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JP3787447B2 - Expandable resin composition having biodegradability - Google Patents
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JP3787447B2 - Expandable resin composition having biodegradability - Google Patents

Expandable resin composition having biodegradability Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3787447B2
JP3787447B2 JP36064498A JP36064498A JP3787447B2 JP 3787447 B2 JP3787447 B2 JP 3787447B2 JP 36064498 A JP36064498 A JP 36064498A JP 36064498 A JP36064498 A JP 36064498A JP 3787447 B2 JP3787447 B2 JP 3787447B2
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resin composition
less
polylactic acid
foaming
ratio
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JP2000178346A (en
Inventor
孝敬 久保
真弘 山
寛 内藤
綱大 中江
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Kaneka Corp
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Kaneka Corp
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  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
  • Biological Depolymerization Polymers (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、生分解性を有する梱包用緩衝材として用いられる発泡体用樹脂組成物に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
軽量性、緩衝性、成形加工性を生かしたプラスチック発泡体が包装、梱包材として多量に用いられており、その素材はポリスチレン(PS)、ポリオレフィンといった石油を原料とする化学製品であるため、使用後の処分が困難で、焼却するにしても燃焼カロリーが高く、焼却炉を傷めたり、埋め立てをしても分解しない上に容積が大きいために処分場のスペースを占有してし、大きな社会問題となってきている。
【0003】
又、処分されずに投棄された発泡体が及ぼす、河川、海洋など、自然態系への影響も無視ではなくなってきている。そこで、生態系の中で分解し、地球環境への影響が少ない樹脂が開発された。例えば、微生物の体内で合成されるポリヒドロキシブチレート系樹脂や、脂肪族グリコールと脂肪族カルボン酸からなるポリエステル又は、カプロラクトンを主成分とするポリエステル系樹脂などが提案されているが、前者は微生物が作り出すため純度が低く、生産性が悪く、利用は制限されてしまう。
【0004】
そして後者は、原料が石油・天然ガスといった安価で多量に入手できるものであるから生産性は確かに良いが、結晶性樹脂である上にガラス転移点が低いため、生分解性樹脂としては実用性に乏しいと共に原料を石油・天然ガスとしているため、分解すると地球上に存在する炭酸ガスに新たに炭酸ガスが加算され、炭酸ガスの増加抑制に寄与しない。又、長期的にみた場合石油・天然ガスは有限であるため、やがて入手が困難となり、本当の意味での地球環境保全に資し得ない。
【0005】
