JPH0819407B2 - Soil conditioner for plant cultivation, production method and use method thereof - Google Patents

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a soil improving material for cultivating plants, a method for producing the same and a method of using the same, and particularly, cultivation in which the above soil improving material is mixed in order to favorably grow vegetables and ornamental flowers. It also concerns the soil.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In order to grow useful plants well,
It is well known that soil improvement for cropping is effective. Chemical soil (N, P, K and other Ca,
In addition to "improving chemical conditions", which consists of applying Mg, Mn, etc.) and organic fertilizers (compost, manure), there are "improving physical conditions" and "improving biological conditions". Among them, the improvement of physical condition is generally a combination of soils, that is, red soil, red soil, black soil, and other basic soils, and soils such as humus, peat moss, and bark compost for improvement, vermiculite, perlite, and Kanuma soil. This is done by adding adjusting soil such as river sand. On the other hand, the improvement of biological conditions is to add soil-effective bacteria that have been cultivated in order to improve the environment of the rhizosphere to the soil and take measures against soil harmful bacteria (control, control).
It is done by taking.

Conventionally, the combination of soils has been carried out with the idea that soils suitable for the roots of plants can be produced by combining the chemical and physical characteristics of each soil. It has been confirmed that water permeability, water retention, etc. can be improved. Furthermore, in addition to the chemical and physical properties of these soils (chemical conditions and physical conditions), research on soil microorganisms has also progressed from the viewpoint of biological properties.

It has been confirmed that the number of microorganisms in the rhizosphere is much higher than that in the non-rhizosphere. The reason for this is considered to be that the roots of the plant discharge the secretions peculiar to the plant, and the microorganisms gather in the rhizosphere in search of the secretions. Rhizosphere microorganisms include harmful microorganisms that adversely affect the growth of plants and effective microorganisms that positively affect them.

Typical of harmful microorganisms are pathogenic filamentous fungi which cause soil-borne plant diseases. For example, Fusarium fungi, Rhizoctonia, white silkworm, wilt fungus, and clubroot fungus generally invade and propagate in conduits that carry water and nutrients from the roots to the aerial parts, producing and secreting toxins. It inhibits metabolism in the body, diffuses over the ground and proliferates in various conduits, and its function is impaired. As a result, the plant wilts, becomes yellow, and eventually withers.

On the other hand, effective microorganisms secrete various organic substances, and the roots can utilize the secretions of these microorganisms as nutrients. Amino acids and low-molecular weight nucleic acids secreted by microorganisms contribute very effectively to the reproductive growth of the plant, and the absorption of organic substances secreted by microorganisms is essential for improving the quality of fruits and other agricultural products. Became clear. The roots of plants have the ability to successfully absorb not only inorganic (mineral) fertilizer components but also organic components, and rhizosphere microorganisms are helping to make full use of such root functions.

As described above, there is a deep relationship between plant roots and rhizosphere microorganisms, and maintaining this relationship in good condition to create an environment of coexistence and mutual prosperity is the basis of soil management. For this reason, compositions made by mixing a plurality of spore-like morphological effective microorganisms, and cultivated soil mixed with effective microorganisms in the mixed soil are commercially available, but the composition of effective microorganisms is the soil of the plant cultivated area. Cultivated soil mixed with and also with effective microorganisms is usually used directly as soil for cultivation and gardening.

[0008]

[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] A mixture of effective microorganisms or cultivated soil mixed with effective microorganisms suppress harmful microorganisms in the soil by the force of the enzyme discharged by the microorganisms, and the effective microorganisms are more effective than harmful microorganisms in the soil. Most of them claim to be the majority. In order to actively propagate effective microorganisms in the soil, a soil that satisfies the biological conditions in which bacteria can easily live is required. However, humus and compost suitable for it are hard to obtain and expensive. Moreover, many humus soils and composts are already occupied by harmful microorganisms, and there is a risk that effective microorganisms will be expelled even if the effective microorganisms are mixed in to produce an appropriate cultivation soil.
Further, if a compost containing only a large amount of effective microorganisms is produced from a disinfected compost raw material, it takes several months to one year for a long period of time, and there is a problem in productivity.

