JP3773775B2 - Nickel-hydrogen storage battery - Google Patents
Nickel-hydrogen storage battery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3773775B2 JP3773775B2 JP2000307642A JP2000307642A JP3773775B2 JP 3773775 B2 JP3773775 B2 JP 3773775B2 JP 2000307642 A JP2000307642 A JP 2000307642A JP 2000307642 A JP2000307642 A JP 2000307642A JP 3773775 B2 JP3773775 B2 JP 3773775B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen storage
- nickel
- battery
- storage battery
- alkaline electrolyte
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 69
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 50
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 50
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- -1 and a separator Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000166 zirconium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- LEHFSLREWWMLPU-UHFFFAOYSA-B zirconium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[Zr+4].[Zr+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LEHFSLREWWMLPU-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 19
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 5
- JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B titanium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 5
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018007 MmNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 2
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002640 NiOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002544 Olefin fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MRLQSGZHMHONNG-UHFFFAOYSA-K P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Ge+3] Chemical compound P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Ge+3] MRLQSGZHMHONNG-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Phosphate ion(2-) Chemical compound OP([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HUTDDBSSHVOYJR-UHFFFAOYSA-H bis[(2-oxo-1,3,2$l^{5},4$l^{2}-dioxaphosphaplumbetan-2-yl)oxy]lead Chemical compound [Pb+2].[Pb+2].[Pb+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O HUTDDBSSHVOYJR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- TYAVIWGEVOBWDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);phosphate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TYAVIWGEVOBWDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001429 chelating resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001429 cobalt ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- YPDKFMYSITXPDU-UHFFFAOYSA-B hafnium(4+) tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Hf+4].[Hf+4].