更に、生分解性の素材としてグリコール酸や乳酸などもグリコリドやラクチドの開環重合によりポリマーが得られ、医療用等の繊維として利用されているが、繊維形成性を持たせるため樹脂に結晶性を付与しており、そのままでは発泡体として、包装容器や緩衝材に大量に使用されるに至っていない。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、生分解性を有しながら、生産性に優れる発泡性樹脂組成物、即ち、微生物による分解が可能で、且つ使用後処分するに際しても地球環境への負荷が少なく、しかも高い生産性を有し、実用に耐えうる発泡性樹脂組成物を提供することにある。本発明者等は、ベースポリマー、それを高分子量化するための添加剤、発泡させるための発泡剤及び発泡助剤等の添加剤等について詳細に検討を重ねた結果、実用上十分な生産性を有する生分解性樹脂組成物を見いだし、既に発明提案を行った。しかし、該発明で得られる樹脂組成物は汎用の発泡成形物として使用されているポリスチレンに比較して成形物の寸法安定性(金型寸法に対する成形物の寸法)が僅かながら劣ることが判明した。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、かかる課題を解決すべく鋭意研究の結果、本発明に使用されるポリ乳酸樹脂組成物に特定の金属酸化物または金属硫酸塩を配合することにより、ポリスチレン発泡体と同レベルの寸法安定性を保持することを見いだし本発明に到達したものである。
【0008】
即ち本発明は、L体とD体のモル比が95/5〜6/40、又は40/60〜5/95であるポリ乳酸に、イソシアネート基≧2.0当量/モルのポリイソシアネートを該ポリ乳酸に対し0.5〜5重量%、およびアスペクト比が1.5以下で平均粒径が3μm以下の実質的に球状の金属酸化物又は金属硫酸塩から選ばれた粒子を5〜30重量%配合してなる、溶融粘度がメルトインデックス値(MI)で5以下であることを特徴とする樹脂組成物である。
【0009】
【発明の実施の形態】
先ず、基本条件の一つである生分解性を有し、自然界の炭酸ガス増加を最小限に抑制し、且つ実用に耐えうる生産性、コストを考慮すると、とうもろこし等、穀物の澱粉をスタート物質とする乳酸を原料とするポリ乳酸樹脂が好ましい。しかし、通常繊維用として使われるものは結晶性を有しないと機械物性、耐熱性等が不足するため、光学異性体のL体がほぼ100%のものを用いている。これに対し、発泡体を形成するためには少なくとも結晶性はできうる限り小さくする必要がある。その理由は、結晶性樹脂は発泡剤を含浸する工程で結晶化が進行し、発泡時に樹脂そのものが伸びないからである。
【0010】
従って、本発明でいうポリ乳酸とは、実質的に非晶性のポリ乳酸であり、L体とD体のモル比が95/5〜60/40,又は40/60〜5/95の乳酸を用いる。L体/D体のモル比が95/5を超えるもの、あるいは5/95未満のものは結晶性が高く、発泡倍率が上がらなかったり、発泡が不均一になり使用できない。また、60/40未満〜40/60を超えるものは耐熱性が劣り使用できない。好ましくは90/10以下〜70/30以上、又は30/70以下〜10/90以上となるのが良い。
【0011】
一方、発泡体に使用される樹脂は、含浸された発泡剤が貯蔵中に揮散するのを極力低減させるため、ガスバリア性の良好な樹脂が好ましいが、該性質を向上させる手段として高ガラス転移点(Tg)を有する樹脂を用いることである。生分解性樹脂の中で、ポリ乳酸樹脂はガラス転移点が他の生分解性樹脂に比して高く、本発明の目的に合致し好都合である。しかし、ポリ乳酸のガラス転移点はL体とD体の割合に応じ僅かずつではあるが低下し、50/50で極小となる。ガラス転移点が低下すると、上記理由により発泡性が経時的に低下し、また発泡体の耐熱性も低下し好ましくない。即ち、ガラス転移点は、50℃以上が好ましく、そのために、D体の比率はできるだけ40モル以下又は60モル%以上、好ましくは30モル以下又は70モル以上としておくことが必要である。
【0012】
次に、本発明に使用されるベースポリマーとしてのポリ乳酸の溶融粘度は高い方が好ましく、その溶融粘度はJIS K 7210(荷重2.16kgf)に準拠したメルトインデックス値(MI)で1〜10の範囲であり、更に好ましくは1〜5の範囲である。ポリ乳酸の溶融粘度度が1未満の樹脂は、通常用いられる後述の方法では製造することが困難であり、一方、10を超える溶融粘度を有するポリ乳酸を高粘度化して得られる樹脂組成物は、発泡倍率の低い発泡体となり好ましい結果は得られない。その理由は、低溶融粘度のポリ乳酸及び高溶融粘度のポリ乳酸をベースポリマーとして使用し、以下に述べるポリイソシアネートと反応させて同一の超高粘度樹脂を得たとき、出発が低溶融粘度のポリ乳酸からの樹脂組成物は高溶融粘度のそれより分岐密度が高くなり過ぎ、架橋構造をとりやすくなって、発泡を阻害すると考えられるからである。
【0013】
一般に、高溶融粘度のポリ乳酸を得る手段として、通常の反応釜での高真空下、攪拌効率の良好な状態での溶融重合、二軸混練反応機による溶融重合、溶融重合と固相重合との組み合わせがあるが、高粘度であるため反応が長くなり生産性が低下し、樹脂の熱分解による品質低下に十分注意する事が必要となる。
【0014】