The present invention has been made for the purpose of solving the above problems, and the problem to be solved is to propagate effective microorganisms in the plant rhizosphere for a long period of time and change the soil to conditions suitable for growing plants. It is to provide a soil improving material which can be produced at low cost and with high productivity, and to provide a cultivating soil in which such an improving material can grow a plant smoothly.

[0010]

The soil improving material of the present invention comprises:
It is characterized by being composed of vermiculite in which microorganisms useful for growing cultivated plants are propagated in the voids. The present invention
Mix non-hazardous rhizosphere microorganisms and vermiculite,
What was produced by placing the mixture under the culture conditions of the above microorganisms, when used as a soil improving material or as direct cultivation soil, was completed by finding that the cultivation of cultivated plants was promoted. . Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method for producing and using the soil conditioner.

The term "vermiculite" means not only secondary minerals generated from olivine and mica minerals, but also those treated by high temperature, for example, heated to 600 to 1000 ° C. and expanded ten times or more. Although it is a name including the baked vermiculite, the vermiculite constituting the present invention is the latter baked vermiculite. Hereinafter, when simply referred to as vermiculite, it means a calcined vermiculite unless otherwise specified.

[0012] Vermiculite is industrially manufactured from crystalline viscous minerals belonging to the aqueous mica group, in particular, vermiculite as a building material or soil for adjusting seedlings and cutting beds. It is a very light substance having a specific gravity of 0.2 to 0.3, although a homogeneous substance having porous voids can be obtained although the particle size is slightly different. Any commercially available product can be used for producing the soil conditioner of the present invention without any problem. It is preferable to select one that is currently used according to the conditions of plant cultivation, for example, vermiculite having an average particle size of 1 to 10 mm.

The method for producing a soil improver according to the present invention comprises mixing vermiculite with a microorganism useful for the cultivation of cultivated plants or vermiculite, and culturing the mixture under the above-mentioned culture conditions for the microbe. It consists of propagating microorganisms in the voids. For example, a dried (spore) -state or active-state microorganism to which a nutrient source is added as needed and vermiculite are mixed and placed in a culture vessel, and after culturing the mixture for an appropriate period, the microorganism is contained in the void. The soil conditioner of the present invention can be produced by recovering vermiculite in the untreated state.

In the production of the soil conditioner of the present invention,
It is not necessary to first mix the microorganisms with the vermiculite, but the vermiculite may be put into a culture tank in which the microorganisms are propagated and then recovered after a required time has elapsed. Also, to vermiculite on the conveyor in the middle of being transported to the incubator or culture environment room, it is possible to produce a soil improver on a large scale by spraying a microorganism-containing liquid together with a nutrient source of microorganisms if necessary. it can. Nutrient sources used for culturing as needed are wort, yeast extract, MY liquid, agar, gypsum, acetic acid, potatoes, sugars,
It may be a substance for media such as broth, starch, peptone, broth, inorganic salts and distilled water.

In order to obtain a soil conditioner having a long-lasting effect, it is preferable to infiltrate as much of the microorganism as possible into the voids of vermiculite. To this end, if the culture period during the production of the soil conditioner is prolonged. Good. However, if the microorganisms are stored in the voids of vermiculite to some extent, the growth efficiency is deteriorated. Therefore, the culture period is preferably 1 to 7 days, particularly 2 to 5 days. Since microorganisms usually repeat generational changes in 20 minutes to 1 day, the number of carcasses increases as the number of microbes increases, but the carcasses also serve as a nutrient for living microorganisms later.

