JP3552786B2 - Sludge digestion method - Google Patents
Sludge digestion method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3552786B2 JP3552786B2 JP11653595A JP11653595A JP3552786B2 JP 3552786 B2 JP3552786 B2 JP 3552786B2 JP 11653595 A JP11653595 A JP 11653595A JP 11653595 A JP11653595 A JP 11653595A JP 3552786 B2 JP3552786 B2 JP 3552786B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- sludge
- digestion
- concentration
- carbon dioxide
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
Landscapes
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は汚泥消化方法、より詳しくは汚泥を消化槽内においてメタン発酵により消化する汚泥消化方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、下水汚泥,産業廃水汚泥等の汚泥および、屎尿,産業廃水等の有機性水溶液(以下、汚泥と総称する)の有機成分を消化するために、嫌気性のメタン発酵が利用されている。この嫌気性のメタン発酵は、操作エネルギーが少ない省エネルギープロセスであるとともにメタン生成を伴うエネルギー生産プロセスであるために、生活廃水,産業廃水等の処理場において汚泥の処理に広く採用されている。しかしながら、メタン生成菌はその増殖速度が非常に遅く、効果的な有機物分解率を得るためには大きな消化槽が必要である。
【0003】
そこで、消化速度を促進する方法が研究され、例えば特公昭55−46913号公報には、微粉砕した有機物原料とメタン発酵用汚泥と水とを混合した原料に二酸化炭素を接触させつつ、メタン発酵を行わせる方法が提案されている。この二酸化炭素を接触させる方法として、二酸化炭素を吸収した溶液を原料に加える、系外から消化槽に二酸化炭素を供給する等の方法が開示されている。
【0004】
さらに、特開昭61−178016号公報,特公平6−30797号公報には、汚泥の消化において消化ガス中のメタンを高分子気体分離膜を用いて分離し、高濃度メタンを回収するとともに、二酸化炭素を含む残ガスを消化槽に循環する方法が記載されている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、前記特公昭55−46913号公報に記載の方法は、別途、二酸化炭素吸収溶液,二酸化炭素ガス等を大量に準備しなければならず、装置,操業が複雑であり、操業コストが高いという問題点がある。また、特開昭61−178016号公報に記載の方法は、発生するメタンは効率よく回収できるものの、汚泥の消化効率が低いという問題点がある。
【0006】
本発明は、このような問題点を解消するために成されたものであり、従来よりも汚泥の消化効率の優れた汚泥消化方法を提供することを目的とするものである。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段および作用・効果】
本発明による汚泥消化方法は、前述された目的を達成するために、
汚泥を消化槽内でメタン発酵により消化する汚泥消化方法において、この消化槽内の消化ガスの二酸化炭素濃度を常に45体積%以上に保持することにより、汚泥中のC,H,N,Sの除去率を増加させて、N,Sを含むタンパク質の低分子化を促進させ、汚泥の消化効率を向上させることを特徴とするものである。
【0008】
本発明による汚泥消化方法において生じる汚泥消化は、次の反応の進行によって基本的には行われる。
(1) CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O
(2) CO2 + 2C2H5OH = CH4 + 2CH3COOH
(3) CO2 + 2C3H7COOH + H2O = CH4+ 4CH3COOH
(4) CO2 + CH3COOH = CH4 + 2CO2
【0009】
従来、これらの反応(1)〜(4)のうち(2),(3),(4)の反応に寄与する各種菌の作用は、二酸化炭素が多量の存在すると抑制されると考えられ、実際、汚泥の消化において二酸化炭素濃度は厳に低く抑えられている。しかしながら、本発明者は、反応(1)を見たとき、消化槽内の消化ガスの二酸化炭素濃度を45体積%以上にすると、汚泥中の各種元素(C,H,N,S)の除去率が増加し、反応が定説に反して(右方向に)進行し、汚泥の消化効率が向上し、汚泥が減量化されることを見い出した。このことは、前記反応系の反応(1)の反応式に照らして矛盾のないことである。
【0010】
二酸化炭素濃度を増加させることは容易なことであるが、その結果として得られる汚泥の消化効率向上、汚泥の減量化の効果は非常に大きい。
【0011】
本発明の目的は、後述される詳細な説明から明らかにされる。しかしながら、詳細な説明および具体的実施例は最も好ましい実施態様について説明するが、本発明の製品および範囲内の種々の変更および変形はその詳細な説明から当業者にとって明らかであることから、具体的例として述べるものである。
【0012】
【実施例】
次に、本発明による汚泥消化方法の具体的実施例につき、図面を参照しつつ説明する。
【0013】
(実施例1)
汚泥の消化反応に対する二酸化炭素濃度の影響を調べるために、図1に示されているような汚泥消化実験装置1を用いて汚泥の消化が行われる。まず、デンプンを主体とした合成汚泥が汚泥供給口2から消化槽3に供給される。この消化槽3は容量3リットルのガラス製の円筒槽であるがRC、PCまたは鋼製の卵形槽,上下円錐槽等であってもよい。また、この消化槽3には、機械的攪拌装置4とガス攪拌装置5とが備えられており、気液の充分な接触が図られている。この消化槽3内の雰囲気は嫌気性とされ、ヒータ6によりメタン生成菌の育成に良好な温度(35℃)が維持され、またメタン生成菌の育成に良好なpHが維持されつつ、二酸化炭素注入口7から二酸化炭素が注入される。
【0014】
この条件において、
実験No.1
初期CODcr濃度:7680mg/l
初期VSS濃度:1900〜2400mg/l
消化槽3内の二酸化炭素濃度:
初期濃度 ;30.8体積%
50日後の濃度 ;22.9体積%
実験期間中平均濃度;32.7体積%、
実験No.2
初期CODcr濃度:7250mg/l
初期VSS濃度:1900〜2400mg/l
消化槽3内の二酸化炭素濃度:
