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JP3624553B2 - Identification of various damages caused by plastic deformation - Google Patents
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JP3624553B2 - Identification of various damages caused by plastic deformation - Google Patents

Identification of various damages caused by plastic deformation Download PDF

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JP3624553B2
JP3624553B2 JP16539596A JP16539596A JP3624553B2 JP 3624553 B2 JP3624553 B2 JP 3624553B2 JP 16539596 A JP16539596 A JP 16539596A JP 16539596 A JP16539596 A JP 16539596A JP 3624553 B2 JP3624553 B2 JP 3624553B2
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plastic deformation
crystal
orientation
creep
fatigue
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JPH09325125A (en
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廣喜 吉澤
雅士 中代
重光 木原
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石川島播磨重工業株式会社
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Description

【0001】
【発明が属する技術分野】
この発明は、塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法に関し、発電プラントや原子力プラント等の各種プラント、あるいは橋梁などの一般的な構造部材の微小なサンプルから、塑性変形、クリープ、クリープ疲労、疲労のいずれの損傷であるかを特定できるようにしたものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
発電プラントや原子力プラント等の各種プラント、あるいは橋梁など一般の構造部材の経年劣化の影響や損傷の原因解析のためなどに材料自体に生じる塑性変形による損傷を調べる必要がある場合も多い。
【0003】
このような構造部材などの金属材料の塑性変形による損傷は、大きく塑性変形、クリープ、クリープ疲労、疲労の4つの変形モードに分けることができる。
【0004】
一般に、金属材料の塑性変形は材料中に導入される転位によってなされるが、塑性変形を生じた材料の組織を調べてもその変形モードまで特定することはできなかった。
【0005】
これまでは、材料組織を調べることで、単に転位密度が増加していることによって変形を受けていることを定性的に説明する手法があったり、高温での変形の場合には、結晶粒中に亜粒界が観察されることで変形を受けていることを知ることができた。
【0006】
したがって、変形を受けていることは材料組織を調べ、転位密度や亜粒界の観察によって容易に知ることができるものの、その変形モードがいずれであるかを知ることはできず、変形モードを知ろうとする場合には、その材料が使用されている装置の運転履歴や応力解析により計算で推定し決定する必要があった。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ところが、材料が使用されている装置の運転履歴が詳細に分かる場合は少なく、応力解析による推定の精度も必ずしも高いものでない。
【0008】
したがって、現状のまま使用した場合でも将来起こると考えられる損傷の種類まで推定することができない。
【0009】
この発明はかかる従来技術の課題に鑑みてなされたもので、微小な試料から塑性変形による変形モードを特定することができ、将来起こると考えられる損傷の種類まで推定できる塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法を提供しようとするものである。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するため、この発明の請求項1記載の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法は、被測定部から採取した試料を観察し、結晶粒内での微小領域で複数点の結晶方位を測定するとともに、当該試料をわずかに動かして同一結晶粒内で同様の結晶方位を測定した後、この試料移動前後の複数点の測定方位のうち1つを基準として当該基準点とその周囲の点の結晶方位の2次元的な変化を求め、これらの結晶方位の2次元的な変化をプロットした方位分布図を作成し、この方位分布がいくつかのグループにまとまる場合とまとまりのない場合とから前者をクリープ疲労と後者をそれ以外の塑性変形、クリープ、疲労と判定する一方、前記結晶方位の2次元的な変化のうち結晶粒内の一直線上の測定点に対するもののみをプロットして方位分布図を作成し、この方位分布における各測定点を結ぶ線が重ならない場合と重なる場合とから前者を塑性変形またはクリープと後者をクリープ疲労または疲労と判定するとともに、塑性変形とクリープとを結晶粒内の転位密度の高低で判定することを組み合わせて損傷の種類を判定するようにしたことを特徴とするものである。
【0011】
この塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法によれば、塑性変形が生じている試料では、塑性変形により各結晶粒において結晶方位のずれが生じ、しかも変形モードと結晶方位の2次元的な変化分布との間に一定の関係があることが実験的に得られたことから、各結晶粒での複数の測定箇所の結晶方位のずれを測定して基準点とその周囲の点の2次元的な方位の変化を求め、これらを全てプロットして方位分布図を作るとともに、直線上の測定点のみの2次元的な方位変化のみをプロットした方位分布図を作り、さらに転位密度の高低を調べるようにしており、転位密度の高低により塑性変形を判定でき、全ての点をプロットした分布からクリープ疲労とその他のモードとを判定でき、直線上の点をプロットした分布から塑性変形またはクリープと、疲労またはクリープ疲労とを判定でき、これらの組み合わせで4つの変形モードを判定することができるようになる。
【0012】
これにより、将来起こると考えられる損傷の種類が推定できるようになる。
【0013】
また、この発明の請求項2記載の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法は、請求項1記載の構成に加え、前記試料の観察を透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)で行い、電子線の非弾性散乱によって生じる菊池線により結晶粒内での微小領域の結晶方位のずれを測定するようにしたことを特徴とするものである。
【0014】
この塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法によれば、採取したサンプルから作った試料の結晶粒の結晶方位のずれを透過電子顕微鏡を用い、電子線の非弾性散乱によって生じる菊池線を利用して観察するようにしており、高精度に結晶方位の変化を求めて、塑性変形による変形モードの特定ができるようになる。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、この発明の一実施の形態を図面を参照しながら詳細に説明する。
図1はこの発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法の一実施の形態にかかるフローチャートである。
【0016】
この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法は、塑性変形による各種損傷を塑性変形、クリープ、クリープ疲労、疲労の4つに分類し、これら4つの損傷のいずれであるかを結晶粒内の結晶方位の変化から特定するものである。
【0017】
そこで、ここでは、結晶粒内の結晶方位の変化の測定を、例えば透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)を用いて次のようにして行う。
【0018】
▲1▼ まず、塑性変形による4つの損傷である塑性変形、クリープ、クリープ疲労、疲労のみをそれぞれ与えた既知の材料の試験片を作成し、これら試験片から透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)用の微小試料を作成する。このとき新しい損傷を加えないように注意する。
【0019】
▲2▼ この試料を透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)で観察し、菊池線による測定により一つの結晶粒内で多数の点について方位測定を行う。
【0020】
この方位測定は、例えば図2に模式的に示すように、結晶粒中で20点の測定点を定め、各測定点で方位の測定を行い、これらの測定点の位置および菊池線を写真に写すなどして確認しておく。
【0021】
なお、これらの多数の測定点、例えば20点の測定点を選ぶ場合には、ある直線上に複数の測定点が並ぶ場合が含まれるように選択し、例えば図2の測定線A(aa),B(bb)上に測定点が並ぶ場合を含めておく。
【0022】
▲3▼ 次に、透過電子顕微鏡で観察した測定点の中から、1つの結晶の周囲によらない部分で1点を選び、この点を基準点とした後、基準点とその周囲で多数点、例えばここでは20点をなるべく均一に選び、これら20点での結晶方位の2次元的な変化を測定する。
【0023】
この結晶方位の2次元的な変化の測定は、例えば菊池線を用いて次のようにして行う。
【0024】
試料を透過電子顕微鏡で観察すると、図3(a)に模式的に示すように、電子線の回折像のバックグラウンドとして菊池線が現れるが、この菊池線を、位置を確認するための写真とペアで撮影する。この状態から同じ結晶粒内で試料を移動すると、同図(b)に示すように、新たな菊池線が現れる。
【0025】
この新たな菊池線を最初のものと比較すると、ベクトルで表わすことができる2次元的な変化があることが分かり、各測定点の2次元的な結晶面の方位変化を求めることができる。
【0026】
▲4▼ こうして1つの結晶粒内での20点の測定点の結晶方位の2次元分布を菊池線の移動量から求め、これをプロットしたものの一例が図4(a)(b)である。
【0027】
▲5▼ また、結晶粒内での20点の測定点のうち、直線上の測定点の2次元的な結晶方位の変化のみをプロットしたものの一例が図5(a)(b)である。
【0028】
以上のようにして各測定点の2次元的な結晶面の方位変化を求め、図4(a)(b)のように全ての点についてプロットすると、平らに切断した結晶面内で結晶方位があるところで、急に変化していくつかのグループにわけられる場合(同図(a))とランダムに変化している場合(同図(b))に分けることができ、前者の粒内で方位がグループわけされる場合はクリープ疲労の場合であり、後者のグループわけされずランダムに変化している場合は塑性変形、クリープ、疲労の場合であることが分かった。
【0029】
したがって、全ての測定点の結晶面内での結晶方位の2次元的な変化を求め、その変化が急激に変わり、グループわけできるところがあるか否かを調べることで、クリープ疲労とその他(塑性変形、クリープ、疲労)の場合を区別することができる。
【0030】