The cultured microorganisms (microorganisms that penetrate into the voids of vermiculite) may be a mixture of coexisting microorganisms, and it is often preferable. Anaerobic microorganisms should be cultivated under anoxic conditions, and semi-anaerobic and conditionally anaerobic microorganisms should be cultured under control of oxygen concentration.
Soil improver that gives various aerobic to anaerobic microorganisms to the plant rhizosphere, for example, by mixing various soil improvers containing different microorganisms produced by different culture conditions or culture conditions to be cultured in an appropriate ratio. can get.

The soil improving material of the present invention is sufficiently dried by vacuum drying with a vacuum pump or the like so that the soil improving performance does not change even if it is stored for a long period of time, and then a bag made of a resin such as polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride. It is sealed inside and supplied to consumers.

The term "effective microorganism" as used in the present invention means a non-pathogenic microorganism which does not exert a great adverse effect on plants. More specifically, it belongs to the protist in the three major groups of the living world,
Moreover, it means a plant that does not lead to growth suppression or death.
Effective microorganisms excrete inorganic and organic components necessary for growing plants, and protect plants against hostile microorganisms.
A large number of effective microorganisms have been purely isolated, identified and named from plant rhizosphere soils in fields with high yields or from compost that enhances soil fertility. Most of them are algae,
It is classified into filamentous fungi, actinomycetes, or bacteria, and can be easily obtained from public microbial preservation organizations, or can be separated from soil by known means such as the soil plate method.

Examples of such effective microorganisms are listed below, but they do not limit the microorganisms used in the soil conditioner of the present invention. Examples of effective microorganisms: 1. Algae (a) Cyanobacteria that have photosynthetic ability and fix nitrogen in the air, (b) Green algae (chlorella) often seen in paddy fields,
(C) Diatoms that often breed in places with good water quality. 2. Bacteria Gram-positive bacilli Sermonas foria, Bacillus stearothermophilis, etc .; Gram-negative bacilli Pseudomonas denitrificans, etc .; Gliding bacteria Chondrocox exciguas, Myxocox virescines, Myxocox fulbus, etc. Gram-negative chemoautotrophic bacteria such as Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Thiobacillus denitrificans. 3. Actinomycetes Actinoplanes Micromonospora vulgaris;
Nocardia nocardia brasiliensis, Pseudonocardia thermophila; Streptomyces streptomyces rectus, Streptomyces thermofuscus, Streptomyces thermophilus, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus, strepto Myces thermos vulgaris, Streptomyces violaceola bar; Thermoactinomyces thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermomicromonospora thermospora curvata, thermomonospora fusca, thermomono Spora glaucus; Others such as thermopolyspora polyspora, Amicora insolence, etc. 4. Filamentous fungi (i) Algae fungi ... Stibera thermophila, Absidia ramosa, etc., (ii) Filamentous fungi ... mucor spinescense, mucor avance, mucor varians, mucor psilas, torula thermophila, thermoscus ooh Lantiax, Visokuramis, etc. (i
ii) Basidiomycetes: Rhizobs niglycans, Coprinus cinereus, Coprinus megacephalus, Coprinus lagopas, etc. (iv) Incomplete fungi: Geotricham
Candidum, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma (lignorum) harzianum, Cephalosporium
Acremonium, Aspergius fumigatus, Aspergius flavus, Humicola griseus thermoideus, Humicola lanuginosa, Sporotrichum therm file, Sporotrichum chlorinum, etc. (v)
Other indistinguishable Staysanas Stemonitis, Krytopyrus pincitus, Krytopyrus niger, Krytopyrus terreus, Oospora variabilis, Ketomium globosam, Ketomium thermofile, Taramomyces duponti, Myceria stelilia, Malbranquea purquera sulfuria etc.

The effective microorganisms used in the production of the improved material are
It will usually be convenient to mix them in vermiculite, usually in powder form or by suspending it in culture. The powder form is a spore-like form, that is, depending on the type of microorganism, for example, spores, conidia, germinated spores, endospores, zoospores, sac, sclerotium, microsclerotium, fruiting body, mycelium. Or a combination or mixture thereof.