初期濃度 ;58.2体積%
50日後の濃度 ;35.2体積%
実験期間中平均濃度;49.1体積%、
実験No.3
初期CODcr濃度:6890mg/l
初期VSS濃度:1900〜2400mg/l
消化槽3内の二酸化炭素濃度:
初期濃度 ;70.2体積%
50日後の濃度 ;39.8体積%
実験期間中平均濃度;55.8体積%
【0015】
として消化実験が行われる。この消化実験において、有機物の分解率を表すCODcr除去率(%)およびVSS除去率(%)と、VSS当たりのメタンガス発生量(ml/mg)とが測定される。なお、メタン発生量は、消化ガスをガスホルダ8に貯え、3日に一度、発生した消化ガスの量と、貯えた消化ガス中のメタン濃度をガスクロマトグラフィーにより分析することにより求められる。なお、CODcr除去率(%)を表1に、VSS除去率(%)を表2に、メタンガス発生量を図2のグラフに示す。
【0016】
【表1】
【0017】
【表2】
【0018】
また、前記消化実験において50日後の汚泥を分析することによりその汚泥中の各元素(C,H,N,S)の除去率が算出される。この結果を図3のグラフに示す。
【0019】
なお、本実施例において、二酸化炭素濃度の測定は、ガスクロマトグラフィー,赤外線吸収式ガス分析計,公知のガスセンサー等を使用して行われる。
【0020】
前記表1,表2,図2のグラフ,図3のグラフから、次のことがわかる。
汚泥の消化槽内の二酸化炭素濃度(実験期間中平均濃度)を32.7体積%から49.1体積%に、更に55.8体積%に増加すると、CODcr除去率(表1参照),VSS除去率(表2参照)が増加し、特にVSS除去率の増加が顕著であり、汚泥中の有機物の分解が二酸化炭素濃度の濃度の増加と共に進むことがわかる。
【0021】
また、二酸化炭素濃度が増加すると、汚泥中の各種元素(C,H,N,S)の除去率が増加することから、汚泥の分解が進むことがわかる(図3参照)。 特筆すべきは、No.2の場合(49.1体積%)にはC,Hの除去率の増加が顕著で、No.3の場合(55.8体積%)にはN,Sの除去率の増加が顕著なことである。このことから、消化槽内の二酸化炭素濃度が約50%程度ではC,Hを主体とする炭水化物,脂肪の低分子化が進み、二酸化炭素濃度が56%程度に増加するとN,Sを含むタンパク質の低分子化が進むと考えられる。
【0022】
このように、二酸化炭素濃度の増加により汚泥中の有機物の分解が進むことによって、汚泥が減量化される。
【0023】
また、有機物の分解が進む結果としてエネルギー資源として有用なメタンガスの発生量も増加する(図2参照)。このことから、固形物状の有機物から離脱した水素原子が水素資化性メタン菌の作用により前記反応(1)にしたがって過剰に存在する二酸化炭素と反応してメタンガスを生成し、二酸化炭素ガス濃度を増加させることが水素資化性メタン菌の活性度および増殖率を向上させるものと推測される。
【0024】
前述のように、本発明は、種々に変更可能なことは明らかである。このような変更は本発明の精神および範囲に反することなく、また当業者にとって明瞭な全てのそのような変形、変更は請求の範囲に含まれるものである。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】図1は、本実施例に係る汚泥消化方法を実施するための実験装置の模式図である。
【図2】図2は、本実施例による消化実験におけるメタンガス発生量を示すグラフである。
【図3】図3は、本実施例による消化実験における各種元素の除去率を示すグラフである。
【符号の説明】
1 汚泥消化実験装置
2 汚泥供給口
3 消化槽
4 機械的攪拌装置
5 ガス攪拌装置
6 ヒータ
7 二酸化炭素注入口
8 ガスホルダ[0001]
[Industrial applications]
The present invention relates to a sludge digestion method, and more particularly to a sludge digestion method for digesting sludge by methane fermentation in a digestion tank.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, anaerobic methane fermentation has been used for digesting sludge such as sewage sludge and industrial wastewater sludge, and organic components of organic aqueous solution (hereinafter referred to as sludge) such as human waste and industrial wastewater. The anaerobic methane fermentation is widely used for sludge treatment in treatment plants for domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, and the like because it is an energy-saving process that requires a small amount of operation energy and is an energy production process that involves methane generation. However, the growth rate of methanogens is very slow, and a large digestion tank is required to obtain an effective organic matter decomposition rate.
[0003]
Therefore, a method for increasing the digestion rate has been studied. For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 55-46913 discloses a method in which carbon dioxide is brought into contact with a raw material obtained by mixing a finely pulverized organic raw material, sludge for methane fermentation and water, and the methane fermentation Has been proposed. As a method of bringing carbon dioxide into contact, there are disclosed methods of adding a solution absorbing carbon dioxide to a raw material, and supplying carbon dioxide to a digestion tank from outside the system.