一方、直線上の測定点のみの結晶面内での結晶方位の2次元的な変化を図5 (a)(b)のようにプロットすると、方位変化が結晶粒サイズに近いあるいはそれ以上の周期で方位の変化がある場合(同図(a))と、その周期が結晶粒サイズより小さい場合(同図(b))に分けることができ、前者の方位変化が結晶粒サイズに近いあるいはそれ以上の周期で方位の変化がある場合が塑性変形とクリープの場合であり、後者のその周期が結晶粒サイズより小さい場合がクリープ疲労と疲労の場合であることがわかった。
【0031】
このような塑性変形とクリープの前者の場合には、温度と変形に要する時間には差はあるものの、同様に一回、一方向の塑性変形であり、ここで観察される粒内の方位変化は周囲の結晶粒からの拘束によって生じるため、その周期は結晶粒サイズ以下にならないと考えられ、直線上の方位変化の分布では、図5(a)のように線が重ならないような方位変化を示すことになると考えられる。
【0032】
これに対し、後者のクリープ疲労と疲労の場合には、繰り返し変形によって結晶粒内が不規則に変形を受けているため、観察する直線によっては直線上の方位変化の分布が図 5 (b)のように、何回か重なる場合が観察されると考えられる。
【0033】
したがって、直線上の測定点の方位変化を調べることによって線が重ならない場合と重なる場合とから前者を塑性変形またはクリープと判断でき、後者をクリープ疲労または疲労と判断することができる。
【0034】
また、塑性変形とクリープとでは、転位密度に高低があり、クリープ変形では、転位の対消滅によって転位密度は同じひずみを与えた場合で比較すれば、塑性変形に比較して著しく減少しており、塑性変形とクリープとは転位密度の観察から容易に区別することができる。
【0035】
以上のような3つの判別法を表1のように組み合わせることで塑性変形による4つの損傷を特定することができることが分かった。
【0036】
【表1】

Figure 0003624553
【0037】
次に、この発明法を適用して塑性変形を受けているが、その損傷の種類が未知の材料の損傷の種類を特定する方法について説明する。
【0038】
▲1▼ まず、透過電子顕微鏡用の試料を作り、これを透過電子顕微鏡で観察し、試料の厚い部分で、小さくない結晶をさがす。
【0039】
例えば、実機からは、診断すべき部分の健全性を損なわない程度の微小サンプル(試験片)、たとえば、3.5×3.5×数mm程度のものを放電加工等で採取する。この放電加工による採取では、たとえば採取する微小サンプルの周囲にサンプル厚さより僅かに深い溝を加工した後、溝の中に入れた電極で溝で囲まれた中央部を数mmの厚さに切断することによって行う。
【0040】
そして、これから直径が3mm程度で厚さが100μm 程度の透過電子顕微鏡用の試料を作成し、これを観察する。
【0041】
なお、透過電子顕微鏡による観察を試料の比較的厚さの厚い部分で行なうようにすることで、曲げなどの測定誤差を少なくすることができる。
【0042】
このようにして試料を得た後は、既に説明した損傷モードが既知の材料の試料の場合と同様にして透過電子顕微鏡で観察し、菊池線による測定により1つの結晶粒内での結晶方位の2次元的な変化を求める。
【0043】
この2次元的な方位変化を全ての測定点について図4のようにプロットするとともに、直線上の測定点についてのみ図5のようにプロットする。さらに、透過電子顕微鏡での観察から転位密度が高低のいずれであるかを判断する。
【0044】
これら3つの判断資料を組み合わせることで、表1に示すように、調べた試料の損傷が塑性変形、クリープ、クリープ疲労、疲労の4つのいずれであるかを特定することができる。
【0045】
そして、このような損傷の特定のために必要な試料は極微小なものさえ用意できれば良く、実機からも容易に採取することができる。
【0046】
こうして塑性変形による損傷を金属組織から特定することができるので、調べた試料をその環境で使用した場合、将来起こると考えられる損傷の種類と時期を推定することが可能となる。
【0047】
なお、将来起こる損傷の時期を推定するためには、現在の試料の損傷を定量的に知る必要があるが、クリープや塑性変形の場合には、既に本願発明者らによって提案した特願平7−79888号に記載した方法を用いることで損傷度を知ることができ、疲労の場合には、制限視野回折(SAD)法を用いることで損傷度を定量的に知ることができる。
【0048】
【実施例】
ここでは、既知の各種損傷を与えて行った実験のうち一例として2.25Cr −1Mo 鋼を用いてひずみ範囲0.7%、温度650℃で250回のクリープ疲労を与えた試料の試験結果を示す。
【0049】
このクリープ疲労を与えた試料について透過電子顕微鏡で観察した場合の結晶組織の顕微鏡写真を図6に示した。図中の番号は測定点を示したものである。
【0050】
これら測定点の結晶の方位の2次元的な変化を求めてプロットしたものが図7である。
【0051】
同図から明らかなように、全ての測定点の2次元的な方位変化の分布に急激な変化が表われていること(クリープ疲労の特徴)が分かる。
【0052】
同様にして他の損傷を与えた試料についても既に説明したそれぞれの結晶方位の2次元的な変化があることを確認した。
【0053】
これまでは、透過電子顕微鏡で組織を観察すれば、塑性変形だけは転位密度が著しく増加することで判別が可能であったが、その他の疲労、クリープ疲労、クリープの場合の判別が難しい。
【0054】
たとえばフェライトとパーライト組織とした2.25Cr −1Mo 鋼の場合、3つの損傷によって、フェライト粒中には、亜粒界が生じるがこれだけでは3つの損傷を判別することは出来なかった。
【0055】
しかし、この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法を用い、結晶粒中の結晶方位の2次元的な変化を詳しく調べることで塑性変形だけでなく、クリープ、クリープ疲労、疲労の判別ができるようになる。
【0056】
また、この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法を適用する場合には、十分にひずみを除去した材料に用いる場合には、母材との比較なしに測定が可能であり、ひずみを除去しない場合でも母材との比較によって測定が可能となる。
【0057】