この方法により、溶融粘度がJIS K 7210(荷重2.16kgf)に準拠したメルトインデックス値(MI)で1〜10の範囲のポリ乳酸を得ることが出来るが、こうして得られたポリ乳酸に発泡剤を含浸、発泡させても発泡倍率は低く実用に耐えうるものではない。高発泡倍率を得るには、更に高溶融粘度の樹脂が必要であり、溶融重合のみでは限界がある。
【0015】
本発明者等は鋭意検討の結果、イソシアネート基≧2.0当量/モルのポリイソシアネートを該ポリ乳酸に対して0.5〜5重量%、好ましくは1〜3重量%をポリ乳酸と溶融状態で混合、反応させることにより溶融粘度がJIS K 7210(荷重21.6kgf)に準拠したメルトインデックス値(MI)が5以下の発泡性の良好な樹脂組成物を得ることが出来た。ポリイソシアネートが0.5重量%未満では樹脂組成物の溶融粘度があまり上昇せず、また5重量%を超えると樹脂組成物の溶融粘度は上昇するものの未反応のポリイソシアネートが残留したり、分岐密度が過大になり又架橋反応も進行し、ゲル化物が多量に発生し、発泡性は逆に低下する。
【0016】
ここで、ポリ乳酸とポリイソシアネートを溶融状態で混合、反応させ超高分子量化させる方法は通常の公知の方法が可能である。例えば、ペレツト化したポリ乳酸にポリイソシアネートを添加混合し単軸又は二軸混練機等で溶融混合する方法、予めポリ乳酸を単軸又は二軸混練機等で溶融した後ポリイソシアネートを添加する方法、単軸又は二軸混練機等で溶融重合によりポリ乳酸を製造又は製造中にポリイソシアネートを添加する方法などにより目的物である樹脂組成物を得ることが出来る。
【0017】
使用されるポリイソシアネートとしては芳香族、脂環族、脂肪族系のポリイソシアネートがあり、例えば、芳香族ポリイソシアネートとしてはトリレン、ジフェニルメタン、ナフチレン、トリジン、キシレン、トリフェニルメタンを骨格とするポリイソシアネート、脂環族ポリイソシアネートとしてはイソホロン、水素化ジフェニルメタンを骨格とするポリイソシアネート、脂肪族ポリイソシアネートとしてはヘキサメチレン、リジンを骨格とするポリイソシアネートがあり、いずれも使用可能であるが汎用性、取り扱い性、耐候性等からトリレン、ジフェニルメタン、特にジフェニルメタンが好ましく使用される。
【0018】
かくして得られたポリ乳酸樹脂組成物は、以下に述べる発泡剤、発泡助剤を含浸させ、発泡処理を行うと高発泡倍率の発泡体が得られる。しかし、該発泡体から成形される成形物は、金型から取り出したときポリスチレン成形物に比して寸法安定性が僅かながら劣る(縮み代が大きい)ことが判明した。この原因については明らかでないが、ポリ乳酸のガラス転移点がポリスチレンのそれの比して低いことが要因の一つとして考えられる。
【0019】
本発明者等は、この課題を克服するため種々検討した結果、特定のアスペクト比及び粒子径を有する金属酸化物または金属硫酸塩を配合することにより、寸法安定性が大幅に改善されることを見いだした。
【0020】
本発明に使用される金属酸化物または金属硫酸塩の平均粒子径としては3μm以下が必要で、更には1μm以下が好ましい。平均粒子径が3μmを超えると寸法安定化の効果が低下し、本発明の目的から逸脱する。一方、発泡体のセルの膜厚は凡そ1.5μm前後であり粒径の大きい粒子は膜の形成を阻害し、且つ、セルの大きさに均一性を欠くこととなり、結果として発泡倍率が大きくならない。平均粒子径が1μm以下であると、セル膜形成への障害が小さくセルの大きさは均一で、発泡倍率も高くより好ましい結果が得られる。
【0021】
また、本発明に使用される金属酸化物及び金属硫酸塩粒子はそのアスペクト比が1.5以下が必要である。アスペクト比が1.5を超えると樹脂組成物の流動性を阻害するため発泡性が低下し好ましくない。アスペクト比が1.5以下では樹脂組成物の流動性を阻害することは少なく、更に好ましくは1.2以下である。即ち、配合する金属酸化物及び金属硫酸塩粒子は実質的に球状であることが必要である。
【0022】
これら粒子の配合量は樹脂組成物に対して5〜30重量%が有効で、更に好ましくは10〜20重量%である。配合量が5重量%未満では寸法安定性の改善にほとんど効果なく、30重量%を超えると配合された樹脂組成物が硬くなり寸法の安定性は向上するものの発泡倍率は極端に低下する。
【0023】
配合する金属酸化物及び金属硫酸塩としては、上記の粒子径、アスペクト比を有し、樹脂と反応しないものであればいずれでも良いが、金属酸化物としては酸化アルミニウム、二酸化ケイ素、酸化チタンが好ましく使用される。また、金属硫酸塩としては硫酸バリウムが好適である。
【0024】
本発明に使用する金属酸化物及び金属硫酸塩の樹脂への配合は公知の方法が可能であり、既に記述したごとく、ポリ乳酸、イソシアネートおよび金属酸化物または金属硫酸塩を予め配合し単または二軸混練機で溶融混練する方法、溶融したポリ乳酸にイソシアネートおよび金属酸化物または金属硫酸塩を添加、混練する方法等種々の方法があるが、粉末化したポリ乳酸にイソシアネートおよび金属酸化物または金属硫酸塩を所定量配合し、二軸混練機で溶融混練する方法が三者の分散性がよく好ましく使用される。
