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JP3741938B2 - Method for forming copper wiring - Google Patents
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JP3741938B2 - Method for forming copper wiring - Google Patents

Method for forming copper wiring Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3741938B2
JP3741938B2 JP2000188166A JP2000188166A JP3741938B2 JP 3741938 B2 JP3741938 B2 JP 3741938B2 JP 2000188166 A JP2000188166 A JP 2000188166A JP 2000188166 A JP2000188166 A JP 2000188166A JP 3741938 B2 JP3741938 B2 JP 3741938B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
wiring
copper
film
grain boundary
grain
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JP2001068475A (en
Inventor
秀和 岡林
明子 藤井
和良 上野
修一 斉藤
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NEC Corp
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NEC Corp
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/11Treatments characterised by their effect, e.g. heating, cooling, roughening
    • H05K2203/1105Heating or thermal processing not related to soldering, firing, curing or laminating, e.g. for shaping the substrate or during finish plating

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  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、信頼性が高くかつ製造しやすい銅あるいは銅合金を用いた配線に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
銅または銅に錫等を添加した銅合金は、アルミニウムあるいはアルミニウム合金より低抵抗でありかつマイグレーション(エレクトロマイグレーションやストレスマイグレーション)に対して高い耐性を有するので、高性能でかつ高信頼度のLSI用配線としてアルミニウムに換えて集積回路の配線として使用されつつある。
【0003】
アルミニウム系配線においては、配線の信頼性を向上させるため大粒径な膜や<111>配向の強い膜を作る努力がなされてきた。大粒径でかつ<111>配向の強い膜を用いるということは、本質的には、原子のマイグレーション速度の大きい粒界を減らすということである。
【0004】
一般に、粒界を形成する隣接結晶粒間の方位の違い(ミスオリエンテーション)が大きくかつ両結晶粒間に特定の方位関係がないランダム粒界や方位関係の弱い粒界(いわゆる対応粒界での対応格子点密度の逆数として定義されるΣ値の大きい粒界)を通じた原子のマイグレーション速度は、格子、あるいは、Σ値の低い対応粒界を通じた場合に比してきわめて大きい。
【0005】
したがって、粒界を通じたマイグレーションが支配的となる電源線用配線等の幅の広い配線(一般的には、平均粒径より広い配線、あるいは、石垣状粒界構造配線という表現が用いられるている)において、そのような原子のマイグレーション速度の大きな粒界を減少させることがマイグレーション耐性を高める基本指針の一つと考えられる。
【0006】
配線幅が平均粒径よりも小さくなると、配線の粒界構造は石垣状粒界部とバンブー粒界部とが混在した擬バンブー粒界構造となり、さらに微細な配線では、石垣状粒界部をほとんど含まないバンブー粒界構造となる。擬バンブー粒界構造配線でのマイグレーション耐性は、基本的には石垣状粒界部での粒界を通じたマイグレーション速度によって支配される。
【0007】
しかし、バンブー粒界配線では配線長方向につながった粒界は存在しないので、原子の長距離マイグレーションは、基本的には配線金属と絶縁膜との界面や多層に積層された配線金属間の界面を通じたマイグレーションによって支配される。
【0008】
また、配線内部から界面への短距離マイグレーションではバンブー粒界を経由する成分が大きいと考えられるので、石垣状配線におけるほどではないが、この場合にもΣ値の低い対応粒界を増やすこと、すなわち、<111>配向性を高めることがマイグレーション耐性の向上に有効と考えられる。
【0009】
マイグレーション耐性は、上述のマイグレーション速度だけでなく、ボイドの発生しやすさや発生箇所に依存する。ボイドは、粒界と配線表面(側面や底面を含む)との交点において発生しやすい。特に、ランダム粒界やΣ値の高い対応粒界が表面と交わる箇所ではボイドが発生しやすいので、<111>配向性を高めてそのような粒界を減少させることもマイグレーション耐性の改善に有効と考えられる。
【0010】
銅配線においても、マイグレーション耐性を高めるために、大粒径膜を用いることや(特開平5−315327号公報)、大粒径でかつ<111>配向の強い膜を形成する方法(特開平1−125954号公報)が報告されている。さらに、<111>配向率が90%以上の銅膜を用いるとCu配線の耐酸化性が向上し(特開平6−275617号公報)、あるいは、マイグレーション耐性が向上する(特開昭61−27656号公報)との報告がある。
【0011】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、銅配線の場合には、一方向に強い配向を有し、かつ大粒径の膜を形成することは、アルミニウム配線の場合のように容易ではなく、そのため特殊な製造工程を導入したり、製造工程の条件を狭い範囲に限定しなければならないという問題があることを発明者らは見いだした。
【0012】
本発明の目的は、従来の技術において求められてきたような製造が難しい極めて強く1方向に配向した膜を用いなくても、信頼性が高くかつ製造が容易な銅あるいは銅合金を含む配線を提供することにある。
【0013】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するための本発明によれば、過半数の結晶粒が双晶である銅あるいは銅合金からなる配線を形成する方法であって、基板上に少なくとも銅あるいは銅を主体とする銅合金を成膜する第1工程と;基板温度を80〜120℃に昇温した後、昇温速度を1℃/分以上50℃/分以下に制御しながら、該基板温度を180℃以上500℃以下の目標温度まで上昇させる第2工程と;前記第2工程を終了後、前記基板を前記目標温度で5分以上10時間以下保持する第3工程と;前記第3工程を終了後、降温速度を1℃/分以上50℃/分以下に制御しながら前記基板温度を降温させる第4工程;とを含むことを特徴とする銅配線の形成方法が提供される。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
銅の双晶においては、通常{111}面の1つが整合した双晶境界を形成する(ここでは、整合した双晶境界をも結晶粒界とみなして、結晶粒を定義する)。このような整合した双晶境界を通じた原子のエレクトロマイグレーション速度は、本質的に結晶格子を通じた場合と同程度に小さく、従って、信頼性の観点からは、この双晶境界は実質的に存在を無視することができ、双晶を形成する2つの結晶粒は、実質的に1つの大きな結晶粒とみなすことができる。
【0015】
すなわち、実効的に大粒径化が実現される。結晶粒が大きくなると、配線幅が平均粒径よりも大きい石垣状粒界構造配線において配線長方向に連なる粒界数が減少し、マイグレーション速度が低下するので、より顕著なエレクトロマイグレーション耐性の向上をもたらす。
【0016】
また、配線幅が平均粒径以下の擬バンブーあるいはバンブー粒界配線においても、近距離のマイグレーションが低減するので、石垣状粒界配線におけるほどではないがマイグレーション耐性が向上する。
【0017】
さらに、双晶の形成は、膜全体の粒界エネルギーの減少をもたらす。すなわち、エネルギーの高い粒界が消滅し、エネルギーの低い粒界と双晶粒界が形成される。従って、双晶境界以外の粒界のエネルギーが減少する。
【0018】
粒界エネルギーの低い粒界は、基本的にΣ値の低い粒界であり、そのような粒界を通じた原子のエレクトロマイグレーション速度は、粒界エネルギーの高い粒界を通じた原子のエレクトロマイグレーション速度より小さいと考えられる。すなわち、双晶が形成されることによって、実質的に大粒径化されランダム粒界が減少するだけでなく、双晶境界以外の粒界においても粒界のエレクトロマイグレーション速度の減少が期待される。
【0019】
また、しばしばボイドの発生点となる粒界と表面との交点においても、粒界エネルギーが低い場合にはボイドは発生し難くなり、マイグレーション耐性の向上が期待される。この効果は、石垣状粒界配線だけでなく、配線幅が平均粒径よりも小さい擬バンブー粒界あるいはバンブー粒界配線においても有効と考えられる。
【0020】
さらに、発明者らは、2つの方位(A及びBとする)からなる双晶A/Bが、A/B/A・・・のように繰り返した構造もしばしば発生することを見いだした(図1における結晶粒1と2に相当。この場合には、結晶粒1と2の方位は、それぞれ<111>及び<511>配向であったが、他の方位の組み合わせの場合も観察された)。このような場合には、実質的に極めて大きな結晶粒と見なすことができる。また、銅の場合には、双晶形成エネルーが低いため、このような2つの方向に優先配向しかつそれらの大部分が双晶関係にある膜は、容易に形成することができ、膜の製作が従来のように強い<111>配向膜を形成する場合に比べて著しく容易になる。
【0021】
以下に、本発明の銅あるいは銅合金層を含む配線の製造方法を説明する。
【0022】
先ず、メッキ法、気相堆積(CVD)法、スパッタ法等により、銅あるいは銅合金膜(銅系膜とも記載する)を成膜する。得られた銅系膜は、過半数の銅あるいは銅合金結晶粒が双晶となるよう、熱処理に供される。
【0023】
熱処理は、例えば、以下の手順により行われる。先ず、銅系膜が形成された基板を加熱炉に配置し、加熱炉内を窒素、ヘリウム、アルゴン等の銅系膜と反応しないガス(不活性ガス)により充満する。その後、加熱炉を昇温し、基板温度を80〜120℃の範囲とする。なお、以降の工程は、全て不活性ガス環境下で行われる。
【0024】
次に、昇温速度を制御しながら、基板温度を上昇する。昇温速度は、得られる結晶粒の構造に影響を与えるため、過半数の銅あるいは銅合金結晶粒を双晶とするために、1℃/分以上が好ましく、5℃/分以上がより好ましい。また、50℃/分以下が好ましく、30℃/分以下がより好ましい。
【0025】
基板温度が目標温度に到達後は、基板温度が目標温度の±5℃の範囲内となるよう温調する。目標温度は、得られる結晶粒の構造に影響を与えるため、過半数の銅あるいは銅合金結晶粒を双晶とするために、180℃以上が好ましく、200℃以上がより好ましい。また、500℃以下が好ましく、400℃以下がより好ましい。また、目標温度での保持時間は、銅系膜の面積に依存して設定され、通常、5分以上10時間以下とされる。
【0026】
目標温度での処理終了後は、降温速度を制御しながら、基板温度を降温する。降温速度の絶対値は、得られる結晶粒の構造に影響を与えるため、過半数の銅あるいは銅合金結晶粒を双晶とするために、1℃/分以上が好ましく、5℃/分以上がより好ましい。また、50℃/分以下が好ましく、30℃/分以下がより好ましい。
【0027】
以上の様にして得られた銅系膜は、化学機械研磨法(CMP)、ウエットエッチング法、ドライエッチング法等の配線化加工法により、配線とされる。
【0028】
なお、以上では、熱処理後に配線化加工を行う例を示したが、配線化加工により配線を形成後に熱処理を行うこともできる。後者の方法を採用する際には、熱処理における目標温度の保持時間は、配線幅に依存してして至適化され、配線幅が広い場合は、保持時間を長くする。
【0029】
以上に説明した様な製造方法によれば、銅配線の場合には、一方向に強い配向を有し、かつ大粒径の膜を形成することは、アルミニウムの場合のように容易ではないにも関わらず、特殊な製造工程を導入したり、製造工程の条件を狭い範囲に限定する必要はない。
【0030】
そして、以上の様な製造方法により、銅系膜の双晶は、整合した双晶境界を形成する。このような整合した双晶境界を通じた原子のエレクトロマイグレーション速度は、本質的に結晶格子を通じた場合と同程度に小さく、信頼性の観点からは、この双晶境界は実質的に存在を無視することができ、双晶を形成する2つの結晶粒は、実質的に1つの大きな結晶粒とみなすことができ、実効的に大粒径化が実現される。結晶粒径の拡大は、粒界数の減少によるマイグレーション速度を低下させる。また、双晶形成によって粒界エネルギーが減少する。粒界エネルギーの減少は、粒界部でのボイド発生確率を減少させる。これらの効果により、エレクトロマイグレーション耐性の向上がもたらされる。
【0031】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例により具体的に説明する。
【0032】
(実施例1)
第1の実施例として、バリヤ膜タンタルとコリメーションスパッタで形成した銅シード層を用いた銅シード層/タンタル/酸化シリコン/シリコン基板上に電解メッキされた<511>配向銅膜(膜1)に対する結果を述べる。
【0033】
図1には、銅膜のメッキ後、210℃の目標温度により窒素ガス中で30分間熱処理を施した膜について、電子線後方散乱回折(以下では、英語名Electron back−scatter diffractionの略称であるEBSDという表現も用いる)法によって測定した結晶粒マップの一部を示した。
【0034】
なお、基板温度を100℃まで昇温後は、10℃/分の昇温速度で210℃とした。また、210℃で30分保持後は、15℃/分の降温速度で冷却した。
【0035】
EBSD測定では、個々の結晶粒の方位を測定することができ、かつ、その測定結果を用いて各結晶粒間のミスオリエンテーションを算出することができる。この技術の詳細に関しては、V.Randle著のMicrotexture Determination and Its Applications(The Institute of Materials、London、1992)を参照されたい。
【0036】
図1のすべての結晶粒間の双晶関係を調べた結果、図1に示した2測定点以上(この測定例では0.04μm2)の大きさの結晶粒では50個中46個(92%)の結晶粒が双晶関係にあることがわかった。
【0037】
図1では、隣接する結晶粒界が互いに双晶関係にある粒界を白い線で、双晶関係にない結晶粒間の粒界を黒い線で示してある。大部分の結晶粒が白い線で示された双晶境界であることがわかる。
【0038】
このような結晶粒マップから、<100>、<110>、<111>及び<511>方位の結晶粒の表面積を比較すると、この膜では、<100>配向粒0%、<110>配向粒2%、<111>配向粒20%、<511>配向粒56%、その他22%以下(この中には測定不能領域を含む。)と、<511>配向粒が支配的であった。
【0039】
(実施例2)
第2の実施例として、ロングスロースパッタシード上にメッキした<111>配向膜(膜2)に関する結果を述べる。この結果は、常温で2000時間放置後に測定したものであるが、この試料においても、図2に示された双晶境界からわかるように、ほとんどすべての大きな結晶粒は双晶を伴っている。
【0040】
しかし、この膜の場合には、<111>配向粒30%、<511>配向粒23%、<110>配向粒8%、<100>配向粒7%、その他の方位の粒32%と上述のメッキ銅膜1の場合とは異なった配向性であった。
【0041】
また、銅、タンタル、ガリウム等のイオンを注入した銅膜では、<100>配向粒が増加したが、それらの膜においても過半数の結晶粒が双晶を形成していることを確認できた。
【0042】
(実施例3)
第3の実施例として、標準的な埋め込み配線形成法を用いて製作した埋め込み配線に対する結果を図3に示す。この実施例は、幅5μmの配線に対する結果であるが、ベタ膜の場合と同様に測定された結晶粒の過半数が双晶関係にあることが確認できた。なお、埋め込み配線の場合には、ベタ膜での測定結果に比して測定できない領域(図3における最小寸法の点状の領域)が多いが、これは、化学機械研磨(CMP)法によって配線パターンを形成する際に生じた研磨傷等によると考えられる。
【0043】
(実施例4)
第4の実施例として、配線幅が平均粒径より小さい配線(幅0.56μm)の配線長方向に平行な断面での測定結果を図4に示す。この例においても、90%以上の結晶粒が双晶関係にある。配線構造は、この断面の粒界図からは擬バンブー粒界構造であるが、配線表面からの測定結果でもやはり擬バンブー粒界構造となっている。また、EBSD測定データの解析により、図1に示したような多重双晶構造が存在するとともにバンブー粒界部の多くの双晶境界は整合境界であると結論された。
【0044】
この結果は、本実施例での配線では配線途中でのボイドの発生率が減少することを示唆している。なお、図4での配線断面が一様でなくうねっているのは、EBSD測定時に配線の周囲の絶縁膜への帯電によって電子線にドリフトが生じたことによるものである。
【0045】
実施例1及び2の膜と同条件で形成した2種類のメッキ銅膜を用い、集積回路の標準的な埋め込み配線形成方法を用いて、配線幅が平均粒径よりも大きい配線(配線幅8μm)と小さい配線(配線幅0.4μm)の埋め込み配線を製作した。製作した配線を温度275℃、電流密度2MA/cm2でエレクトロマイグレーション試験を行った。その結果、表1に示したように、比較に用いたアルミ配線に比べて、太い配線では約10倍、細い配線では約2.5倍の寿命となり、いずれの膜においても高い信頼性が得られた。
【0046】
【表1】

Figure 0003741938
【0047】
実施例の配線を構成する結晶粒の過半数は、双晶を構成している。この結果マイグレーションに悪影響を及ぼす結晶粒界の減少をもたらし、マイグレーション耐性を向上させたものと考えられる。
【0048】
発明者らは、今回メッキ条件は一定として実施例を説明したが、メッキ条件・シードの材質及びその製造条件により膜の配向性や双晶の配向が変化することを見いだしているが、双晶の形成には大きな影響は与えないことも見いだしている。
【0049】
本実施例は、メッキ埋め込み配線を用いて説明したが、本発明は銅配線であればメッキ埋め込み配線に限るものではなく、気相堆積(CVD)法やスパッタ法等の銅膜堆積方法や、ドライエッチング等によって形成される従来型の配線に対しても適用できることは明らかである。
【0050】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、信頼性の高くかつ製造コストが低い銅及び銅合金配線を供給することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 第1の実施例の膜での双晶状態を示す図
【図2】 第2の実施例の膜での双晶状態を示す図
【図3】 第3の実施例の配線での双晶状態を示す図
【図4】 第4の実施例の配線での双晶状態を示す図[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a wiring using copper or a copper alloy that is highly reliable and easy to manufacture.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Copper or copper alloy with tin added to copper has lower resistance than aluminum or aluminum alloy and higher resistance to migration (electromigration and stress migration), so it has high performance and high reliability for LSI. Instead of aluminum as wiring, it is being used as wiring for integrated circuits.
[0003]
In the aluminum-based wiring, efforts have been made to make a film having a large particle size or a strong <111> orientation in order to improve wiring reliability. The use of a film having a large particle size and a strong <111> orientation essentially means reducing grain boundaries having a high atom migration rate.
[0004]
In general, the difference in orientation (misorientation) between adjacent grains forming a grain boundary is large, and there is no specific orientation relationship between both grains, or a grain boundary with weak orientation relation (so-called corresponding grain boundary The migration rate of atoms through a grain boundary having a large Σ value defined as the reciprocal of the corresponding lattice point density is much higher than that through a lattice or a corresponding grain boundary having a low Σ value.
[0005]
Therefore, a wide wiring such as a power line wiring in which migration through grain boundaries is dominant (generally, a wiring larger than the average grain size or a stone wall-like grain boundary structure wiring is used. ) Is considered to be one of the basic guidelines for improving the migration resistance to reduce such a grain boundary having a high migration rate of atoms.
[0006]
When the wiring width becomes smaller than the average grain size, the grain boundary structure of the wiring becomes a pseudo-bamboo grain boundary structure in which the stone grain boundary part and the bamboo grain boundary part are mixed. Bamboo grain boundary structure is almost absent. The migration resistance in the pseudo-bamboo grain boundary structure wiring is basically governed by the migration speed through the grain boundary in the stone wall-like grain boundary part.
[0007]
However, since there are no grain boundaries connected in the wiring length direction in bamboo grain boundary wiring, the long distance migration of atoms is basically the interface between the wiring metal and the insulating film or between the wiring metals stacked in multiple layers. Governed by migration through
[0008]
Also, in short distance migration from the inside of the wiring to the interface, it is considered that the component via the bamboo grain boundary is large, so it is not as much as in the stone wall wiring, but in this case also increasing the corresponding grain boundary with a low Σ value, That is, increasing the <111> orientation is considered effective for improving migration resistance.
[0009]
The migration resistance depends not only on the migration speed described above but also on the ease of occurrence of voids and the location where they occur. Voids are likely to occur at the intersections between the grain boundaries and the wiring surface (including side surfaces and bottom surface). In particular, voids are likely to occur at locations where random grain boundaries or corresponding grain boundaries with high Σ values intersect the surface, so it is also effective to improve migration resistance by increasing the <111> orientation and reducing such grain boundaries. it is conceivable that.
[0010]
Also in copper wiring, in order to increase migration resistance, a large grain film is used (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-315327), or a method of forming a film having a large grain size and a strong <111> orientation (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1). -125954). Further, when a copper film having a <111> orientation ratio of 90% or more is used, the oxidation resistance of the Cu wiring is improved (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-275617) or the migration resistance is improved (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-27656). Report).
[0011]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the case of copper wiring, forming a film having a strong orientation in one direction and a large grain size is not as easy as in the case of aluminum wiring, so a special manufacturing process is introduced. The inventors have found that there is a problem that the manufacturing process conditions must be limited to a narrow range.
[0012]
An object of the present invention is to provide a wiring containing copper or a copper alloy that is highly reliable and easy to manufacture without using an extremely strong and unidirectionally oriented film that is difficult to manufacture as required in the prior art. It is to provide.
[0013]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention for achieving the above object, there is provided a method of forming a wiring made of copper or a copper alloy in which a majority of crystal grains are twins , comprising at least copper or a copper alloy mainly composed of copper on a substrate. And after the substrate temperature is raised to 80 to 120 ° C. , the substrate temperature is set to 180 ° C. or more and 500 ° C. while controlling the temperature raising rate to 1 ° C./min or more and 50 ° C./min or less. A second step for raising the temperature to the following target temperature; a third step for holding the substrate at the target temperature for 5 minutes to 10 hours after completion of the second step; and a temperature-decreasing rate after completion of the third step And a fourth step of lowering the substrate temperature while controlling the temperature at 1 ° C./min to 50 ° C./min.
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In a copper twin, one of the {111} planes usually forms a matched twin boundary (here, the matched twin boundary is also regarded as a grain boundary to define a crystal grain). The electromigration rate of atoms through such matched twin boundaries is essentially as low as that through the crystal lattice, so from a reliability point of view this twin boundary is virtually nonexistent. Two crystal grains that can be ignored and form twins can be regarded as substantially one large crystal grain.
[0015]
That is, a large particle size is effectively realized. As the crystal grains become larger, the number of grain boundaries in the wire length direction decreases in the stone wall-like grain boundary structure wiring where the wiring width is larger than the average grain size, and the migration speed is lowered. Bring.
[0016]
Further, even in a pseudo-bamboo or bamboo grain boundary wiring whose wiring width is equal to or smaller than the average grain size, migration at a short distance is reduced, so that the migration resistance is improved although not as much as in the stone wall-like grain boundary wiring.
[0017]
Furthermore, twin formation results in a decrease in grain boundary energy throughout the film. That is, grain boundaries with high energy disappear, and grain boundaries and twin grain boundaries with low energy are formed. Therefore, the energy of the grain boundary other than the twin boundary is reduced.
[0018]
A grain boundary with a low grain boundary energy is basically a grain boundary with a low Σ value, and the electromigration rate of atoms through such a grain boundary is higher than the electromigration rate of atoms through a grain boundary with high grain boundary energy. It is considered small. That is, by forming twins, not only the grain size is substantially increased and random grain boundaries are decreased, but also the electromigration rate at the grain boundaries is expected to decrease at grain boundaries other than the twin boundaries. .
[0019]
Also, at the intersection between the grain boundary and the surface, which is often the generation point of voids, voids are less likely to occur when the grain boundary energy is low, and an improvement in migration resistance is expected. This effect is considered to be effective not only in the stone wall-like grain boundary wiring but also in the pseudo-bamboo grain boundary or bamboo grain boundary wiring in which the wiring width is smaller than the average grain size.
[0020]
Furthermore, the inventors have found that a twin A / B composed of two orientations (referred to as A and B) often generates a repeated structure such as A / B / A. Corresponding to crystal grains 1 and 2 in 1. In this case, the orientations of crystal grains 1 and 2 were <111> and <511> orientations, respectively, but other combinations of orientations were also observed) . In such a case, it can be regarded as a substantially extremely large crystal grain. In the case of copper, since the twinning energy is low, such a film preferentially oriented in these two directions and most of which is in a twinning relationship can be easily formed. Manufacture is significantly easier than in the case of forming a strong <111> alignment film as in the prior art.
[0021]
Below, the manufacturing method of the wiring containing the copper or copper alloy layer of this invention is demonstrated.
[0022]
First, a copper or copper alloy film (also referred to as a copper-based film) is formed by plating, vapor deposition (CVD), sputtering, or the like. The obtained copper-based film is subjected to heat treatment so that a majority of copper or copper alloy crystal grains are twinned.
[0023]
The heat treatment is performed by the following procedure, for example. First, the substrate on which the copper-based film is formed is placed in a heating furnace, and the inside of the heating furnace is filled with a gas (inert gas) that does not react with the copper-based film, such as nitrogen, helium, or argon. Thereafter, the temperature of the heating furnace is raised so that the substrate temperature is in the range of 80 to 120 ° C. All subsequent steps are performed in an inert gas environment.
[0024]
Next, the substrate temperature is raised while controlling the heating rate. The rate of temperature rise affects the structure of the crystal grains to be obtained, and is preferably 1 ° C./min or more, more preferably 5 ° C./min or more in order to convert a majority of copper or copper alloy crystal grains into twins. Moreover, 50 degrees C / min or less is preferable and 30 degrees C / min or less is more preferable.
[0025]
After the substrate temperature reaches the target temperature, the temperature is adjusted so that the substrate temperature is within ± 5 ° C. of the target temperature. Since the target temperature affects the structure of the crystal grains obtained, the target temperature is preferably 180 ° C. or higher, and more preferably 200 ° C. or higher, in order to make a majority of copper or copper alloy crystal grains twin. Moreover, 500 degrees C or less is preferable and 400 degrees C or less is more preferable. The holding time at the target temperature is set depending on the area of the copper-based film, and is usually 5 minutes or longer and 10 hours or shorter.
[0026]
After the processing at the target temperature is completed, the substrate temperature is lowered while controlling the temperature lowering rate. Since the absolute value of the temperature drop rate affects the structure of the obtained crystal grains, it is preferably 1 ° C./min or more, more preferably 5 ° C./min or more in order to make the majority of copper or copper alloy crystal grains twin. preferable. Moreover, 50 degrees C / min or less is preferable and 30 degrees C / min or less is more preferable.
[0027]
The copper-based film obtained as described above is used as a wiring by a wiring processing method such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), wet etching, or dry etching.
[0028]
In the above, an example in which wiring processing is performed after heat treatment has been described, but heat treatment can also be performed after wiring is formed by wiring processing. When the latter method is adopted, the holding time of the target temperature in the heat treatment is optimized depending on the wiring width, and when the wiring width is wide, the holding time is lengthened.
[0029]
According to the manufacturing method as described above, in the case of a copper wiring, it is not easy to form a film having a strong orientation in one direction and a large grain size as in the case of aluminum. Nevertheless, it is not necessary to introduce a special manufacturing process or to limit the manufacturing process conditions to a narrow range.
[0030]
And the twin of a copper-type film | membrane forms the matched twin boundary by the above manufacturing methods. The electromigration rate of atoms through such matched twin boundaries is essentially as low as that through the crystal lattice, and from a reliability point of view, this twin boundary is substantially ignored. The two crystal grains that form twins can be regarded as substantially one large crystal grain, and a large grain size is effectively realized. Enlarging the crystal grain size reduces the migration rate due to the decrease in the number of grain boundaries. In addition, the grain boundary energy is reduced by twin formation. The decrease in grain boundary energy reduces the probability of void generation at the grain boundary part. These effects result in improved electromigration resistance.
[0031]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described by way of examples.
[0032]
Example 1
As a first example, a copper seed layer / tantalum / silicon oxide / silicon substrate using a copper seed layer formed by collimation sputtering with a barrier film tantalum is applied to a <511> oriented copper film (film 1). State the results.
[0033]
FIG. 1 shows an electron beam backscatter diffraction (hereinafter abbreviated as English name Electron back-scatter diffraction) for a film that has been subjected to a heat treatment in nitrogen gas at a target temperature of 210 ° C. after plating a copper film. A part of the grain map measured by the method (also using the expression EBSD) is shown.
[0034]
Note that after the substrate temperature was raised to 100 ° C., the temperature was raised to 210 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C./min. Further, after being kept at 210 ° C. for 30 minutes, it was cooled at a temperature lowering rate of 15 ° C./min.
[0035]
In the EBSD measurement, the orientation of individual crystal grains can be measured, and the misorientation between the crystal grains can be calculated using the measurement results. For details of this technique, see V.C. See Randle's Microtexture Deter- mination and It Applications (The Institute of Materials, London, 1992).
[0036]
As a result of investigating the twin relationship between all the crystal grains in FIG. 1, 46 out of 50 grains (92 in the case of crystal grains having a size of 2 measurement points or more (0.04 μm 2 in this measurement example) shown in FIG. %) Crystal grains were found to have a twin relationship.
[0037]
In FIG. 1, grain boundaries in which adjacent crystal grain boundaries are twinned with each other are indicated by white lines, and grain boundaries between crystal grains not having twinning relations are indicated by black lines. It can be seen that most of the grains are twin boundaries indicated by white lines.
[0038]
From this crystal grain map, when comparing the surface area of <100>, <110>, <111> and <511> oriented crystal grains, in this film, <100> oriented grains 0%, <110> oriented grains <511> oriented grains were dominant, with 2%, <111> oriented grains 20%, <511> oriented grains 56%, and other 22% or less (including non-measurable regions).
[0039]
(Example 2)
As a second example, a result regarding a <111> orientation film (film 2) plated on a long throw sputtering seed will be described. This result was measured after standing at room temperature for 2000 hours. In this sample, almost all large crystal grains are accompanied by twins, as can be seen from the twin boundaries shown in FIG.
[0040]
However, in the case of this film, <111> oriented grains 30%, <511> oriented grains 23%, <110> oriented grains 8%, <100> oriented grains 7%, and other orientation grains 32%. The orientation was different from that of the plated copper film 1.
[0041]
Moreover, in the copper film into which ions of copper, tantalum, gallium and the like were implanted, <100> oriented grains increased, but it was confirmed that a majority of crystal grains formed twins in these films.