なお、上記実施の形態では、結晶方位の2次元的な変化の測定を透過電子顕微鏡を用いて行う場合で説明したが、透過電子顕微鏡以外でも走査電子顕微鏡中でチャンネリングパターン等を用いたり、EBSP(Electron Back Scattering Pattern) 等の微小領域の方位測定法を用いて行うことも可能である。
【0058】
また、上記実施例では、2.25Cr −1Mo 鋼を具体例として挙げて説明したが、この材料に限らず、他の構造部材に広く適用することができる。
【0059】
さらに、疲労による損傷度の定量化については、疲労の場合には、結晶粒中に疲労させる前から寿命末期まで安定したセル組織を持つ材料、例えば焼もどしベイナイト組織を持つ材料SA508材など、では、SAD法によってセル同志の結晶学的方位変化が疲労変形に伴って増加することが知られており、この手法を用いても良く、疲労中に亜粒界組織が生成するステンレス鋼のような組織変化が生じる合金に適用して測定することもできる。
【0060】
【発明の効果】
以上、一実施の形態とともに具体的に説明したようにこの発明の請求項1記載の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法によれば、塑性変形が生じている試料では、塑性変形により各結晶粒において結晶方位のずれが生じ、しかも変形モードと結晶方位の2次元的な変化分布との間に一定の関係があることが実験的に得られたことから、各結晶粒での複数の測定箇所の結晶方位のずれを測定して基準点とその周囲の点の2次元的な方位の変化を求め、これらを全てプロットして方位分布図を作るとともに、直線上の測定点のみの2次元的な方位変化のみをプロットした方位分布図を作り、さらに転位密度の高低を調べるようにしたので、転位密度の高低により塑性変形を判定でき、全ての点をプロットした分布からクリープ疲労とその他のモードとを判定でき、直線上の点をプロットした分布から塑性変形またはクリープと、疲労またはクリープ疲労とを判定でき、これらの組み合わせで4つの変形モードを判定することができる。
【0061】
これにより、将来起こると考えられる損傷の種類の推定ができる。
【0062】
また、この発明の請求項2記載の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法によれば、採取したサンプルから作った試料の結晶粒の結晶方位のずれを透過電子顕微鏡を用い、電子線の非弾性散乱によって生じる菊池線を利用して観察するようにしたので、高精度に結晶方位の変化を求めて、塑性変形による変形モードの特定ができる。
【0063】
さらに、これらの特定法によれば、小型の試験片さえ用意できれば、その部位の変形モードを簡単に知ることができ、従来の運転履歴に基づく応力解析などにより損傷を特定する場合に比べ簡単に損傷を特定することができるとともに、適用できる範囲も広い。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法の一実施の形態にかかるフローチャートである。
【図2】この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法の一実施の形態にかかる結晶粒中での測定を模式的に示す説明図である。
【図3】この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法の一実施の形態にかかる菊池線の移動による結晶面の方位変化の測定を模式的に示す説明図である。
【図4】この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法の一実施の形態にかかり、結晶面の方位変化を全ての測定点についてプロットした場合を模式的に示す説明図である。
【図5】この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法の一実施の形態にかかり、結晶面の方位変化を直線上の測定点のみについてプロットした場合を模式的に示す説明図である。
【図6】この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法の一実施例にかかり、クリープ疲労を与えた材料の透過電子顕微鏡写真である。
【図7】この発明の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法の一実施例にかかり、クリープ疲労を与えた材料の結晶の方位の2次元的な変化を求めてプロットした説明図である。[0001]
[Technical field to which the invention belongs]
The present invention relates to a method for identifying various types of damage due to plastic deformation, from various samples such as power plants and nuclear power plants or general structural members such as bridges, to any of plastic deformation, creep, creep fatigue, and fatigue. This makes it possible to identify whether the damage is caused by damage.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In many cases, it is necessary to investigate damage due to plastic deformation generated in the material itself in order to analyze the cause of aging and damage of various structural members such as power plants and nuclear power plants or general structural members such as bridges.