[Hf+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O YPDKFMYSITXPDU-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004767 olefin fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 229940085991 phosphate ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001174 sulfone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- QUBMWJKTLKIJNN-UHFFFAOYSA-B tin(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Sn+4].[Sn+4].[Sn+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QUBMWJKTLKIJNN-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明が属する技術分野】
本発明はニッケル−水素蓄電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術及び発明が解決しようとする課題】
二次電池の用途は、パーソナルコンピュータ、携帯電話、電気自動車、ハイブリッド車、電動自転車、電動工具など広範囲にわたる。電気自動車、ハイブリッド車、電動自転車、電動工具などの高出力が求められる機器の電源としては、ニッケル−水素蓄電池が注目されており、その特性向上が期待されている。自己放電の抑制も、その一つである。
【0003】
充電深度が50〜80%程度の中程度の場合においては、アルカリ蓄電池の自己放電は、主に、電池系内のアンモニウムイオン、硝酸イオンなどの不純物イオンがレドックスシャトルとなって移動することにより起こる。アルカリ蓄電池の一種であるニッケル−水素蓄電池においては、さらに負極に使用している水素吸蔵合金からの溶出イオンも自己放電を起こす要因である。
【0004】
而して、従来、ニッケル−水素蓄電池の自己放電を抑制するために、種々の試みがなされている。
【0005】
例えば、特開平9−330694号公報では、オレフィン系繊維に、バインダー樹脂を介して、イオン交換性微粉末を固着して成るセパレータ(不織布)を使用することが提案されている。
【0006】
しかし、セパレータの内部にイオン交換性微粉末を含有せしめるこの方法には、バインダー樹脂及びイオン交換性微粉末によりセパレータの内部が目詰まりを起こし、充電時に正極で発生するガス(酸素)の透過性が悪くなるために、電池内圧が上昇するという問題がある。
【0007】
また、特開平9−199161号公報では、アルカリ電解液中に窒素含有物質を放出する物質を電池部材として使用したニッケル−水素蓄電池の自己放電を抑制するために、正極、負極及びアルカリ電解液の少なくとも一つに、イオン交換物質として、ゼオライト等の無機物質又はスルホン化ポリオレフィン等の樹脂を、添加することが提案されている。
【0008】
しかし、ゼオライトの不純物イオンを選択的に吸着する機能は低い。また、樹脂の不純物イオンを選択的に吸着する機能も、アルカリ金属イオンが多量に存在するアルカリ電解液中では低い。樹脂の中では特に選択性が高いと言われているキレート樹脂でも、その有効なpH領域が1〜7程度であるため、強アルカリ性のアルカリ電解液中では不純物イオンの吸着体として有効に機能しない。
【0009】
本発明は、以上の事情に鑑みてなされたものであって、自己放電に因る放電容量の減少が小さい、すなわち保存特性が良いニッケル−水素蓄電池を提供することを目的とする。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明に係るニッケル−水素蓄電池(本発明電池)は、ニッケル正極と水素吸蔵合金負極とアルカリ電解液とセパレータとを備え、化学式:M(HPO4 )2 〔式中、Mは、Ti、Zr、Sn、Pb、Hf、Ge又はCeである。〕で表される金属リン酸塩が、前記アルカリ電解液、及び/又は、前記セパレータの内部を除く部位であって、前記アルカリ電解液と接触する部位に、添加されている。
【0011】
自己放電反応を、レドックスシャトルイオン(不純物としてアルカリ電解液中に混入するカチオン)がコバルトイオンの場合を例にして示すと、次のとおりである。
【0012】
(正極での酸化反応)
NiOOH+Co2++H2 O⇒Ni(OH)2 +OH- +Co3+
(負極での還元反応)
M−H+Co3++OH- ⇒M+H2 O+Co2+
〔式中、M−Hは水素化合金を示す。〕
【0013】
金属リン酸塩は、化学式:M(HPO4 )2 〔式中、Mは、Ti、Zr、Sn、Pb、Hf、Ge又はCeである。〕で表される。化学式:M(HPO4 )2 〔式中、Mは、Ti、Zr又はSnである。〕で表される金属リン酸塩が好ましい。必要に応じて複数の金属リン酸塩を使用してもよい。金属リン酸塩は、カチオン交換体として機能して、アルカリ電解液中のレドックスシャトルイオンを選択的に捕捉し、レドックスシャトル反応、すなわち自己放電を抑制する。
【0014】
金属リン酸塩は、アルカリ電解液、及び/又は、セパレータの内部を除く部位であって、アルカリ電解液と接触する部位に、添加される。セパレータの内部が上記金属リン酸塩の添加先から除かれるのは、セパレータの内部に添加すると、ガス(酸素)の透過性が悪くなり、電池内圧が上昇するからである。金属リン酸塩の添加先がアルカリ電解液又はアルカリ電解液と接触する部位に限定されるのは、金属リン酸塩の添加目的が、アルカリ電解液中のレドックスシャトルイオンをイオン交換反応により捕捉することにあるからである。アルカリ電解液と接触する部位の具体例としては、正極及び負極が挙げられる。正極と負極とを、セパレータを介在させた状態で渦巻き状に巻回して渦巻電極体とし、これを電池缶内に収納して電池を作製する場合は、渦巻電極体の作製時に使用した巻き芯を抜き取った後にできる空間(巻き芯スペース)内に、上記金属リン酸塩を添加してもよい。金属リン酸塩は、レドックスシャトル反応が起こる部位に集中的に添加することが有効なので、添加先としては正極及び負極が好ましい。
【0015】
金属リン酸塩の好適な添加量(総添加量)は、金属リン酸塩の種類により異なる。金属リン酸塩としてリン酸ジルコニウム又はリン酸チタンを使用する場合は、アルカリ電解液1ml当たり、5〜300mgが好ましい。
【0016】
【実施例】
以下、本発明を実施例に基づいてさらに詳細に説明するが、本発明は下記実施例に何ら限定されるものではなく、その要旨を変更しない範囲において適宜変更して実施することが可能なものである。
【0017】
(実験1)
本発明電池及び比較電池を作製し、各電池の特性を調べた。
【0018】
(実施例1)
組成式:MmNi3.3 Co1.0 Al0.2 Mn0.6 で表される粉末状の水素吸蔵合金6gと5重量%PEO(ポリエチレンオキサイド)水溶液0.6gとを混合してペーストを調製し、このペーストを、鉄にニッケルめっきしたパンチングメタル(芯体)の両面に塗布し、乾燥し、圧延して、板状の水素吸蔵合金電極を作製した。
【0019】
次いで、上記水素吸蔵合金電極の表面に粉末状のリン酸ジルコニウム(Zr(HPO4 )2 ・H2 O)30mgをまぶしてこれを物理吸着させた。
【0020】
このようにして作製した表面にリン酸ジルコニウムを有する水素吸蔵合金電極(負極)と、従来公知の焼結式ニッケル極(正極)とを、これらの間にポリオレフィン製のセパレータを介在させた状態で渦巻き状に巻回して、渦巻電極体を作製し、この渦巻電極体を電池缶内に挿入し、30重量%水酸化カリウム水溶液2mlを電池缶内に注ぎ、封口して、電池容量が約1000mAhの円筒形のニッケル−水素蓄電池A1(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0021】
(実施例2)
リン酸ジルコニウムに代えて、リン酸チタン(Ti(HPO4 )2 ・H2 O)を同量使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池A2(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0022】
(実施例3)
リン酸ジルコニウムに代えて、リン酸錫(Sn(HPO4 )2 ・H2 O)を同量使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池A3(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0023】
(実施例4)
リン酸ジルコニウムに代えて、リン酸鉛(Pb(HPO4 )2 ・H2 O)を同量使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池A4(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0024】
(実施例5)
リン酸ジルコニウムに代えて、リン酸ハフニウム(Hf(HPO4 )2 ・H2 O)を同量使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池A5(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0025】
(実施例6)
リン酸ジルコニウムに代えて、リン酸ゲルマニウム(Ge(HPO4 )2 ・H2 O)を同量使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池A6(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0026】
(実施例7)
リン酸ジルコニウムに代えて、リン酸セリウム(Ce(HPO4 )2 ・1.33H2 O)を同量使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池A7(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0027】
(比較例1)
水素吸蔵合金電極の表面にリン酸ジルコニウムを添加しなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池X1(比較電池)を作製した。
【0028】
(比較例2)
リン酸ジルコニウムを冷凍粉砕して得た粉末(100μmパス)3重量部及びSEBS(スチレン−エチレン−ブチレン−スチレン)樹脂1重量部をキシロールと混合して固形分含量10%のペーストを調製し、このペーストを、ポリプロピレンとポリエチレンとの分割繊維からなる不織布(厚さ0.15mm、目付55g/m2 )に塗布し、100°Cで5分間熱風乾燥してキシロールを蒸発させて、リン酸ジルコニウム30mgを不織布の内部に固着せしめて、セパレータを作製した。次いで、このセパレータを使用して、セパレータのみが比較電池X1と異なるニッケル−水素蓄電池X2(比較電池)を作製した。
【0029】
(比較例3)
スルホン基を有するイオン交換樹脂(ローム・アンド・ハース社製、商品コード「アンバーライトIR−120B」)0.5重量部及び組成式:MmNi3.3 Co1.0 Al0.2 Mn0.6 で表される粉末状の水素吸蔵合金10重量部を、ポリビニルアルコールと混合してペーストを調製し、このペーストを鉄にニッケルめっきしたパンチングメタルに塗布し、乾燥し、圧延して、板状の水素吸蔵合金電極を作製した。次いで、この水素吸蔵合金電極を負極として使用して、負極のみが本発明電池A1と異なるニッケル−水素蓄電池X3(比較電池)を作製した。
【0030】
(比較例4)
リン酸ジルコニウムに代えて、ゼオライト(Permtit Co.,Ltd製、商品名「Zeoliteグリーンサンド」)を同量使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池X4(比較電池)を作製した。
【0031】
〈保存特性〉
各電池について、25°Cにて、100mAで16時間充電し、200mAで1.0Vまで放電させる充放電を10サイクル行い、10サイクル目の放電容量C10を求めた。
【0032】
次いで、2000mAで15分間充電し、55°Cで2週間保存した後、25°Cにて、4000mAで1.0Vまで放電させて、放電容量C11を求め、放電容量C10に対する放電容量C11の比率P〔P(%)=(C11/C10)×100〕を算出した。結果を表1に示す。比率Pの値が大きい電池ほど、自己放電に因る放電容量の減少が小さく、保存特性が良い電池である。このような高率の充放電でもって保存特性を調べる試験は、電気自動車、ハイブリッド車、電動工具などの高出力が必要とされる機器の駆動電源として使用される電池の保存特性を調べる試験法として、有効である。
【0033】
【表1】
【0034】
表1に示すように、本発明電池A1〜A7は、比較電池X1〜X4に比べて、比率Pの値が格段に大きい、すなわち保存特性が良い。比較電池X1の保存特性が良くないのは、レドックスシャトル反応が著しく起こったからである。比較電池X2の保存特性が良くないのは、セパレータの目詰まりにより高率での充放電特性が低下したからである。比較電池X3及びX4の保存特性が良くないのは、イオン交換体として使用した樹脂又はゼオライトがアルカリ電解液中のレドックスシャトルイオンの捕捉材として有効に機能しなかったからである。本発明電池A1〜A7の中では、本発明電池A1〜A3の保存特性が特に良い。このことから、金属リン酸塩を構成する金属イオン(リン酸一水素イオンHPO4 2- の対イオンM4+)としては、ジルコニウムイオン(Zr4+)、チタンイオン(Ti4+)及び錫イオン(Sn4+)が好ましいことが分かる。
【0035】
〈内圧特性〉
本発明電池A1及び比較電池X2について、25°Cにて、100mAで16時間充電し、200mAで1.0Vまで放電させる充放電を10サイクル行った後、25°Cにて、1000mAで充電して、内圧が10kgf/cm2 に上昇するまでの充電時間t(分)を求めた。充電時間tの値が大きい電池ほど、内圧特性が良い電池である。結果を表2に示す。
【0036】
【表2】
【0037】
表2に示すように、本発明電池A1は、比較電池X2に比べて、充電時間tの値が格段に大きい、すなわち内圧特性が良い。比較電池X2の内圧特性が良くないのは、セパレータの内部に目詰まりが起こり、ガスの透過性が低下したからである。
【0038】
(実験2)
金属リン酸塩としてリン酸ジルコニウム又はリン酸チタンを使用する場合のそれらの添加量と保存特性の関係を調べた。
【0039】
リン酸ジルコニウムを、30mg(アルカリ電解液1ml当たり15mg)に代えて、2mg(同1mg)、10mg(同5mg)、200mg(同100mg)、400mg(同200mg)、600mg(同300mg)又は800mg(同400mg)使用したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、負極のみが本発明電池A1と異なるニッケル−水素蓄電池B1〜B6(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0040】
また、リン酸チタンを、30mg(アルカリ電解液1ml当たり15mg)に代えて、2mg(同1mg)、10mg(同5mg)、200mg(同100mg)、400mg(同200mg)、600mg(同300mg)又は800mg(同400mg)使用したこと以外は実施例2と同様にして、負極のみが本発明電池A2と異なるニッケル−水素蓄電池C1〜C6(本発明電池)を作製した。
【0041】
次いで、各電池の保存特性を、実験1で行ったものと同じ条件の試験を行って調べた。結果を表3に示す。表3には、本発明電池A1及びA2の結果も表1より転記して示してある。
【0042】
【表3】
【0043】
表3より、金属リン酸塩としてリン酸ジルコニウム又はリン酸チタンを使用する場合は、それらの添加量をアルカリ電解液1ml当たり5〜300mgとすることが好ましいことが分かる。
【0044】
(実験3)
金属リン酸塩の添加先と保存特性の関係を調べた。
【0045】
リン酸ジルコニウムの添加先を、水素吸蔵合金電極の表面に代えて、焼結式ニッケル極の表面としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池D1を作製した。また、リン酸ジルコニウムの添加先を、水素吸蔵合金電極の表面に代えて、渦巻電極体の巻き芯スペースとしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ニッケル−水素蓄電池D2を作製した。
【0046】
次いで、各電池の保存特性を、実験1で行ったものと同じ条件の試験を行って調べた。結果を表4に示す。表4には、本発明電池A1の結果も表1より転記して示してある。
【表4】
【0047】
表4より、リン酸ジルコニウムの添加先としては、正極及び負極が好ましいことが分かる。
【0048】
【発明の効果】
自己放電に因る放電容量の減少が小さい、すなわち保存特性の良いニッケル−水素蓄電池が提供される。[0001]
[Technical field to which the invention belongs]
The present invention relates to a nickel-hydrogen storage battery.
[0002]
[Prior art and problems to be solved by the invention]
Secondary batteries are used in a wide range of applications such as personal computers, mobile phones, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, electric bicycles, and electric tools. Nickel-hydrogen storage batteries are attracting attention as power sources for devices that require high output, such as electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, electric bicycles, and electric tools, and their characteristics are expected to improve. One example is suppression of self-discharge.
[0003]
When the charging depth is about 50 to 80%, the self-discharge of the alkaline storage battery mainly occurs when impurity ions such as ammonium ions and nitrate ions in the battery system move as redox shuttles. . In a nickel-hydrogen storage battery which is a kind of alkaline storage battery, ions eluted from the hydrogen storage alloy used for the negative electrode are also factors that cause self-discharge.
[0004]
Thus, various attempts have been made to suppress self-discharge of nickel-hydrogen storage batteries.
[0005]
For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-330694 proposes to use a separator (nonwoven fabric) formed by fixing ion-exchangeable fine powder to an olefin fiber via a binder resin.
[0006]
However, in this method of incorporating ion-exchange fine powder inside the separator, the inside of the separator is clogged by the binder resin and ion-exchange fine powder, and permeability of gas (oxygen) generated at the positive electrode during charging Has a problem that the internal pressure of the battery increases.
[0007]
JP-A-9-199161 discloses a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an alkaline electrolyte in order to suppress self-discharge of a nickel-hydrogen storage battery that uses a substance that releases a nitrogen-containing substance in an alkaline electrolyte as a battery member. At least one has been proposed to add an inorganic substance such as zeolite or a resin such as sulfonated polyolefin as an ion exchange substance.
[0008]
However, the function of selectively adsorbing the impurity ions of zeolite is low. Further, the function of selectively adsorbing the impurity ions of the resin is also low in an alkaline electrolyte containing a large amount of alkali metal ions. Even in the case of a chelate resin, which is said to have particularly high selectivity among resins, its effective pH range is about 1 to 7, so that it does not function effectively as an adsorbent of impurity ions in a strongly alkaline alkaline electrolyte. .
[0009]
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a nickel-hydrogen storage battery in which a decrease in discharge capacity due to self-discharge is small, that is, good storage characteristics.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery (invention battery) according to the present invention includes a nickel positive electrode, a hydrogen storage alloy negative electrode, an alkaline electrolyte, and a separator. Chemical formula: M (HPO 4 ) 2 [wherein M is Ti, Zr , Sn, Pb, Hf, Ge or Ce. The metal phosphate represented by the above formula is added to a portion excluding the inside of the alkaline electrolyte and / or the separator and in contact with the alkaline electrolyte.
[0011]
An example of the self-discharge reaction is as follows when the redox shuttle ions (cations mixed in the alkaline electrolyte as impurities) are cobalt ions.
[0012]
(Oxidation reaction at the positive electrode)
NiOOH + Co 2+ + H 2 O⇒Ni (OH) 2 + OH − + Co 3+
(Reduction reaction at the negative electrode)
M−H + Co 3+ + OH − → M + H 2 O + Co 2+
[Wherein, MH represents a hydrogenated alloy. ]
[0013]
The metal phosphate has the chemical formula: M (HPO 4 ) 2 [wherein, M is Ti, Zr, Sn, Pb, Hf, Ge, or Ce. ] Is represented. Chemical formula: M (HPO 4 ) 2 [wherein, M is Ti, Zr or Sn. ] The metal phosphate represented by this is preferable. A plurality of metal phosphates may be used as necessary. The metal phosphate functions as a cation exchanger, selectively captures redox shuttle ions in the alkaline electrolyte, and suppresses redox shuttle reaction, that is, self-discharge.
[0014]
The metal phosphate is added to a portion excluding the inside of the alkaline electrolyte and / or the separator and in contact with the alkaline electrolyte. The reason why the inside of the separator is removed from the addition destination of the metal phosphate is that if it is added to the inside of the separator, the gas (oxygen) permeability deteriorates and the battery internal pressure increases. The addition destination of the metal phosphate is limited to the portion in contact with the alkaline electrolyte or the alkaline electrolyte. The purpose of adding the metal phosphate is to capture the redox shuttle ions in the alkaline electrolyte by an ion exchange reaction. Because there is something. Specific examples of the portion in contact with the alkaline electrolyte include a positive electrode and a negative electrode. When a positive electrode and a negative electrode are spirally wound with a separator interposed therebetween to form a spiral electrode body, and this is housed in a battery can to produce a battery, the winding core used in the preparation of the spiral electrode body The metal phosphate may be added into a space (winding core space) that is formed after the metal is extracted. Since it is effective to add the metal phosphate intensively at the site where the redox shuttle reaction occurs, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are preferable as the addition destination.
[0015]
A suitable addition amount (total addition amount) of the metal phosphate varies depending on the type of the metal phosphate. When using zirconium phosphate or titanium phosphate as the metal phosphate, 5 to 300 mg is preferable per 1 ml of the alkaline electrolyte.
[0016]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail on the basis of examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples, and can be implemented with appropriate modifications without departing from the scope of the present invention. It is.
[0017]
(Experiment 1)
The battery of the present invention and the comparative battery were produced, and the characteristics of each battery were examined.
[0018]
Example 1
A paste was prepared by mixing 6 g of a powdered hydrogen storage alloy represented by a composition formula: MmNi 3.3 Co 1.0 Al 0.2 Mn 0.6 and 0.6 g of a 5 wt% PEO (polyethylene oxide) aqueous solution. The plate-shaped hydrogen storage alloy electrode was produced by applying the nickel-plated punching metal (core body) on both sides, drying, and rolling.
[0019]
Next, 30 mg of powdered zirconium phosphate (Zr (HPO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O) was applied to the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode to physically adsorb it.
[0020]
A hydrogen storage alloy electrode (negative electrode) having zirconium phosphate on the surface thus prepared and a conventionally known sintered nickel electrode (positive electrode) with a polyolefin separator interposed therebetween. A spiral electrode body is produced by winding in a spiral shape, and the spiral electrode body is inserted into a battery can, and 2 ml of 30 wt% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution is poured into the battery can and sealed, so that the battery capacity is about 1000 mAh. A cylindrical nickel-hydrogen storage battery A1 (invention battery) was prepared.
[0021]
(Example 2)
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery A2 (invention battery) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the same amount of titanium phosphate (Ti (HPO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O) was used instead of zirconium phosphate. did.
[0022]
Example 3
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery A3 (invention battery) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the same amount of tin phosphate (Sn (HPO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O) was used instead of zirconium phosphate. did.
[0023]
(Example 4)
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery A4 (invention battery) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the same amount of lead phosphate (Pb (HPO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O) was used instead of zirconium phosphate. did.
[0024]
(Example 5)
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery A5 (invention battery) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the same amount of hafnium phosphate (Hf (HPO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O) was used instead of zirconium phosphate. did.
[0025]
(Example 6)
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery A6 (invention battery) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the same amount of germanium phosphate (Ge (HPO 4 ) 2 .H 2 O) was used instead of zirconium phosphate. did.
[0026]
(Example 7)
Nickel-hydrogen storage battery A7 (battery of the present invention) in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the same amount of cerium phosphate (Ce (HPO 4 ) 2 .33H 2 O) was used instead of zirconium phosphate. Was made.
[0027]
(Comparative Example 1)
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery X1 (comparative battery) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that zirconium phosphate was not added to the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode.
[0028]
(Comparative Example 2)
A paste having a solid content of 10% is prepared by mixing 3 parts by weight of powder (100 μm pass) obtained by freeze-grinding zirconium phosphate and 1 part by weight of SEBS (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) resin with xylol. This paste was applied to a non-woven fabric (thickness 0.15 mm, basis weight 55 g / m 2 ) made of split fibers of polypropylene and polyethylene, dried with hot air at 100 ° C. for 5 minutes to evaporate xylol, and zirconium phosphate 30 mg was fixed inside the nonwoven fabric to produce a separator. Next, using this separator, a nickel-hydrogen storage battery X2 (comparative battery), which was different from the comparative battery X1 only in the separator, was produced.
[0029]
(Comparative Example 3)
0.5 parts by weight of an ion exchange resin having a sulfone group (Rohm and Haas, product code “Amberlite IR-120B”) and composition formula: MmNi 3.3 Co 1.0 Al 0.2 Mn 0.6 A paste was prepared by mixing 10 parts by weight of a hydrogen storage alloy with polyvinyl alcohol. The paste was applied to a punching metal obtained by nickel plating on iron, dried, and rolled to produce a plate-shaped hydrogen storage alloy electrode. . Next, using this hydrogen storage alloy electrode as a negative electrode, a nickel-hydrogen storage battery X3 (comparative battery) in which only the negative electrode was different from the battery A1 of the present invention was produced.
[0030]
(Comparative Example 4)
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery X4 (comparative battery) was used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the same amount of zeolite (trade name “Zeolite Green Sand”, manufactured by Permtit Co., Ltd.) was used instead of zirconium phosphate. Produced.
[0031]
<Storage characteristics>
Each battery was charged at 25 ° C. at 100 mA for 16 hours, and charged and discharged at 200 mA to 1.0 V for 10 cycles, and the discharge capacity C 10 at the 10th cycle was determined.
[0032]
Then charged for 15 minutes at 2000 mA, after storage 2 weeks at 55 ° C, at 25 ° C, and by discharging at 4000mA to 1.0 V, determine the discharge capacity C 11, discharge to the discharge capacity C 10 capacitance C 11 ratio P [P (%) = (C 11 / C 10 ) × 100] was calculated. The results are shown in Table 1. A battery with a larger value of the ratio P is a battery having a smaller storage capacity due to self-discharge and better storage characteristics. The test for examining the storage characteristics with such a high rate of charge / discharge is a test method for examining the storage characteristics of the battery used as a drive power source for equipment that requires high output such as electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and electric tools. As effective.
[0033]
[Table 1]
[0034]
As shown in Table 1, the batteries A1 to A7 of the present invention have a remarkably large ratio P, that is, good storage characteristics, as compared with the comparative batteries X1 to X4. The reason why the storage property of the comparative battery X1 is not good is that the redox shuttle reaction has occurred remarkably. The reason why the storage characteristics of the comparative battery X2 is not good is that the charge / discharge characteristics at a high rate are reduced due to clogging of the separator. The reason why the storage characteristics of the comparative batteries X3 and X4 are not good is that the resin or zeolite used as the ion exchanger did not function effectively as a capturing material for redox shuttle ions in the alkaline electrolyte. Among the inventive batteries A1 to A7, the storage characteristics of the inventive batteries A1 to A3 are particularly good. From this, the metal ions constituting the metal phosphate (counter ion M 4+ of monohydrogen phosphate ion HPO 4 2− ) are zirconium ions (Zr 4+ ), titanium ions (Ti 4+ ), and tin. It can be seen that ions (Sn 4+ ) are preferred.
[0035]
<Internal pressure characteristics>
Inventive battery A1 and comparative battery X2 were charged at 25 ° C for 16 hours at 100 mA, charged and discharged to 1.0 V at 200 mA for 10 cycles, and then charged at 1000 mA at 25 ° C. Thus, the charging time t (min) until the internal pressure rose to 10 kgf / cm 2 was determined. A battery having a larger charge time t has a better internal pressure characteristic. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0036]
[Table 2]
[0037]
As shown in Table 2, the battery A1 of the present invention has a remarkably large charge time t, that is, good internal pressure characteristics, compared to the comparative battery X2. The reason why the internal pressure characteristic of the comparative battery X2 is not good is that clogging occurs in the separator and gas permeability is lowered.
[0038]
(Experiment 2)
When zirconium phosphate or titanium phosphate was used as the metal phosphate, the relationship between the amount added and storage characteristics was investigated.
[0039]
Zirconium phosphate was replaced with 30 mg (15 mg per ml of alkaline electrolyte), 2 mg (1 mg), 10 mg (5 mg), 200 mg (100 mg), 400 mg (200 mg), 600 mg (300 mg), or 800 mg ( In the same manner as in Example 1 except that 400 mg) was used, nickel-hydrogen storage batteries B1 to B6 (invention batteries) different from the invention battery A1 only in the negative electrode were produced.
[0040]
Also, instead of 30 mg of titanium phosphate (15 mg per ml of alkaline electrolyte), 2 mg (1 mg), 10 mg (5 mg), 200 mg (100 mg), 400 mg (200 mg), 600 mg (300 mg), or Except for using 800 mg (400 mg), nickel-hydrogen storage batteries C1 to C6 (invention batteries) were produced in the same manner as in Example 2, except that only the negative electrode was different from the invention battery A2.
[0041]
Next, the storage characteristics of each battery were examined by conducting tests under the same conditions as those performed in Experiment 1. The results are shown in Table 3. In Table 3, the results of the batteries A1 and A2 of the present invention are also transferred from Table 1.
[0042]
[Table 3]
[0043]
From Table 3, it can be seen that when zirconium phosphate or titanium phosphate is used as the metal phosphate, the amount of addition is preferably 5 to 300 mg per 1 ml of the alkaline electrolyte.
[0044]
(Experiment 3)
The relationship between metal phosphate addition destination and storage characteristics was investigated.
[0045]
A nickel-hydrogen storage battery D1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the addition destination of zirconium phosphate was changed to the surface of the sintered nickel electrode instead of the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode. Further, a nickel-hydrogen storage battery D2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the addition destination of zirconium phosphate was changed to the core space of the spiral electrode body instead of the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode.
[0046]
Next, the storage characteristics of each battery were examined by conducting tests under the same conditions as those performed in Experiment 1. The results are shown in Table 4. In Table 4, the results of the battery A1 of the present invention are also transferred from Table 1.
[Table 4]
[0047]
Table 4 shows that the positive electrode and the negative electrode are preferable as the addition destination of zirconium phosphate.
[0048]
【The invention's effect】
There is provided a nickel-hydrogen storage battery with a small decrease in discharge capacity due to self-discharge, that is, good storage characteristics.
Claims (4)
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