【0025】
また、均一で微細な発泡セルを形成させるためには発泡核剤を配合することが好ましい。使用する発泡核剤としては、固体状の粒子状物、例えば、タルク、カオリン、ゼオライト、マイカ等の無機粒子が好適である。この中でもタルクは本発明の樹脂組成物に対して好ましく使用される。
【0026】
また、その他の添加剤についても、目的に応じ、適宜添加することが出来、例えば熱安定剤、酸化防止剤、難燃剤、紫外線吸収剤、可塑剤等がある。但し、難燃剤等は塩素等のハロゲン化物であることが多く、生分解性や焼却処分時の有害物質発生という観点から最小限に留めておくのがよい。
【0027】
こうして得られた樹脂組成物は、ペレット又はビーズ状粒子とした後、発泡剤及び発泡助剤を含浸させる。これら粒子は通常、加熱によって第1次の発泡(予備発泡)をさせ、一旦、発泡倍率で数倍から30〜50倍の発泡粒子とし、次いでこれらを金型に入れ、更に加熱して2次発泡させ、所望の成形体を成形する。
【0028】
ここで用いる発泡剤及び発泡助剤としては、プロパン、n−ブタン、イソブタン、n−ペンタン、ソペンタン、シクロペンタン、ヘキサン等の炭化水素、塩化メチレン、塩化メチル、ジクロロジフルオロメタン等のハロゲン化炭化水素類、ジメチルエーテル、メチルエチルエーテル等のエーテル類が発泡剤として、又、炭素数1〜4のアルコール、ケトン類、エーテル、ベンゼン、トルエン等が発泡助剤として用いられる。
【0029】
発泡剤と発泡助剤の組み合わせは、使用する樹脂によって適宜選択しなければならない。本発明に使用するL体/D体共重合ポリ乳酸ポリマーの場合、発泡剤として沸点の低いブタンやペンタンが好ましく用いられる。又、これと組み合わせる発泡助剤としては炭素数1〜4の1価のアルコールが好適である。その他の組み合わせも種々あり、効果や経済性に鑑みて選択することができる。
【0030】
発泡剤と発泡助剤の使用比率は、体積比で発泡剤/発泡助剤=1/2〜10/1が可能であるが、発泡剤と発泡助剤の組み合わせによってこの比率は変わり、1/2〜2/1が一般的である。発泡剤及び発泡助剤の含有量(率)は目的とする発泡倍率、ペレット又はビーズ粒子の保存期間によって異なるが発泡剤として通常5〜15重量%である。発泡剤の含有量(率)は、発泡倍率に応じて選択することができる。一般に、低発泡品は含有量(率)を低く、高発泡品は含有量(率)を高くすればよい。
【0031】
発泡剤及び発泡助剤を含有させたペレット又はビーズ粒子は、予備発泡させた後、所望の金型に入れ、更に加熱して発泡を進め、セル同志を融着させて強固な成形体を成形する。従来から行われているポリスチレン(PS)発泡体の成型方法と基本的には同一である。即ち、予備発泡及び発泡成形共に熱容量の大きい水蒸気が好ましく用いられる。
【0032】
得られる発泡成形体の寸法は金型の寸法に近ければ近い程理想的である。実用的な判断からすると収縮率は2%以下が好ましく、本発明に使用するポリ乳酸は、単独ではその収縮率は6%前後でありポリスチレンに比して大きな値である。しかし、本発明の粒子を配合することにより、収縮率は大幅に低減し2%以下となった。
【0033】
【実施例】
以下に実施例及び比較例により、本発明を更に具体的に説明する。尚、評価は下記の方法で行った。
(評価方法)
(1)ベースポリマーとしてのポリ乳酸のMI:JIS K 7210に準拠した方法で測定。(測定温度100℃、オリフィス径2mm、2.16kg荷重の条件)
(2)樹脂組成物のMI:JIS K 7210に準拠した方法で測定。(測定温度100℃、オリフィス径2mm、21.6kg荷重の条件)
(3)発泡倍率:メスシリンダーを用いて、発泡前の発泡剤含浸ペレツトの体積及び予備発泡粒子の体積を測定し、発泡倍率を次のように求めた。
発泡倍率(倍)=予備発泡粒子の体積/発泡剤含浸ペレットの体積
(4)寸法安定性:発泡成形機に300×300×30mmの金型を設置し、予備発泡した発泡体を充填し、スチーム圧0.2kgf/cm2で処理し成形加工した。得られた成形体を30分間室温で放冷した後、寸法を測定し、以下の計算式により寸法安定性を算出した。
寸法安定性(収縮率%)=(1−(成形体の寸法/300))×100
(5)生分解性:予備発泡粒子をコンポストに1ケ月間入れ、外観状態で次のように評価した。
◎:原形をとどめない状態まで分解
○:元の形状はとどめているがぼろぼろまで分解
△:変化は認められるが変化は僅か
×:全く変化なし
―:未測定
【0034】
製造例