[0003]
Damage due to plastic deformation of such a metal material such as a structural member can be roughly divided into four deformation modes: plastic deformation, creep, creep fatigue, and fatigue.
[0004]
Generally, plastic deformation of a metal material is performed by dislocations introduced into the material. However, even when the structure of the material that has caused plastic deformation is examined, the deformation mode cannot be specified.
[0005]
Until now, by examining the material structure, there has been a method to explain qualitatively that deformation has been caused simply by increasing the dislocation density, or in the case of deformation at high temperatures, It was possible to know that deformation was observed by observing the subgrain boundaries.
[0006]
Therefore, it can be easily known that the material has undergone deformation by examining the material structure and observing the dislocation density and subgrain boundaries, but it cannot know which deformation mode it is, and knows the deformation mode. When trying to do so, it was necessary to estimate and determine by calculation based on the operation history and stress analysis of the equipment in which the material was used.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, there are few cases where the operation history of the apparatus in which the material is used is known in detail, and the accuracy of estimation by stress analysis is not necessarily high.
[0008]
Therefore, even if it is used as it is, it is impossible to estimate the type of damage that is expected to occur in the future.
[0009]
The present invention has been made in view of the problems of the prior art, and can specify a deformation mode by plastic deformation from a minute sample, and can identify various types of damage by plastic deformation that can be estimated up to the type of damage that is expected to occur in the future. It is intended to provide a law.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to claim 1 of the present invention is to observe a sample collected from a measured part and to determine the crystal orientations of a plurality of points in a minute region within a crystal grain. After measuring the sample and moving the sample slightly to measure the same crystal orientation in the same crystal grain, the reference point and its surrounding points are based on one of the measurement orientations at multiple points before and after the sample movement. Obtain two-dimensional changes in crystal orientation, create an orientation distribution chart that plots these two-dimensional changes in crystal orientation, and whether this orientation distribution is grouped into several groups or not. the former plastic deformation otherwise creep fatigue and the latter, creep, while determined to fatigue, orientation partial plots only those for measuring points on a line in the crystal grains of the two-dimensional change of the crystal orientation Create a figure the former and a case overlapping the case does not overlap the line connecting the measurement points in the orientation distribution with determining the plastic deformation or creep of the latter and creep fatigue or exhaustion, the plastic deformation and creep grain The type of damage is determined by combining determination based on the level of dislocation density.
[0011]
According to this method for identifying various types of damage caused by plastic deformation, in a sample in which plastic deformation has occurred, a deviation in crystal orientation occurs in each crystal grain due to plastic deformation, and the two-dimensional change distribution of the deformation mode and crystal orientation It has been experimentally obtained that there is a certain relationship between the two, and the two-dimensional orientation of the reference point and the surrounding points is measured by measuring the deviation of the crystal orientation of multiple measurement locations in each crystal grain. And plot all of them to create an azimuth distribution map, create an azimuth distribution chart that plots only two-dimensional azimuth changes at only the measurement points on a straight line, and investigate the level of dislocation density. Plastic deformation can be judged by the dislocation density, creep fatigue and other modes can be judged from the distribution of all points plotted, and plastic deformation or creep can be determined from the distribution of points plotted on a straight line. Can determine the fatigue or creep fatigue, it is possible to determine the four modes of deformation in these combinations.
[0012]
This makes it possible to estimate the type of damage that is expected to occur in the future.
[0013]
According to a second aspect of the present invention, in addition to the structure of the first aspect, the specimen is observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and inelastic scattering of an electron beam is performed. This is characterized in that the deviation in crystal orientation of a minute region in the crystal grain is measured by the generated Kikuchi line.
[0014]
According to this method for identifying various types of damage caused by plastic deformation, the deviation of crystal orientation of the crystal grains of the sample made from the collected sample is observed using a transmission electron microscope and using the Kikuchi line generated by inelastic scattering of the electron beam. Thus, the change of crystal orientation can be obtained with high accuracy, and the deformation mode by plastic deformation can be specified.
[0015]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart according to an embodiment of a method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention.
[0016]
According to the method of identifying various types of damage caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention, various types of damage caused by plastic deformation are classified into four types of plastic deformation, creep, creep fatigue, and fatigue. It is specified from the change of direction.
[0017]
Therefore, here, the measurement of the change in crystal orientation in the crystal grains is performed as follows using, for example, a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
[0018]
(1) First, test specimens of known materials having only four kinds of damage caused by plastic deformation, plastic deformation, creep, creep fatigue, and fatigue, were prepared, and microscopic specimens for transmission electron microscope (TEM) were prepared from these test specimens. Create a sample. Be careful not to add any new damage.
[0019]
{Circle around (2)} This sample is observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the orientation is measured for a number of points within one crystal grain by measurement using the Kikuchi line.
