner image and the third color toner image on the photoreceptor belt are sequentially transferred to the intermediate transfer belt to which the first color toner image is transferred. When superposed and transferred, these toners are all charged to the same polarity, and thus repel each other to cause an image defect. In particular, in the portion where the toners overlap, the potential rises every transfer, so such development becomes remarkable. If the above-mentioned image defects exist, toner will scatter around the characters and lines (image bleeding),
Alternatively, the image quality is remarkably deteriorated, such that the toner that has already been transferred has a missing portion due to reverse transfer.
また、特に第２回目の転写段階から第３回目の転写段階
に入るまでの間に中間転写媒体が回転（空回転）し、こ
のとき中間転写媒体に転写されたトナー像が再び感光体
表面に移りトナー画像がみだれるという問題があった。In addition, the intermediate transfer medium rotates (idle rotation) between the second transfer stage and the third transfer stage, and the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer medium is again transferred to the surface of the photoconductor at this time. There was a problem that the transferred toner image was not visible.
それゆえ、本発明の目的とするところは、常に画質の優
れた画像が得られるカラー複写装置の提供にある。Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a color copying apparatus which can always obtain an image with excellent image quality.
〈問題点を解決するための手段〉 本発明は、感光体に形成した各色成分のトナー像を一旦
中間転写媒体に重ね合わせた後、用紙に転写する方式の
フルカラー複写装置に於いて、 感光体から各色成分のトナー像を前記中間転写媒体に転
写する時に、最終転写段階の転写電位をその直前の転写
段階の電位より大きくする手段と、中間転写媒体のプロ
セススピードを検出する手段と、前記各転写段階へ移る
間に前記中間転写媒体に前記検出手段からの情報に応じ
た電圧を印加する手段とを備えたことを特徴とするフル
カラー複写装置である。<Means for Solving Problems> The present invention relates to a full-color copying apparatus of a type in which toner images of respective color components formed on a photoconductor are once superposed on an intermediate transfer medium and then transferred to a paper. When transferring the toner image of each color component to the intermediate transfer medium from the above, means for increasing the transfer potential of the final transfer step higher than the potential of the transfer step immediately before it, means for detecting the process speed of the intermediate transfer medium, A full-color copying apparatus comprising: a means for applying a voltage according to the information from the detecting means to the intermediate transfer medium during the transfer step.
〈作用〉 最も転写効率の下がる最終転写段階で転写電位を大きく
したので、転写効率の低下をカバーすることができると
共に、中間転写媒体の空回転中に、該中間転写媒体に所
定の電圧を印加したので、転写トナーの感光体への飛散
を防止することができる。特に空回転時の印加電圧は、
中間転写媒体のプロセススピードが速いときは高く、又
プロセススピードが遅いときは印加電圧を低くしている
ので、効果的にトナー飛散を防止することができる。<Operation> Since the transfer potential is increased in the final transfer stage where the transfer efficiency is the lowest, it is possible to cover the decrease in transfer efficiency and to apply a predetermined voltage to the intermediate transfer medium during idle rotation of the intermediate transfer medium. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the transfer toner from scattering on the photoconductor. In particular, the applied voltage during idling is
When the process speed of the intermediate transfer medium is fast, it is high, and when the process speed is slow, the applied voltage is low, so that toner scattering can be effectively prevented.
〈実施例〉 本発明の一実施例を第１図に基づいて説明すれば、以下
の通りである。<Example> The following will describe one example of the present invention with reference to FIG.
電子写真装置としてのフルカラー複写機（以下複写機と
称する）は、第１図に示すように、機枠１の上部に原稿
２の載置される原稿台３が設けられている。原稿台３の
下方には、コピーランプ４、ミラー５…、レンズ６、お
よび青・赤・緑のフィルタを有するフィルタ装置７を備
え、原稿２を露光走査して後述の感光体ベルト８に静電
潜像を形成する光学系部９が設けられている。As shown in FIG. 1, a full-color copying machine (hereinafter referred to as a copying machine) as an electrophotographic apparatus is provided with a document table 3 on which a document 2 is placed on an upper part of a machine frame 1. A copy lamp 4, mirrors 5, ... An optical system unit 9 for forming a latent image is provided.
光学系部９の下方には、感光体として、例えば有機感光
体（OPC）からなる感光体ベルト８が設けられている。
この感光体ベルト８は一定間隔をもって平行に配された
駆動ローラ10と従動ローラ11との間に掛け渡されてい
る。この感光体ベルト８の周囲には、主帯電チャージャ
12、現像装置13・14・15、クリーナ16および除電ランプ
17がそれぞれ感光体ベルト８に対向して設けられてお
り、上記現像装置13・14・15には、それぞれ黄色・マゼ
ンタ・シアンの現像剤が収納されている。A photoconductor belt 8 made of, for example, an organic photoconductor (OPC) is provided below the optical system unit 9 as a photoconductor.