[0004]
Further, JP-A-61-178016 and JP-B-6-30797 disclose that in digestion of sludge, methane in digested gas is separated using a polymer gas separation membrane to recover high-concentration methane. A method of circulating residual gas containing carbon dioxide to a digestion tank is described.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the method described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 55-46913 requires that a large amount of a carbon dioxide absorbing solution, carbon dioxide gas, and the like be separately prepared, and the apparatus and operation are complicated, and the operation cost is high. There is a problem. Further, the method described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 61-178016 has a problem that the generated methane can be efficiently recovered, but the digestion efficiency of sludge is low.
[0006]
The present invention has been made in order to solve such a problem, and an object of the present invention is to provide a sludge digestion method that is more excellent in sludge digestion efficiency than in the past.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems and Functions / Effects]
The sludge digestion method according to the present invention, in order to achieve the above-mentioned object,
In a sludge digestion method in which sludge is digested by methane fermentation in a digestion tank, C, H, N, S in the sludge is maintained by always maintaining the carbon dioxide concentration of digestion gas in the digestion tank at 45% by volume or more. It is characterized by increasing the removal rate, promoting the reduction of the molecular weight of proteins containing N and S, and improving the digestion efficiency of sludge.
[0008]
Sludge digestion generated in the sludge digestion method of the present invention is basically performed by the progress of the following reaction.
(1) CO 2 + 4H 2 = CH 4 + 2H 2 O
(2) CO 2 + 2C 2 H 5 OH = CH 4 + 2CH 3 COOH
(3) CO 2 + 2C 3 H 7 COOH + H 2 O = CH 4 + 4CH 3 COOH
(4) CO 2 + CH 3 COOH = CH 4 + 2CO 2
[0009]
Conventionally, among these reactions (1) - (4) (2), (3), the action of contributing various bacteria reaction of (4) is considered to carbon dioxide is suppressed to be present in large amounts, in fact, the carbon dioxide concentration is gills suppressed strictly lower in digestion of sludge. However, the present inventor, when looking at the reaction (1 ), removes various elements (C, H, N, S) from the sludge when the carbon dioxide concentration of the digestion gas in the digestion tank is set to 45% by volume or more. the rate is increased, the reaction is contrary to dogma proceeds (rightward), and improved digestion efficiency of the sludge was found that the sludge is volume reduction. This is consistent with the reaction formula of the reaction system (1) .
