Calculusとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

• Borrowed from Latin calculus (“a pebble or stone used as reckoning counters in abacus”), diminutive of calx (“limestone”) + -ulus.
• Mathematical topic is from differential calculus.

発音

• (英国発音) IPA: /ˈkæl.kjʊ.ləs/
• (General American) IPA: /ˈkæl.kjə.ləs/
• (Indic) IPA: /ˈkælk(j)ʊləs/
• ハイフネーション: cal‧cu‧lus

名詞

calculus (countable and uncountable, plural calculi or calculuses)

1. (dated, countable) Calculation; computation.

   Synonyms: ciphering, reckoning; see also Thesaurus:calculation

2. (countable, mathematics) Any formal system in which symbolic expressions are manipulated according to fixed rules.

   lambda calculus

   predicate calculus

3. (uncountable, often definite, the calculus) Differential calculus and integral calculus considered as a single subject.

   Synonym: infinitesimal calculus

   Near-synonyms: analysis, mathematical analysis

   I took calculus in high school.

4. (countable, medicine) A stony concretion that forms in a bodily organ.

   Synonym: stone

   Hyponyms: kidney stone, nephrolith, gallstone, cholelith, sialolith, urolith

   • 2015, Jaime Samour, Avian Medicine, page 297:

     Commonly indicated for treatment of sour crop (Fig. 11-11, A), an ingluviotomy is done to retrieve crop calculi, ingluvioliths, or foreign bodies (which are not accessible per os) or to retrieve proventricular or ventricular foreign bodies (using micromagnets [glued in place within plastic tubes], lavage, or endoscopy) and for the placement of an ingluviotomy or proventriculotomy tube or the collection of crop wall biopsies.

5. (uncountable, dentistry) Deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth.

   Synonyms: dental calculus, tartar

6. (countable) A decision-making method, especially one appropriate for a specialised realm.
   • 2008 December 16, “Cameron calls for bankers’ ‘day of reckoning’”, in Financial Times:

     The Tory leader refused to state how many financiers he thought should end up in jail, saying: “There is not some simple calculus."

派生語

関連する語

• calcify
• calcium
• calculate

参考

• algebra
• analysis
• concretion

参照

• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “calculus”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈkaɫ.kʊ.ɫʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈkal.ku.lus]

名詞

calculus m (genitive calculī); second declension

1. diminutive of calx
2. pebble, stone
3. reckoning, calculating, calculation
4. a piece in the latrunculi game

語形変化

Second-declension noun.

派生語

• calculārius
• calculensis
• calculō
• calculōsus

派生した語

• → Catalan: càlcul
• → English: calculus
• → French: calcul
  • → German: Kalkül
    • → Czech: kalkul
  • → Romanian: calcul
  • → Swedish: kalkyl
• → Gallurese: calculu
• → Georgian: კალკულუსი (ḳalḳulusi)
• → Hungarian: kalkulus
• → Irish: calcalas
• → Italian: calcolo
• → Portuguese: cálculo
• → Sardinian: calculu, càrculu
• → Sassarese: càlcuru
• → Spanish: cálculo
• → Welsh: calcwlws
• → Yiddish: קאַלקולוס (kalkulus)

参照

• “calculus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “calculus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "calculus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “calculus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to go through accounts, make a valuation of a thing: ad calculos vocare aliquid (Amic. 16. 58)