A general method of using the soil improving material of the present invention for promoting plant growth is to mix the soil improving agent in the surface layer of the soil at a ratio of 5 to 30% by volume for use in a cultivation area.
It is preferable to mix the soil improver uniformly over the entire surface layer of the soil in order to achieve good growth of the plant, but from the economical point of view, if the amount of use of the soil improver is reduced without significantly reducing the effect, It is preferably used topically, ie only in the rhizosphere of each plant. Uniform mixing with the surface layer of the soil can be carried out, for example, by spraying a soil improving material on the cultivated area and then cultivating it with a tiller, a plow, a hoe or the like. For local use, it may be mixed at the seeding or transplanting point of vegetables or flowers at the time of seeding or transplanting. A particular use of the soil conditioner of the present invention is to help the disease of large grown trees. That is, in the case where the rhizosphere soil of a tree has a large amount of disease-causing microorganisms and a bactericide is used, the remaining few effective microorganisms and the tree itself are adversely affected. Therefore, a large amount of soil improving material should be buried around the root of the tree.

By using the soil improving material of the present invention, it is possible to produce a new cultivating soil capable of better growing vegetables, ornamental flowers, plants and the like. In particular, in order to produce the cultivating soil suitable for cultivating / cultivating horticultural vegetables or ornamental flowers, the above soil improver is mixed with the conventional cultivating soil for each plant in an amount of 5 to 30% by volume, preferably 10 to 25% by volume. do it. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a new cultivating soil for vegetables, ornamental flowers, plants, etc.,
The cultivated soil depends on the type of cultivated plant, but in general, (a)
Soil conditioner of the present invention: 5 to 30% by volume, (b) red sphere soil,
Black soil and / or Arakida soil: 45 to 95% by volume, and (c) Adjustment soil such as Kanuma soil and mulch soil and / or sand, stone,
Compost, oil dregs, and other known soil materials: 0-50% by volume
(Final amount of 100% by volume).

The soil conditioner of the present invention is suitable for cultivating and growing a very wide variety of plants. Examples of such plants include cereals (wheat, barley, rye, etc.); beets (sugar radish, sample beets, etc.); drupes, pears and soft fruits (apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, etc.); legumes (broad beans, lentils, peas, soybeans, etc.);
Oil plants (oil, mustard, poppies, olives,
Sunflower, coconut, castor oil plant, cocoa beans,
Peanuts, etc.); Cucurbitaceae plants (pumpkin, cucumber, eggplant, watermelon, melon, etc.); fiber plants (cotton, flax, cannabis, etc.)
(Jump, etc.); citrus fruits (orange, lemon, grapefruit, mandarin, etc.); vegetables (spinach, pak choi, komatsuna, parsley, peppers, lettuce, asparagus, cabbage, leek, garlic, carrot, radish, burdock,
Onions, tomatoes, potatoes, Satsuma yams, taros, lotus roots, etc.); other agricultural products (corn, tobacco, nuts, coffee, sugar cane, tea, hops, pepper, ginger, light loads, etc.), roadside trees (acacia, sycamore, keyaki, 楡) , Ginkgo, willow, cherry blossom, maple, etc., garden tree (camellia, phoenix, azalea, pine, sancha flower,
Wood, etc.), trees for wood (cedar, cypress, oak, paulownia, teak, lauan, mahogany, etc.), lawn, bonsai, oriental orchids (spring orchid, cold orchid, shrimp, orchid orchid, etc.); western orchids (cattleya, Dendrobium, cymbidium, etc.); foliage plants (rubber tree, benjamin, nephrorepis, peperomia, diffenbakia, spathiphyllum, pakira, croton, orizururan, asianthum, ivy, kapok, sansevieria, bridal veil, fern, kannon bamboo, leaf peony, etc.) Succulents (cactus, aloe, geisha, danish cactus, etc.); wildflowers (ebine, moth orchid, snow cracker, succulent grass, sakura grass, dandelion, astragalus grass, evening primrose, etc.); perennial flowers (tulips, crocuses, cyclamen, dahlia) , Gladiolus, amaryllis, canna,
Anemones, daffodils, irises, freesia, lilies, etc.); Other flower beds / potted plants (chrysanthemum, peony, Saintpaulia, clematis, gloxinia, morning glory, pansy, begonia,
Marigold, Alyssum, Zinnia, Salvia, Zeranium, etc.).