[0010]
Although it is easy to increase the carbon dioxide concentration, the effect of improving the digestion efficiency of the resulting sludge and reducing the amount of sludge is very large.
[0011]
The purpose of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description described later. However, while the detailed description and specific examples describe the most preferred embodiments, various modifications and variations within the product and scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description. This is described as an example.
[0012]
【Example】
Next, specific examples of the sludge digestion method according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0013]
(Example 1)
In order to examine the effect of the carbon dioxide concentration on the digestion reaction of sludge, sludge is digested using a sludge digestion experiment apparatus 1 as shown in FIG. First, synthetic sludge mainly composed of starch is supplied from the sludge supply port 2 to the digestion tank 3. The digestion tank 3 is a cylindrical cylindrical tank having a capacity of 3 liters, but may be an RC, PC or steel oval tank, a vertical conical tank, or the like. Further, the digestion tank 3 is provided with a mechanical stirrer 4 and a gas stirrer 5 to ensure sufficient gas-liquid contact. The atmosphere in the digestion tank 3 is made anaerobic, and the heater 6 maintains a good temperature (35 ° C.) for growing methanogens, while maintaining a good pH for growing methanogens, Carbon dioxide is injected from the inlet 7.
[0014]
Under these conditions,
Experiment No. 1
Initial CODcr concentration: 7680 mg / l
Initial VSS concentration: 1900 to 2400 mg / l
Carbon dioxide concentration in digestion tank 3:
Initial concentration: 30.8% by volume
Concentration after 50 days; 22.9% by volume
Average concentration during the experiment; 32.7% by volume;
Experiment No. 2
Initial CODcr concentration: 7250 mg / l
Initial VSS concentration: 1900 to 2400 mg / l
Carbon dioxide concentration in digestion tank 3:
Initial concentration: 58.2% by volume
Concentration after 50 days; 35.2% by volume
Average concentration during the experiment; 49.1% by volume;
Experiment No. 3
Initial CODcr concentration: 6890 mg / l
Initial VSS concentration: 1900 to 2400 mg / l
Carbon dioxide concentration in digestion tank 3:
Initial concentration: 70.2% by volume
Concentration after 50 days; 39.8% by volume
Average concentration during the experiment; 55.8% by volume
[0015]
A digestion experiment is performed as follows. In this digestion experiment, the CODcr removal rate (%) and the VSS removal rate (%), which represent the decomposition rate of organic substances, and the amount of methane gas generated per VSS (ml / mg) are measured. The amount of generated methane is obtained by storing the digested gas in the
[0016]
[Table 1]
[0017]
[Table 2]
[0018]
Further, by analyzing the
[0019]
In this embodiment, the measurement of the carbon dioxide concentration is performed using a gas chromatography, an infrared absorption gas analyzer, a known gas sensor, or the like.
[0020]
The following can be seen from the graphs in Table 1, Table 2, FIG. 2 and FIG.
When the carbon dioxide concentration (average concentration during the experiment) of the sludge digester was increased from 32.7% by volume to 49.1% by volume and further increased to 55.8% by volume, the CODcr removal rate (see Table 1), VSS The removal rate (see Table 2) increases, and the VSS removal rate in particular increases remarkably, and it can be seen that the decomposition of organic matter in the sludge proceeds with the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide.
[0021]
Further, when the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, the removal rate of various elements (C, H, N, S) in the sludge increases, which indicates that the decomposition of the sludge proceeds (see FIG. 3). It should be noted that In the case of No. 2 (49.1% by volume), the removal rate of C and H was remarkably increased. In the case of No. 3 (55.8% by volume), the increase in the removal rate of N and S is remarkable. Thus, when the carbon dioxide concentration in the digester is about 50%, the carbohydrates and fats mainly composed of C and H are reduced in molecular weight, and when the carbon dioxide concentration is increased to about 56%, the protein containing N and S is increased. It is considered that the molecular weight of is reduced.