[0020]
In this orientation measurement, as schematically shown in FIG. 2, for example, 20 measurement points are determined in the crystal grains, the orientation is measured at each measurement point, and the positions of these measurement points and the Kikuchi line are photographed. Confirm by copying.
[0021]
In addition, when selecting these many measurement points, for example, 20 measurement points, the selection is made so as to include a case where a plurality of measurement points are arranged on a certain straight line, for example, measurement line A (aa) in FIG. , B (bb) includes a case where measurement points are arranged.
[0022]
(3) Next, from the measurement points observed with the transmission electron microscope, one point is selected at a portion that does not depend on the periphery of one crystal, and this point is used as a reference point. For example, here, 20 points are selected as uniformly as possible, and a two-dimensional change in crystal orientation at these 20 points is measured.
[0023]
The measurement of the two-dimensional change in crystal orientation is performed as follows using, for example, the Kikuchi line.
[0024]
When the sample is observed with a transmission electron microscope, as shown schematically in FIG. 3A, a Kikuchi line appears as the background of the diffraction pattern of the electron beam. Shoot in pairs. When the sample is moved in the same crystal grain from this state, a new Kikuchi line appears as shown in FIG.
[0025]
When this new Kikuchi line is compared with the first one, it can be seen that there is a two-dimensional change that can be expressed by a vector, and a two-dimensional crystal plane orientation change at each measurement point can be obtained.
[0026]
{Circle over (4)} FIGS. 4A and 4B show an example in which a two-dimensional distribution of crystal orientations at 20 measurement points in one crystal grain is obtained from the movement amount of the Kikuchi line and plotted.
[0027]
(5) FIGS. 5A and 5B show an example in which only two-dimensional crystal orientation changes at measurement points on a straight line among the 20 measurement points in the crystal grain are plotted.
[0028]
As described above, the orientation change of the two-dimensional crystal plane at each measurement point is obtained, and when all the points are plotted as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the crystal orientation is within the flatly cut crystal plane. At some point, it can be divided into a case where it changes suddenly into several groups (Fig. (A)) and a case where it changes randomly (Fig. (B)). It was found that creep fatigue was the case where the groupings were divided into groups, and the case of plastic deformation, creep, and fatigue was observed when the latter groups were not randomly divided.
[0029]
Therefore, two-dimensional changes in crystal orientation in the crystal plane at all measurement points are obtained, and the changes are abruptly changed to investigate whether there is a place where grouping is possible. , Creep, fatigue).
[0030]
On the other hand, when the two-dimensional change in crystal orientation within the crystal plane at only the measurement point on the straight line is plotted as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the period of the orientation change is close to or larger than the crystal grain size. In the case where there is a change in orientation ((a) in the figure) and in the case where the period is smaller than the crystal grain size ((b) in the same figure), the former orientation change is close to the crystal grain size or that It was found that the orientation change with the above period is the case of plastic deformation and creep, and the latter case where the period is smaller than the grain size is the case of creep fatigue and fatigue.
[0031]
In the former case of plastic deformation and creep, although there is a difference in temperature and the time required for deformation, it is also plastic deformation in one direction once, and the orientation change within the grains observed here Is caused by constraints from surrounding crystal grains, and therefore the period is considered not to be smaller than the crystal grain size. In the distribution of orientation changes on a straight line, the orientation changes such that the lines do not overlap as shown in FIG. It is thought that will be shown.
[0032]
In contrast, in the latter case the creep fatigue and fatigue, since undergoing crystal grains are irregularly deformed by repeated deformation, the distribution on a straight line orientation changed by linearly observing Figure 5 (b) It is thought that the case where it overlaps several times like this is observed.
[0033]
Therefore, the former can be determined to be plastic deformation or creep, and the latter can be determined to be creep fatigue or fatigue, based on whether or not the lines overlap by examining the azimuth change of the measurement points on the straight line.
[0034]
Also, plastic deformation and creep have high and low dislocation densities, and in creep deformation, the dislocation density is significantly reduced compared to plastic deformation when compared to the case where the same strain is given by the pair annihilation of dislocations. Plastic deformation and creep can be easily distinguished from observation of dislocation density.
[0035]
It was found that by combining the above three discriminating methods as shown in Table 1, four damages caused by plastic deformation can be specified.
[0036]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003624553
[0037]
Next, a method for identifying the type of damage of a material that has undergone plastic deformation by applying the method of the present invention but whose type of damage is unknown will be described.
[0038]
(1) First, a sample for a transmission electron microscope is prepared, and this is observed with a transmission electron microscope, and a small crystal is searched for in a thick portion of the sample.