The photosensitive belt 8 is stretched between a driving roller 10 and a driven roller 11 which are arranged in parallel with each other at a constant interval. Around the photosensitive belt 8, the main charging charger
12, developing device 13 ・ 14 ・ 15, cleaner 16 and discharge lamp
17 are provided so as to face the photoconductor belt 8, and the developing devices 13, 14, and 15 store yellow, magenta, and cyan developers, respectively.
上記駆動ローラ10の近傍には、中間転写装置18が設けら
れている。この中間転写装置18は、中間転写媒体として
の中間転写ベルト19、ローラ20・21・35、中間転写ロー
ラ22、用紙転写ローラ23、用紙剥離プレート24、および
クリーナ25等から構成されている。An intermediate transfer device 18 is provided near the drive roller 10. The intermediate transfer device 18 includes an intermediate transfer belt 19 serving as an intermediate transfer medium, rollers 20, 21, and 35, an intermediate transfer roller 22, a sheet transfer roller 23, a sheet peeling plate 24, and a cleaner 25.
上記のローラ20・21・35には、中間転写ベルト19が掛け
渡されており、ローラ20・21・35の間で駆動ローラ10の
外周に位置する感光体ベルト８の表面が当接されてい
る。中間転写ベルト19の周囲には、感光体ベルト８との
接触位置から転写プロセス順に、中間転写ローラ22、用
紙転写ローラ23、用紙剥離プレート24、およびクリーナ
25等が中間転写ベルト19の内周および外周に対向して設
けられている。The intermediate transfer belt 19 is stretched around the rollers 20, 21, and 35, and the surface of the photosensitive belt 8 located on the outer periphery of the driving roller 10 is abutted between the rollers 20, 21, and 35. There is. Around the intermediate transfer belt 19, the intermediate transfer roller 22, the paper transfer roller 23, the paper peeling plate 24, and the cleaner are arranged in the order of the transfer process from the contact position with the photosensitive belt 8.
25 and the like are provided to face the inner circumference and the outer circumference of the intermediate transfer belt 19.
上記の中間転写装置18に対する給紙側には、用紙26…を
収容した用紙カセット27・28が上下に装着されている。
各用紙カセット27・28の上部から中間転写装置18までの
間には、給紙ローラ29・30とタイミングローラ31・31と
が設けられている。また、中間転写装置18に対する排紙
側には、搬送ベルト32、定着装置33および排紙部34が設
けられている。Paper cassettes 27 and 28 containing papers 26 ... Are vertically mounted on the paper feed side of the intermediate transfer device 18.
Paper feed rollers 29 and 30 and timing rollers 31 and 31 are provided between the upper portion of each paper cassette 27 and 28 and the intermediate transfer device 18. Further, a conveyance belt 32, a fixing device 33, and a paper discharge unit 34 are provided on the paper discharge side of the intermediate transfer device 18.
第２図は制御回路である。図中、ａは転写段階検出器で
あり、中間転写ベルト18への転写段階の状態を検出し、
その情報をI/Oポート（ｂ）を介してCPU（ｄ）に出力す
る。ｃはプロセススピード検出器（ｃ）であり、スピー
ドの遅い速いの２つの情報を同様にI/Oポート（ｂ）を
介してCPU（ｄ）に出力する。CPU（ｄ）は前記転写段階
検出器（ａ）及びプロセススピード検出器（ｃ）からの
情報に応じて電圧制御回路（ｅ）に対し電圧制御信号を
出力する。FIG. 2 shows a control circuit. In the figure, a is a transfer stage detector, which detects the state of the transfer stage to the intermediate transfer belt 18,
The information is output to the CPU (d) via the I / O port (b). Reference numeral c is a process speed detector (c), which similarly outputs two pieces of information of low speed and high speed to the CPU (d) via the I / O port (b). The CPU (d) outputs a voltage control signal to the voltage control circuit (e) according to the information from the transfer stage detector (a) and the process speed detector (c).
電圧制御回路（ｅ）はCPU（ｄ）からの電圧制御信号に
応じて、中間転写ローラ（ｇ）に600V,600V,1000V,P
1V，P2Vを選択的に供給すべくDC電力供給器（ｆ）に制
御する。The voltage control circuit (e) applies 600V, 600V, 1000V, P to the intermediate transfer roller (g) according to the voltage control signal from the CPU (d).
Control the DC power supply (f) to selectively supply 1 V and P 2 V.
上記の構成において、本複写機における複写動作の際に
は、光学系部９のコピーランプ４とミラー５…は原稿台
３の下面を矢印ＡおよびＢ方向に往復移動して原稿２を
走査する。コピーランプ４ら原稿２に照射された光の反
射光は、第１図に一点鎖線で示すように、ミラー５…、
レンズ６、およびフィルタ装置７を経由し、主帯電チャ
ージャ12で、例えば負極性に一様に帯電された感光体ベ
ルト８の表面に達し、感光体ベルト８上に、第一色、例
えば黄色に対応する静電潜像が形成される。この静電潜
像は、現像装置13において、正に帯電された黄色トナー
を吸着することによって現像され、中間転写装置18の中
間転写ベルト19に達する。In the above structure, during the copying operation of the copying machine, the copy lamp 4 and the mirrors 5 of the optical system section 9 reciprocate on the lower surface of the document table 3 in the directions of arrows A and B to scan the document 2. . The reflected light of the light emitted from the copy lamp 4 to the original 2 is, as shown by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG.
The main charging charger 12 passes through the lens 6 and the filter device 7 to reach the surface of the photosensitive belt 8 that is uniformly charged to have a negative polarity, and the first color, for example, yellow, on the photosensitive belt 8. A corresponding electrostatic latent image is formed. The electrostatic latent image is developed by adsorbing the positively charged yellow toner in the developing device 13, and reaches the intermediate transfer belt 19 of the intermediate transfer device 18.
中間転写ベルト19は電圧制御回路（ｅ）の制御のもとに
600Vを印加された中間転写ローラ22によって負極性に帯
電され、感光体ベルト８上の正極性の黄色トナー像を吸
着転写する。中間転写ベルト19はそのまま移動し、同一
の工程をへて、同様に600Vを印加された中間転写ローラ
22によって負極性に帯電され、感光体ベルト８上のマゼ
ンタトナー像を吸着転写する。さらに転写最終段階にお
いて、中間転写ベルト19は1000Vを印加された中間転写
ローラ22によって負極性に帯電され感光体ベルト８上の
シアントナー像を吸着転写する。The intermediate transfer belt 19 is controlled by the voltage control circuit (e).
It is negatively charged by the intermediate transfer roller 22 to which 600V is applied, and the positive yellow toner image on the photosensitive belt 8 is adsorbed and transferred. The intermediate transfer belt 19 moves as it is, goes through the same process, and is similarly applied with 600 V.
It is negatively charged by 22, and the magenta toner image on the photosensitive belt 8 is transferred by adsorption. Further, in the final stage of transfer, the intermediate transfer belt 19 is negatively charged by the intermediate transfer roller 22 to which 1000 V is applied, and the cyan toner image on the photosensitive belt 8 is adsorbed and transferred.
ところで、各転写段階の間の中間転写ベルト19の空回転
時には、プロセススピードに応じて例えばプロセススピ
ードが速い時には高い印加電圧P1Vが印加され、またプ
ロセススピードが遅い時には低い印加電圧P2Vが印加さ
れる。このようにして、転写効率の低下を効果的に抑
え、また空回転時のトナーの飛散を防止することができ
る。By the way, during idle rotation of the intermediate transfer belt 19 during each transfer stage, for example, a high applied voltage P 1 V is applied when the process speed is fast and a low applied voltage P 2 V is applied when the process speed is slow according to the process speed. Is applied. In this way, it is possible to effectively suppress a decrease in transfer efficiency and prevent toner from scattering during idle rotation.
なお、上記実施例では第２と第３の転写段階で転写電圧
を変えているが、全転写段階で変えるようにしてもよ
い。また、空回転時の電圧印加についても、第２と第３
の転写段階でのみ行うようにしても効果がある。Although the transfer voltage is changed in the second and third transfer steps in the above embodiment, it may be changed in all transfer steps. Regarding the voltage application during idling, the second and third
It is also effective if it is performed only at the transfer stage.
〈効果〉 以上詳細に説明したように、本発明によれば転写効率の
低下及び空回転時のトナー相互の反発による、飛散など
の現像が解消され、常に良好なカラー画像を得ることが
できる。<Effects> As described in detail above, according to the present invention, development such as scattering due to reduction of transfer efficiency and repulsion of toner during idle rotation is eliminated, and a good color image can always be obtained.
第１図は本発明フルカラー複写機の概略構成図、第２図
は制御回路図である。 ａは転写段階検出器、ｃはプロセススピード検出器、ｅ
は電圧制御回路、ｆはDC電力供給器、ｇは中間転写ロー
ラ。FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a full-color copying machine of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a control circuit diagram. a is a transfer stage detector, c is a process speed detector, e
Is a voltage control circuit, f is a DC power supply, and g is an intermediate transfer roller.
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 温品 悦次 大阪府大阪市阿倍野区長池町22番22号 シ ャープ株式会社内 (56)参考文献 特開 昭62−280872（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 昭63−264778（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 昭63−12570（ＪＰ，Ａ) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Inventor Etsuji Etsuji 22-22 Nagaike-cho, Abeno-ku, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture Sharp Corporation (56) Reference JP 62-280872 (JP, A) JP Sho 63-264778 (JP, A) JP-A-63-12570 (JP, A)
Claims (1)
旦中間転写媒体に重ね合わせた後、用紙に転写する方式
のフルカラー複写装置に於いて、 感光体から各色成分のトナー像を前記中間転写媒体に転
写する時に、最終転写段階の転写電位をその直前の転写
段階の電位より大きくする手段と、中間転写媒体のプロ
セススピードを検出する手段と、前記各転写段階へ移る
間に前記中間転写媒体に前記検出手段からの情報に応じ
た電圧を印加する手段とを備えたことを特徴とするフル
カラー複写装置。1. A full-color copying apparatus in which toner images of respective color components formed on a photoconductor are once superposed on an intermediate transfer medium and then transferred onto paper, and the toner images of the respective color components are transferred from the photoconductor to the intermediate image. When transferring to the transfer medium, means for increasing the transfer potential of the final transfer step to be higher than that of the transfer step immediately before it, means for detecting the process speed of the intermediate transfer medium, and the intermediate transfer during the transfer step. A full-color copying apparatus comprising a medium and a means for applying a voltage according to the information from the detecting means.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1002602A JPH0786714B2 (en) | 1989-01-09 | 1989-01-09 | Full color copying machine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1002602A JPH0786714B2 (en) | 1989-01-09 | 1989-01-09 | Full color copying machine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH02183276A JPH02183276A (en) | 1990-07-17 |
| JPH0786714B2 true JPH0786714B2 (en) | 1995-09-20 |
Family
ID=11533935
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1002602A Expired - Lifetime JPH0786714B2 (en) | 1989-01-09 | 1989-01-09 | Full color copying machine |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0786714B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5610701A (en) * | 1993-07-20 | 1997-03-11 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Color electrophotographic apparatus and image forming units used therein |
| US6611672B2 (en) | 2000-09-26 | 2003-08-26 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Image forming apparatus, monocolor image forming apparatus, toner recycling apparatus and intermediate transfer member |
| US6920300B2 (en) | 2003-03-12 | 2005-07-19 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Image forming apparatus capable of inhibiting photoreceptor filming and color toner mixing |
| US7215912B2 (en) | 2004-03-19 | 2007-05-08 | Ricoh Company Limited | Intermediate transfer medium and image forming apparatus using the intermediate transfer medium |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6290674A (en) * | 1985-10-17 | 1987-04-25 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Transfer device for color copying machine |
| JPS62206567A (en) * | 1986-03-07 | 1987-09-11 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Color electrophotographic equipment |
| JPH0810370B2 (en) * | 1986-05-30 | 1996-01-31 | キヤノン株式会社 | Multiple image forming device |
| JPS6355580A (en) * | 1986-08-26 | 1988-03-10 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Transfer device |
-
1989
- 1989-01-09 JP JP1002602A patent/JPH0786714B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH02183276A (en) | 1990-07-17 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JPH07160089A (en) | Image-forming device | |
| JPH04296785A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JPH0786714B2 (en) | Full color copying machine | |
| JP3025070B2 (en) | Electrophotographic equipment | |
| JPH1078689A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JPS59154465A (en) | Two-color electrophotographic copying machine | |
| JPH09138545A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JPH11231583A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JPH10186786A (en) | Color image forming equipment | |
| JP2002214930A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JP2794803B2 (en) | Image forming device | |
| JPH07210011A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JP3141596B2 (en) | Transfer control device in image forming apparatus | |
| JPS6199179A (en) | Transfer device | |
| JPH10274891A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JP2982267B2 (en) | Image forming device | |
| JP2002072709A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JP2658103B2 (en) | Image forming device | |
| JPH0199076A (en) | image forming device | |
| JP3441561B2 (en) | Image forming device | |
| JP4074749B2 (en) | Image forming apparatus | |
| JP2797288B2 (en) | Multicolor image forming device | |
| JPH08160771A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JPH11327364A (en) | Image forming device | |
| JP2000075586A (en) | Image forming device |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080920 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080920 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090920 Year of fee payment: 14 |
|
| EXPY | Cancellation because of completion of term | ||
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090920 Year of fee payment: 14 |