[0022]
As described above, the decomposition of the organic matter in the sludge proceeds due to the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, thereby reducing the amount of sludge.
[0023]
Further, as a result of the progress of the decomposition of organic substances, the amount of methane gas useful as an energy resource also increases (see FIG. 2). From this, the hydrogen atoms released from the solid organic matter react with the carbon dioxide present in excess according to the reaction (1) by the action of the hydrogen-assimilating methane bacteria to produce methane gas, and the carbon dioxide gas concentration It is presumed that increasing the concentration improves the activity and growth rate of hydrogen-assimilating methane bacteria.
[0024]
As described above, it is apparent that the present invention can be variously modified. Such modifications do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention and all such modifications and changes which are obvious to a person skilled in the art are included in the claims.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an experimental apparatus for performing a sludge digestion method according to the present embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the amount of methane gas generated in a digestion experiment according to the present embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the removal rates of various elements in a digestion experiment according to the present example.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Sludge digestion experimental apparatus 2 Sludge supply port 3 Digestion tank 4 Mechanical stirring device 5 Gas stirring device 6 Heater 7
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP11653595A JP3552786B2 (en) | 1995-04-17 | 1995-04-17 | Sludge digestion method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP11653595A JP3552786B2 (en) | 1995-04-17 | 1995-04-17 | Sludge digestion method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH08281300A JPH08281300A (en) | 1996-10-29 |
| JP3552786B2 true JP3552786B2 (en) | 2004-08-11 |
Family
ID=14689538
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP11653595A Expired - Fee Related JP3552786B2 (en) | 1995-04-17 | 1995-04-17 | Sludge digestion method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3552786B2 (en) |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5919599A (en) * | 1982-07-23 | 1984-02-01 | Toshiba Corp | Anaerobic digestion |
| JPH0630797B2 (en) * | 1991-07-16 | 1994-04-27 | 建設省土木研究所長 | Anaerobic methane fermentation method |
-
1995
- 1995-04-17 JP JP11653595A patent/JP3552786B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH08281300A (en) | 1996-10-29 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Yan et al. | Anaerobic digestion of cheese whey using up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor | |
| KR100948334B1 (en) | Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide removing aparatus contained in biogas | |
| JP2005095783A (en) | Desulfurization method and desulfurization system | |
| CN105601070A (en) | Organic waste anaerobic digestion-microbial electrolysis coupling reaction system and method thereof | |
| JP5063269B2 (en) | Biogas system | |
| de Oliveira et al. | Microaerophilic treatment enhanced organic matter removal and methane production rates during swine wastewater treatment: A long-term engineering evaluation | |
| JP2008000645A (en) | Method and apparatus for treating organic waste using wet oxidation method | |
| JP3552786B2 (en) | Sludge digestion method | |
| JP3959843B2 (en) | Biological treatment method for organic drainage | |
| JP4834942B2 (en) | Organic waste processing method and processing apparatus | |
| JP2659895B2 (en) | Organic sludge treatment method | |
| JPH0620510B2 (en) | CO 2) Method and apparatus for treating exhaust gas containing | |
| JP2003053309A (en) | Organic solid waste treatment method | |
| JP4338030B2 (en) | Anaerobic treatment of soy sauce cake | |
| JP7015893B2 (en) | Swill methane fermentation processing system | |
| JP2005013045A (en) | Process for continuous hydrogen production from organic waste | |
| JP2001149983A (en) | Biogas generator | |
| JP4423389B2 (en) | Organic sludge treatment method, treatment apparatus and new strain | |
| JP2001025789A (en) | Organic wastewater treatment method and apparatus | |
| JP2006255538A (en) | Method and apparatus for treating food waste | |
| JPS59109296A (en) | Anaerobic digestion treatment | |
| JPH0243558B2 (en) | ||
| JP4812261B2 (en) | Method for solubilizing solid content in high-concentration organic substance, and method for treating high-concentration organic substance | |
| JP2005021731A (en) | Treatment method of anaerobic digestive juice | |
| JP4200600B2 (en) | Anaerobic digestion treatment method of organic sludge |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20040217 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20040401 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20040427 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20040427 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090514 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100514 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100514 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
| FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110514 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |