severalとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Anglo-Norman several, from Medieval Latin sēparālis, from Latin sēpar (“separate”). By surface analysis, sever +‎ -al. Not related to severe or seven.

発音

• IPA: /ˈsɛv(ə)ɹəl/
• ハイフネーション: sev‧er‧al, seve‧ral

形容詞

several (comparative more several, superlative most several)

1. (obsolete) Separate, distinct; particular. [15th–19th c.]
   • 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     Here is the will, and under Caesar's seal.
     To every Roman citizen he gives,
     to every several man, seventy-five drachmas.

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 42, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

     He had a religion apart: a God severall unto himselfe, whom his subjects might no waies adore.

   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], chapter II, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, , section i:

     So one thing may be good and bad to several parties, upon diverse occasions.

   • 1852, Washington Irving, Tales from the Alhambra:

     the hearts of the three cavaliers were completely captured, especially as gratitude was added to their admiration; it is a little singular, however, though no less certain, that each of them was enraptured with a several beauty.

   • 1667, John Dryden, Annus Mirabilis: The Year of Wonders, 1666. […], London: […] Henry Herringman, […], →OCLC, (please specify the stanza number):

     Each several ship a victory did gain.

   • 1711 May, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Criticism, London: […] W[illiam] Lewis […]; and sold by W[illiam] Taylor […], T[homas] Osborn[e] […], and J[ohn] Graves […], →OCLC:

     Each might his several province well command,
     Would all but stoop to what they understand.

2. A number of different; various. [from 16th c.]
   • 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

     […] for several virtues
     Have I lik'd several women; never any
     With so full soul but some defect in her
     Did quarrel with the noblest grace she ow'd,
     And put it to the foil […].

   • 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Simulation and Dissimulation”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

     habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished

   • 1675, John Dryden, Aureng-zebe: A Tragedy. […], London: […] T[homas] N[ewcomb] for Henry Herringman, […], published 1676, →OCLC, (please specify the page number):

     Four several armies to the field are led.

   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

     Hence arose a dispute between the learned men, in which each delivered the reasons of their several opinions.

   • 1755, Adam Fitz-Adam, The World, number CXXI, London, page 789:

     In the midſt of all this buſtle, I was ſtruck with the appearance of a large bevy of beauties and women of the firſt fashion, who with all the perfect confidence of good breeding, inſhrined themſelves in the ſeveral temples dedicated to the Cyprian Venus[.]

3. (law) Separable, capable of being treated separately.

派生語

• have several seats
• joint and several
• several fishery

限定詞

several

1. Consisting of a number more than one (especially, more than two) but not very many. [from 17th c.]

   Synonyms: a few, a couple of

   Antonyms: one; zero, no; many, numerous; countless

   Hypernyms: multiple, various

   Coordinate term: a handful of

   Several cars were in the parking lot.

   They had many journals. I subscribed to several.

   Several of the members were absent.

   • 1784, William Jones, The Description and Use of a New Portable Orrery, &c., preface:

     The favourable reception the Orrery has met with from Perſons of the firſt diſtinction, and from Gentlemen and Ladies in general, has induced me to add to it ſeveral new improvements in order to give it a degree of Perfection; and diſtinguiſh it from others ; which by Piracy, or Imitation, may be introduced to the Public.

   • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 14, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

     Just under the ceiling there were three lunette windows, heavily barred and blacked out in the normal way by centuries of grime. Their bases were on a level with the pavement outside, a narrow way which was several feet lower than the road behind the house.

   • 6 November 2004, The Guardian:

     Several people were killed and around 150 injured after a high-speed train hit a car on a level crossing and derailed tonight.

   • 2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:

     The solitary, lumbering trolls of Scandinavian mythology would sometimes be turned to stone by exposure to sunlight. Barack Obama is hoping that several measures announced on June 4th will have a similarly paralysing effect on their modern incarnation, the patent troll.

使用する際の注意点

• Some dictionaries and many older grammars put several into the word class 'pronoun' in many of its uses.
• To some speakers, several means "more than one but not very many"; to some others, it means "more than two but not very many." The sole difference is whether two things count as several, when the counting is not precise (especially in situations where it may change at any instant, such as several birds in the yard). A similar variability likewise applies to a few, as well as a couple of versus a couple of.

派生語

参考

• sever

副詞

several (not comparable)

1. By itself; severally.
   • 1551, Thomas More, “(please specify the Internet Archive page)”, in Raphe Robynson [i.e., Ralph Robinson], transl., A Fruteful, and Pleasaunt Worke of the Best State of a Publyque Weale, and of the Newe Yle Called Utopia: […], London: […] [Steven Mierdman for] Abraham Vele, […], →OCLC:

     Every kind of thing is laid up several in barns or storehouses.

名詞

several (plural severals)

1. (obsolete) An area of land in private ownership (as opposed to common land).
2. Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
3. (archaic) An enclosed or separate place; enclosure. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
4. (archaic) A woman's loose outer garment, capable of being worn as a shawl, or in other forms.

参考

• Thesaurus:quantifier

参照

• “several”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “several”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

アナグラム

• Leavers, laveers, leavers, reveals, vealers