[0039]
For example, from an actual machine, a micro sample (test piece) that does not impair the soundness of a portion to be diagnosed, for example, a sample of about 3.5 × 3.5 × several mm is collected by electric discharge machining or the like. In this electrical discharge machining, for example, a groove slightly deeper than the sample thickness is machined around the sample to be collected, and then the central part surrounded by the groove is cut to a thickness of several millimeters by the electrode placed in the groove. By doing.
[0040]
Then, a sample for a transmission electron microscope having a diameter of about 3 mm and a thickness of about 100 μm is prepared and observed.
[0041]
Note that measurement errors such as bending can be reduced by performing observation with a transmission electron microscope in a relatively thick portion of the sample.
[0042]
After the sample is obtained in this way, it is observed with a transmission electron microscope in the same manner as in the case of the sample of the material whose damage mode has already been described, and the crystal orientation in one crystal grain is measured by the Kikuchi line measurement. Find a two-dimensional change.
[0043]
This two-dimensional orientation change is plotted as shown in FIG. 4 for all measurement points, and only for measurement points on a straight line as shown in FIG. Furthermore, it is determined whether the dislocation density is high or low from observation with a transmission electron microscope.
[0044]
By combining these three judgment materials, as shown in Table 1, it is possible to specify whether the examined specimen is damaged by plastic deformation, creep, creep fatigue, or fatigue.
[0045]
In addition, it is only necessary to prepare a very small sample necessary for identifying such damage, and it can be easily collected from an actual machine.
[0046]
In this way, damage caused by plastic deformation can be identified from the metallographic structure, so that when the examined sample is used in that environment, it is possible to estimate the type and timing of damage that is expected to occur in the future.
[0047]
In order to estimate the time of damage that will occur in the future, it is necessary to quantitatively know the damage of the current sample. However, in the case of creep or plastic deformation, Japanese Patent Application No. 7 proposed by the present inventors has already been proposed. The degree of damage can be known by using the method described in -79888, and in the case of fatigue, the degree of damage can be quantitatively known by using the limited field diffraction (SAD) method.
[0048]
【Example】
Here, as an example of the experiments conducted with various known damages, the test results of a sample subjected to 250 times of creep fatigue at a strain range of 0.7% and a temperature of 650 ° C. using 2.25Cr-1Mo steel are shown. Show.
[0049]
FIG. 6 shows a micrograph of the crystal structure when the creep fatigued sample is observed with a transmission electron microscope. Numbers in the figure indicate measurement points.
[0050]
FIG. 7 shows a plot of the two-dimensional change in crystal orientation at these measurement points.
[0051]
As is apparent from the figure, it can be seen that a rapid change appears in the distribution of the two-dimensional orientation change at all measurement points (characteristic of creep fatigue).
[0052]
Similarly, it was confirmed that there was a two-dimensional change in the respective crystal orientations already described for other damaged samples.
[0053]
Until now, when the structure was observed with a transmission electron microscope, it was possible to discriminate only plastic deformation because the dislocation density significantly increased, but it was difficult to discriminate in the case of other fatigue, creep fatigue, and creep.
[0054]
For example, in the case of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel having a ferrite and pearlite structure, sub-grain boundaries are generated in the ferrite grains due to the three damages, but these alone cannot determine the three damages.
[0055]
However, using the method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention, it is possible to discriminate not only plastic deformation but also creep, creep fatigue, and fatigue by examining two-dimensional changes in crystal orientation in the crystal grains. become.
[0056]
In addition, when applying the method for identifying various types of damage caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention, when used for a material from which sufficient strain has been removed, measurement is possible without comparison with the base material, and strain is not removed. Even in this case, measurement is possible by comparison with the base material.
[0057]
In the above embodiment, the case where the measurement of the two-dimensional change of the crystal orientation is performed using a transmission electron microscope is described, but a channeling pattern or the like is used in a scanning electron microscope other than the transmission electron microscope, It is also possible to perform the measurement using an azimuth measuring method of a minute region such as EBSP (Electron Back Scattering Pattern).
[0058]
Moreover, in the said Example, although 2.25Cr-1Mo steel was mentioned as a specific example and demonstrated, it can apply widely not only to this material but to other structural members.
[0059]
Furthermore, regarding the quantification of the degree of damage due to fatigue, in the case of fatigue, a material having a stable cell structure from before fatigue to the end of life, such as a material SA508 having a tempered bainite structure, is used. It is known that the crystallographic orientation change between cells increases with fatigue deformation by the SAD method, and this method may be used, such as stainless steel in which a subgrain boundary structure is generated during fatigue. It can also be measured by applying it to alloys that undergo structural changes.