市販のL−ラクチド、D−ラクチドをそれぞれ酢酸エチルを用いて再結晶して精製した。精製したL−ラクチド、D−ラクチド及び触媒としてオクチル酸スズを表1の組成になるように攪拌機付きオートクレーブに仕込み、減圧脱気した後、N2雰囲気下で各々の重合条件で開環重合した。反応終了後、オートクレーブよりポリマーを取り出し、粘度(ηr)を測定し、ηrが3.2〜3.5のポリマーを得た。
【0035】
【表1】

Figure 0003787447
【0036】
実施例1〜11、比較例1〜6
P1〜P11のポリ乳酸にイソシアネート化合物「ミリオネートMR―200」(イソシアネート基2.7〜2.8当量/モル、日本ポリウレタン工業(株))、酸化チタン(アスペクト比1.2)及びタルク「LMP―100」(富士タルク工業(株))1.0重量%を表2の組成となるように二軸混練機(PCM―30,池貝鉄工(株))にてシリンダー温度180℃で混練し、ペレット状の樹脂組成物を得た。
【0037】
これらの樹脂組成物のMIを測定した後、オートクレーブに各々2000部、発泡剤としてイソペンタン1200部、発泡助剤としてメタノール240部を仕込み、密封し、20℃/Hrの速度で昇温し、70℃に1時間保持した。その後、25℃間で冷却してから樹脂を取り出し、風乾後、重量を測定し、含浸率を求めた。次いで得られた発泡剤含浸ペレツトを水蒸気(92℃、1分)で予備発泡させ、発泡倍率及び生分解性を評価した。
【0038】
更に、1日熟成後、この予備発泡粒子を密閉金型に充填してスチーム成形機で水蒸気圧0.2kg/cm2、30秒間加熱して成形を行い、各300×300×30mmの成形体を得た。この成形体を室内に30分以上放置したのちそれぞれの寸法を測定し、寸法安定性(収縮率)を評価した。各々の評価の対照として市販の発泡ポリスチレン「リューパール55KSY―3171」(大日本インキ製、但し成形加工は水蒸気圧0.7kg/cm2で実施)を用いた。評価結果は表3の通りであった。
【0039】
【表2】
Figure 0003787447
【0040】
【表3】
Figure 0003787447
【0041】
評価結果
ポリ乳酸のL/D体比率の変化したP1〜P11の樹脂に、それぞれ架橋剤、寸法安定向上剤を同一組成となるように配合、混練した樹脂組成物のMI、発泡倍率、分解性、寸法安定性を比較すると、P1、P11は発泡倍率が小で好ましくなく、P6は発泡倍率、分解性は良好であるが寸法安定性が不良である。一方、寸法安定向上剤の添加量を変化させると、5重量%未満では寸法安定性が悪く、30重量%を超えると発泡倍率が低下するので好ましくない。
【0042】
実施例12〜18比較例7〜12
P3のポリ乳酸にイソシアネート化合物「ミリオネートMR−200」(イソシアネート基2.7〜2.8当量/モル、日本ポリウレタン工業(株))、寸法安定向上剤として二酸化ケイ素または硫酸バリウムをそれぞれ所定量及びタルク1重量%を表4の組成となるように配合し、実施例1〜11、比較例1〜6と同様の混練機、混練条件で処理し、ペレット状樹脂組成物を得、引き続き、同様の処理を行い評価を行った。結果を表5に示した。
【0043】
【表4】
Figure 0003787447
【0044】
【表5】
Figure 0003787447
【0045】
評価結果
寸法安定向上剤として二酸化ケイ素を使用した場合、酸化チタンと同様に添加量が5重量%〜30重量%の範囲は発泡倍率、寸法安定性ともに良好であった。添加量が5重量%未満では収縮率が大きく寸法安定性が不良であり、40重量%を超えると発泡性が極端に低下した。酸化アルミニウムにおいても、二酸化ケイ素とほぼ同一の結果を示した。また、硫酸バリウムにおいて添加量を一定とし、アスペクト比を変化させるとアスペクト比の増大と共に発泡倍率が低下し、1.5を超えると樹脂への拘束性が増大し発泡倍率が低下した。また、平均粒子径を変化させると、平均粒子径が3μmを超えると、発泡倍率が低下し且つ寸法安定性も低下した。
【0046】
実施例19〜25、比較例13〜15
P3のポリ乳酸に種々の官能基数を持つイソシアネートを所定量及び寸法安定向上剤として酸化チタン(平均粒子径0.2μm、アスペクト比1.2)を8重量%添加、配合し、表6に記載の組成で、実施例1〜11、比較例1〜6と同様の混練機、混練条件で処理し、ペレット状樹脂組成物を得、引き続き、同様の処理を行い評価を行った。結果を表7に示した。
【0047】
【表6】
Figure 0003787447
【0048】
【表7】
Figure 0003787447
【0049】
評価結果
実施例13〜25及び比較例13〜15よりイソシアネートの添加量が0.5重量%未満の場合は混練して得られる樹脂組成物のMIが5を超え、発泡倍率が小さく、また、イソシアネートの添加量が5重量%を超えるものはMIは適正範囲にあるものの、分岐、架橋度が大になるため発泡倍率は極端に低下するので好ましくない。一方、イソシアネートの官能基数が2.0未満の場合は、混練して得られる樹脂組成物のMIが5を超え発泡倍率が小さく本発明の目的からはずれている。