[0042]
Example 3
As a third embodiment, FIG. 3 shows a result for a buried wiring manufactured by using a standard buried wiring forming method. Although this example is a result for a wiring having a width of 5 μm, it was confirmed that the majority of crystal grains measured in the same manner as in the case of the solid film has a twin relation. In the case of embedded wiring, there are many areas that cannot be measured as compared to the measurement results with a solid film (dotted areas with the minimum dimensions in FIG. 3). This is achieved by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). This is considered to be due to polishing scratches or the like generated when forming the pattern.
[0043]
(Example 4)
As a fourth embodiment, FIG. 4 shows a measurement result in a cross section parallel to the wiring length direction of a wiring (width 0.56 μm) whose wiring width is smaller than the average grain size. Also in this example, 90% or more of the crystal grains have a twin relation. The wiring structure is a pseudo-bamboo grain boundary structure from the grain boundary diagram of this cross section, but the measurement result from the wiring surface is also a pseudo-bamboo grain boundary structure. Further, it was concluded from the analysis of the EBSD measurement data that a multiple twin structure as shown in FIG. 1 exists and that many twin boundaries at the bamboo grain boundary are matched boundaries.
[0044]
This result suggests that the void generation rate in the middle of the wiring is reduced in the wiring in this embodiment. The reason why the wiring cross section in FIG. 4 is not uniform is that the electron beam drifts due to the charging of the insulating film around the wiring during the EBSD measurement.
[0045]
Using two types of plated copper films formed under the same conditions as the films of Examples 1 and 2, and using a standard embedded wiring forming method for an integrated circuit, wiring having a wiring width larger than the average grain size (wiring width 8 μm) ) And embedded wiring with a small wiring (wiring width 0.4 μm). The produced wiring was subjected to an electromigration test at a temperature of 275 ° C. and a current density of 2 MA / cm 2 . As a result, as shown in Table 1, the life of the thick wiring is about 10 times that of the aluminum wiring used for comparison, and that of the thin wiring is about 2.5 times longer, and high reliability is obtained in any film. It was.
[0046]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003741938
[0047]
A majority of the crystal grains constituting the wiring of the example constitute twins. As a result, it is considered that the grain boundary which adversely affects the migration is reduced and the migration resistance is improved.
[0048]
The inventors have described the embodiment assuming that the plating conditions are constant, but the inventors have found that the orientation of the film and the orientation of twins change depending on the plating conditions, the material of the seeds and the manufacturing conditions. It has also been found that it does not have a significant effect on the formation of.
[0049]
Although the present embodiment has been described by using the plated buried wiring, the present invention is not limited to the plated buried wiring as long as it is a copper wiring, a copper film deposition method such as a vapor deposition (CVD) method or a sputtering method, It is clear that the present invention can be applied to a conventional wiring formed by dry etching or the like.
[0050]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, it is possible to supply copper and copper alloy wiring with high reliability and low manufacturing cost.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing twin states in a film of a first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing twin states in a film of a second embodiment. FIG. 3 is a wiring of a third embodiment. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing twin states in the wiring of the fourth embodiment.

Claims (1)

過半数の結晶粒が双晶である銅あるいは銅合金からなる配線を形成する方法であって、
基板上に少なくとも銅あるいは銅を主体とする銅合金を成膜する第1工程と;
基板温度を80〜120℃に昇温した後、昇温速度を1℃/分以上50℃/分以下に制御しながら、該基板温度を180℃以上500℃以下の目標温度まで上昇させる第2工程と;
前記第2工程を終了後、前記基板を前記目標温度で5分以上10時間以下保持する第3工程と;
前記第3工程を終了後、降温速度を1℃/分以上50℃/分以下に制御しながら前記基板温度を降温させる第4工程;
とを含むことを特徴とする銅配線の形成方法。
A method of forming a wiring made of copper or a copper alloy in which a majority of crystal grains are twins,
A first step of depositing at least copper or a copper alloy mainly composed of copper on the substrate;
After the substrate temperature is raised to 80 to 120 ° C., the substrate temperature is raised to a target temperature of 180 ° C. or more and 500 ° C. or less while controlling the rate of temperature rise to 1 ° C./minute or more and 50 ° C./minute or less. Process and;
A third step of holding the substrate at the target temperature for 5 minutes to 10 hours after finishing the second step;
A fourth step of lowering the substrate temperature while controlling the temperature lowering rate to 1 ° C./min to 50 ° C./min after finishing the third step;
A method for forming a copper wiring, comprising:
JP2000188166A 1999-06-22 2000-06-22 Method for forming copper wiring Expired - Fee Related JP3741938B2 (en)

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