[0024]

When the soil improving material of the present invention is used for cultivated soil, the effective microorganisms in the vermiculite constituting the soil improving material propagate in the soil (inside and outside the voids of the vermiculite). Effective microorganisms are hostile to harmful microorganisms and prevent the plant rhizosphere from becoming occupied with harmful microorganisms. Therefore,
The occurrence of plant diseases caused by harmful microorganisms can be suppressed. Effective microorganisms are likely to absorb and utilize organic and inorganic components in soil through various actions such as photosynthesis, air nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification (nitric acid decomposition), sulfuric acid reduction, H ₂ S decomposition, proteolysis, and energy generation. By promoting the growth of plants.

In the conventional case in which vermiculite and effective microorganisms are separately mixed into soil, and in the case of the present invention in which vermiculite containing microorganisms in voids is mixed into soil,
The soil improvement effect differs as follows. That is, in the conventional case, harmful microorganisms may become dominant and effective microorganisms may be exterminated by only temporary changes in soil environment (temperature, moisture, pesticide concentration, etc.). In that case, the effective microorganisms in the voids of the vermiculite are not attacked by harmful microorganisms all at once, so that the effective microorganisms keep the superiority.

[0026]

[Examples] Example 1: Production of soil conditioner A mixture of various microbial cells (including broken mycelia) that have been cultivated separately and are cultivated separately by a conventional method to reduce water content and become spore-like. To 50 g was added vermiculite in an amount to fill a 1 liter container. The particle size of the vermiculite is 5 to 10 mm (average value: 7.5 mm).
The total weight is 150 g, and the microorganisms used are filamentous fungi (Aspergillus oryzae; Trichoderma sp.), Actinomycetes (Streptomyces thermophilus), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and bacteria (Bacillus subtilis). After that, 200 ml of water was further added and mixed so that the whole was homogeneous. The moist mixture was transferred to an air-permeable container, which was placed in a thermostatic chamber at a temperature of 30 ° C. and a humidity of 98% and allowed to stand for 5 days. In the soil improving material obtained by culturing microorganisms in this way, it was confirmed by a microscope that the microorganisms also propagated on the surface and in the voids of vermiculite.

Example 2 Preparation of Cultivated Soil 40% Akadama soil and 40 Kanuma soil in terms of volume (apparent volume)
%, 20% of the soil conditioner produced in Example 1 was uniformly mixed to prepare cultivated soil (20% plot). Also,
Akatama soil 40%, Kanuma soil 40%, and ordinary vermiculite (raw material for the soil improving material of Example 1) 10 in the same volume ratio.
%, 10% of the soil conditioner produced in Example 1 was uniformly mixed to prepare another cultivated soil (10% plot).

Further, as a comparative example, 40% of Akatama soil, 40% of Kanuma soil, and 20% of vermiculite (raw material for producing the soil improving material of Example 1) were uniformly mixed to cultivate soil without the soil improving material (control group). ) Was prepared. The soil composition ratio is summarized in Table 1.

[Table 1]

Test Example 1: Cultivation of bok choy Cultivation soil 600 for each of the above 20% plot, 10% plot and control plot
6 cm3 of each cm ³ were filled in each of the cultivation soils, and a total of 18 vinyl pots each having a diameter of 4 cm were filled. Next, four seeds of Pak choi were sown in these pots, and then covered with 60 cm ³ of cultivated soil. After germination, thinning was performed, and 2 seedlings per pot were arranged and cultivated. In addition, during the cultivation period, N: P: K = 5: 1 as a common fertilizer
Liquid fertilizer with a component ratio of 0: 5 is diluted 800 times and a total of 4
It was sprayed. The progress of cultivation is shown in Table 2.