【0050】
【発明の効果】
以上、本発明の樹脂組成物は発泡性、耐熱性、機械物性は従来から用いられてきた発泡ポリスチレン(PS)と同程度のものが得られ、さらには制電性に優れ且つ生分解性が著しく優れており、地球環境保全に資する樹脂組成物である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a foam resin composition used as a packaging buffer material having biodegradability.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Plastic foams that make use of lightness, cushioning properties, and moldability are used in large quantities as packaging and packaging materials, and are used because they are chemical products made from petroleum such as polystyrene (PS) and polyolefin. It is difficult to dispose of afterwards, and even if incinerated, the calorie burned is high, the incinerator is damaged, it does not decompose even if it is landfilled, and the volume is large, so it occupies the space of the disposal site, and it is a big social problem It has become.
[0003]
In addition, the influence of natural foams, such as rivers and oceans, caused by foams dumped without being disposed of is no longer negligible. Therefore, a resin was developed that decomposes in the ecosystem and has little impact on the global environment. For example, polyhydroxybutyrate resins synthesized in the body of microorganisms, polyesters composed of aliphatic glycols and aliphatic carboxylic acids, or polyester resins mainly composed of caprolactone have been proposed. Therefore, the purity is low, the productivity is poor, and the use is limited.
[0004]
And the latter is a good product because the raw materials are cheap and available in large quantities such as oil and natural gas, but it is a crystalline resin and has a low glass transition point, so it is practical as a biodegradable resin. Since it has poor properties and uses petroleum / natural gas as the raw material, if it decomposes, carbon dioxide will be added to the carbon dioxide that exists on the earth, and will not contribute to the suppression of the increase in carbon dioxide. In the long term, since oil and natural gas are finite, it will be difficult to obtain in the long run, and it will not contribute to global environmental conservation.