[0060]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail with one embodiment, according to the method for identifying various types of damage caused by plastic deformation according to claim 1 of the present invention, in a sample in which plastic deformation occurs, each crystal grain is caused by plastic deformation. Since it has been experimentally obtained that a crystal orientation shift occurs and there is a certain relationship between the deformation mode and the two-dimensional change distribution of the crystal orientation, a plurality of measurement locations in each crystal grain are obtained. Measure the deviation of crystal orientation to determine the two-dimensional orientation change of the reference point and the surrounding points, and plot all of them to create an orientation distribution map. Since we made an orientation distribution chart plotting only the change in orientation and further investigated the level of dislocation density, plastic deformation can be judged by the level of dislocation density. From the distribution of all points plotted, creep fatigue and other modes Determination can be a plastic deformation or creep from the distribution obtained by plotting the point on the line, it can be determined and fatigue or creep fatigue, it is possible to determine four deformation modes in these combinations.
[0061]
This makes it possible to estimate the type of damage that will occur in the future.
[0062]
Further, according to the method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to claim 2 of the present invention, an inelastic scattering of an electron beam is performed by using a transmission electron microscope to detect a crystal orientation shift of a crystal grain of a sample made from the collected sample. Since the Kikuchi line generated by the observation is used for observation, the change of crystal orientation can be obtained with high accuracy, and the deformation mode by plastic deformation can be specified.
[0063]
Furthermore, according to these identification methods, if only a small test piece can be prepared, the deformation mode of the part can be easily known, and compared with the case where damage is identified by stress analysis based on the conventional operation history. The damage can be specified and the applicable range is wide.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a flowchart according to an embodiment of a method for identifying various types of damage caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory view schematically showing measurement in crystal grains according to one embodiment of a method for identifying various types of damage due to plastic deformation according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory view schematically showing measurement of orientation change of a crystal plane due to movement of a Kikuchi line according to an embodiment of a method for identifying various types of damage due to plastic deformation according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory view schematically showing a case where orientation changes of crystal planes are plotted at all measurement points according to an embodiment of a method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing a case where the orientation change of the crystal plane is plotted only for measurement points on a straight line according to one embodiment of the method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a transmission electron micrograph of a material subjected to creep fatigue according to one embodiment of a method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram plotted by obtaining a two-dimensional change in crystal orientation of a material subjected to creep fatigue according to an embodiment of a method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to the present invention.

Claims (2)

被測定部から採取した試料を観察し、結晶粒内での微小領域で複数点の結晶方位を測定するとともに、当該試料をわずかに動かして同一結晶粒内で同様の結晶方位を測定した後、この試料移動前後の複数点の測定方位のうち1つを基準として当該基準点とその周囲の点の結晶方位の2次元的な変化を求め、これらの結晶方位の2次元的な変化をプロットした方位分布図を作成し、この方位分布がいくつかのグループにまとまる場合とまとまりのない場合とから前者をクリープ疲労と後者をそれ以外の塑性変形、クリープ、疲労と判定する一方、前記結晶方位の2次元的な変化のうち結晶粒内の一直線上の測定点に対するもののみをプロットして方位分布図を作成し、この方位分布における各測定点を結ぶ線が重ならない場合と重なる場合とから前者を塑性変形またはクリープと後者をクリープ疲労または疲労と判定するとともに、塑性変形とクリープとを結晶粒内の転位密度の高低で判定することを組み合わせて損傷の種類を判定するようにしたことを特徴とする塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法。Observe the sample collected from the part to be measured, measure the crystal orientation of a plurality of points in a small region in the crystal grain, and after measuring the same crystal orientation in the same crystal grain by moving the sample slightly, A two-dimensional change in the crystal orientation of the reference point and the surrounding points is obtained with one of the measurement orientations at a plurality of points before and after the sample movement as a reference, and the two-dimensional change in these crystal orientations is plotted. Create an orientation distribution map, and determine that the former is creep fatigue and the latter is other plastic deformation, creep, fatigue from the case where the orientation distribution is grouped or ungrouped, while the crystal orientation by plotting only those for measuring points on a line in the crystal grains of the two-dimensional changes create an orientation distribution map or if you do not want to overlap with the case of not overlap line connecting the measurement points in the orientation distribution The former together with determining the plastic deformation or creep of the latter and creep fatigue or fatigue, that it has to determine the type of damage in combination to determine the plastic deformation and creep at high and low dislocation density in the crystal grain A method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation. 前記試料の観察を透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)で行い、電子線の非弾性散乱によって生じる菊池線により結晶粒内での微小領域の結晶方位のずれを測定するようにしたことを特徴とする請求項1記載の塑性変形による各種損傷の特定法。The observation of the sample is performed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and a shift in crystal orientation of a minute region in a crystal grain is measured by a Kikuchi line generated by inelastic scattering of an electron beam. 1. A method for identifying various damages caused by plastic deformation according to 1.
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