[Table 2]

The influence of different soils on the cultivation of bok choy was compared and examined by the growth condition of the bok choy at harvest. The growth condition was evaluated by averaging the leaf length, the leaf width, and the number of spread leaves in 6 pots for each cultivation soil. Table 3 shows the results.

[Table 3] FIG. 1 is a graph of this result. In this test example, the growth condition of bok choy when harvested increases as the amount of the soil improving material of Example 1 is increased.
It's easy to understand. The difference in growth was observed around October 13.

Test Example 2: Radish radish cultivation In parallel with the cultivation of the bok choy in Test Example 1, radish radish was also cultivated. Cultivation conditions are the same as those for the bok choy of Test Example 1, except that 3 seedlings were thinned out per pot. It was observed in the comparative cultivation for each type of cultivated soil that the growth condition of the radish at the time of harvest increased as the soil improving material of Example 1 was used more, as in the case of bok choy. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 are photographs showing the growth state of typical Chinese cabbage and radish, respectively. Table 4 shows the yield comparison results.

[Table 4] When the results are graphed as shown in FIG. 2, it is well understood that the growth promoting effect of the soil conditioner of Example 1 is more remarkable for Pakchoi than for radish.

[0032]

The effects of the present invention are as follows. Since effective microorganisms grow in the voids while being protected by vermiculite, there is no risk of sudden extinction, and good soil environment is maintained over a long period of time (synergistic effect as a microbial catalyst and an immobilized catalyst). By selecting microorganisms to be contained in vermiculite, and by incorporating microorganisms that are difficult to coexist in different vermiculite, it is possible to make a soil conditioner that changes the type distribution of rhizosphere microorganisms suitable for each cultivated plant. . Vermiculite does not require a sterilization operation compared to the case of using other soils, so it can be easily manufactured. Water retention of soil, combining various particle sizes
Fertilizer retention, air permeability, etc. can be adjusted, and the ion exchange capacity of vermiculite itself can contribute to soil improvement. By using a soil conditioner containing effective microorganisms that are hostile against pathogenic bacteria in the voids of vermiculite,
Plant diseases caused by soil pathogens can be recovered.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of a test example according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of other test examples.

FIG. 3 is a photograph of Pak choi cultivated in the above test example.

FIG. 4 is a photograph of a Japanese radish cultivated in the other test examples.

Claims (4)

[Claims] 1. A set containing microorganisms useful for growing cultivated plants.
The product is heated to 600-1000 ℃ and expanded more than 10 times.
Mix with baked vermiculite and incubate for 1-7 days
Then , the soil improving material for plant cultivation, characterized in that the microorganism is contained in the voids of the calcined vermiculite. 2. A set containing microorganisms useful for growing cultivated plants.
The product is heated to 600-1000 ℃ and expanded more than 10 times.
The soil-improving material according to claim 1, wherein the mixture is mixed with calcined vermiculite, and the mixture is cultivated for 1 to 7 days under the culturing conditions of the microorganism to propagate the microorganism in the void of vermiculite. Production method. 3. A microorganism which is useful for the cultivation of cultivated plants.
Spegillus oryzae, Streptomyces thermophy
Cus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus
A method for promoting plant growth, which comprises mixing the soil improving material according to claim 1, which retains butylus , with cultivation soil at a ratio of 5 to 30% by volume, and then planting a plant therein. 4. (a) The average particle size of 1 to 10 mm.
Soil conditioner described : 5 to 30% by volume, (b) Akatama soil, black soil and / or Arakida soil: 45 to 95% by volume, and (c).
Other soil such as Kanuma soil and mulch, sand, stone, compost, oil residue,
Other soil materials: 0 to 50% by volume, (cultivation soil for growing vegetables or ornamental flowers, which is characterized in that the final amount is 100% by volume).