[0005]
In addition, glycolic acid and lactic acid as biodegradable materials are obtained by ring-opening polymerization of glycolide and lactide, and are used as fibers for medical use. As it is, it has not been used in large quantities for packaging containers and cushioning materials as a foam.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention is a foamable resin composition that is biodegradable and excellent in productivity, that is, can be decomposed by microorganisms, and has a low impact on the global environment when disposed after use, and has high productivity. An object of the present invention is to provide a foamable resin composition that can withstand practical use. As a result of repeated studies in detail on the base polymer, an additive for increasing the molecular weight of the base polymer, an additive such as a foaming agent and a foaming auxiliary agent for foaming, etc., the practically sufficient productivity A biodegradable resin composition having the above has been found, and an invention proposal has already been made. However, it has been found that the resin composition obtained in the present invention is slightly inferior in the dimensional stability of the molded product (the size of the molded product relative to the mold size) compared to polystyrene used as a general-purpose foamed molded product. .
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies to solve such problems, the present inventors have blended a specific metal oxide or metal sulfate with the polylactic acid resin composition used in the present invention, thereby achieving the same level as that of polystyrene foam. It has been found that the dimensional stability is maintained, and the present invention has been achieved.
[0008]
The present invention provides a polylactic acid molar ratio of L-form and D-form is 95 / 5-6 0/40, or 40/60 to 5/95, the isocyanate group ≧ 2.0 equivalents / mole of polyisocyanate 5 to 30% by weight of the polylactic acid and 5 to 30 particles selected from substantially spherical metal oxides or metal sulfates having an aspect ratio of 1.5 or less and an average particle diameter of 3 μm or less. It is a resin composition characterized in that the melt viscosity is 5% or less in terms of melt index value (MI).
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
First, it has biodegradability, which is one of the basic conditions, minimizes the increase in carbon dioxide in the natural world, and takes into consideration the productivity and cost that can withstand practical use. A polylactic acid resin using lactic acid as a raw material is preferable. However, since those used for fibers are usually lacking crystallinity, mechanical properties, heat resistance, etc. are insufficient. Therefore, optical isomers having an L form of almost 100% are used. On the other hand, in order to form a foam, at least the crystallinity needs to be as small as possible. The reason is that crystallization proceeds in the step of impregnating the foaming agent with the crystalline resin, and the resin itself does not stretch during foaming.
[0010]
Therefore, the polylactic acid referred to in the present invention is a substantially non-crystalline polylactic acid, and a lactic acid having a molar ratio of L form to D form of 95/5 to 60/40, or 40/60 to 5/95. Is used. Those in which the molar ratio of L-form / D-form exceeds 95/5 or less than 5/95 has high crystallinity, and the foaming ratio does not increase or the foaming becomes nonuniform and cannot be used. Also, those having a heat resistance of less than 60/40 to 40/60 are inferior and cannot be used. Preferably, it is 90/10 or less to 70/30 or more, or 30/70 or less to 10/90 or more.
[0011]
On the other hand, the resin used for the foam is preferably a resin having a good gas barrier property in order to reduce as much as possible the impregnated foaming agent volatilizes during storage, but a high glass transition point as a means to improve the property. It is using resin which has (Tg). Among the biodegradable resins, the polylactic acid resin has a higher glass transition point compared to other biodegradable resins, and is advantageous in meeting the purpose of the present invention. However, the glass transition point of polylactic acid decreases slightly depending on the ratio of L-form and D-form, and becomes minimum at 50/50. When the glass transition point is lowered, the foamability is lowered with time for the above reasons, and the heat resistance of the foam is also lowered. That is, the glass transition point is preferably 50 ° C. or higher. For this reason, the D-form ratio needs to be 40 mol or less or 60 mol% or more, preferably 30 mol or less or 70 mol or more as much as possible.
[0012]
Next, it is preferable that the polylactic acid as the base polymer used in the present invention has a high melt viscosity, and the melt viscosity is 1 to 10 in terms of melt index value (MI) in accordance with JIS K 7210 (load 2.16 kgf). More preferably, it is the range of 1-5. A resin having a polylactic acid having a melt viscosity of less than 1 is difficult to produce by a generally used method described later, whereas a resin composition obtained by increasing the viscosity of polylactic acid having a melt viscosity exceeding 10 is obtained. A foam having a low foaming ratio is obtained, and favorable results cannot be obtained. The reason is that when a low melt viscosity polylactic acid and a high melt viscosity polylactic acid are used as a base polymer and reacted with the polyisocyanate described below to obtain the same ultrahigh viscosity resin, the starting point is a low melt viscosity. This is because the resin composition from polylactic acid has a higher branch density than that of a high melt viscosity, tends to take a crosslinked structure, and is considered to inhibit foaming.
[0013]
In general, as a means of obtaining polylactic acid having a high melt viscosity, melt polymerization in a state where the stirring efficiency is good under high vacuum in a normal reaction kettle, melt polymerization using a biaxial kneading reactor, melt polymerization and solid phase polymerization However, since the viscosity is high, the reaction becomes longer, the productivity is lowered, and it is necessary to pay sufficient attention to the quality degradation due to the thermal decomposition of the resin.
[0014]
According to this method, polylactic acid having a melt index value (MI) in the range of 1 to 10 in accordance with JIS K 7210 (load 2.16 kgf) can be obtained. Even if it is impregnated and foamed, the expansion ratio is low and it cannot be practically used. In order to obtain a high expansion ratio, a resin having a higher melt viscosity is required, and there is a limit to melt polymerization alone.
[0015]
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that polyisocyanate having an isocyanate group ≧ 2.0 equivalents / mol of 0.5 to 5% by weight, preferably 1 to 3% by weight, of polylactic acid with polylactic acid in a molten state. By mixing and reacting, a foamable resin composition having a melt index value (MI) of 5 or less according to JIS K 7210 (load 21.6 kgf) could be obtained. The polyisocyanate is 0. If it is less than 5% by weight, the melt viscosity of the resin composition does not increase so much. If it exceeds 5% by weight, the melt viscosity of the resin composition increases but unreacted polyisocyanate remains or the branch density becomes excessive. In addition, the crosslinking reaction also proceeds, a large amount of gelled product is generated, and the foamability is reduced.
[0016]
Here, as a method of mixing and reacting polylactic acid and polyisocyanate in a molten state to increase the ultra-high molecular weight, an ordinary known method can be used. For example, a method in which polyisocyanate is added and mixed with pelletized polylactic acid and melt-mixed with a single-screw or twin-screw kneader or the like, or a method in which polylactic acid is previously melted with a single-screw or twin-screw kneader or the like and then added with polyisocyanate In addition, a resin composition as a target product can be obtained by a method of adding polyisocyanate during the production of polylactic acid by melt polymerization using a uniaxial or biaxial kneader or the like.
[0017]
Examples of the polyisocyanate used include aromatic, alicyclic, and aliphatic polyisocyanates. Examples of the aromatic polyisocyanate include polyisocyanates having a skeleton of tolylene, diphenylmethane, naphthylene, tolidine, xylene, and triphenylmethane. The cycloaliphatic polyisocyanate includes isophorone, polyisocyanate having a hydrogenated diphenylmethane skeleton, and the aliphatic polyisocyanate has a polyisocyanate having a skeleton of hexamethylene and lysine. From the viewpoint of properties and weather resistance, tolylene, diphenylmethane, especially diphenylmethane is preferably used.
[0018]
When the polylactic acid resin composition thus obtained is impregnated with a foaming agent and a foaming aid described below and subjected to foaming treatment, a foam having a high expansion ratio is obtained. However, it has been found that a molded product molded from the foam is slightly inferior in dimensional stability (larger shrinkage) than the polystyrene molded product when taken out from the mold. Although it is not clear about this cause, it is thought that one of the factors is that the glass transition point of polylactic acid is lower than that of polystyrene.
[0019]
As a result of various studies to overcome this problem, the present inventors have found that the dimensional stability is greatly improved by blending a metal oxide or metal sulfate having a specific aspect ratio and particle diameter. I found it.
[0020]
The average particle diameter of the metal oxide or metal sulfate used in the present invention is required to be 3 μm or less, and more preferably 1 μm or less. When the average particle diameter exceeds 3 μm, the effect of dimensional stabilization is reduced, and deviates from the object of the present invention. On the other hand, the film thickness of the foam cell is about 1.5 μm, and the particles having a large particle size hinder the formation of the film and lack uniformity in the cell size, resulting in a large expansion ratio. Don't be. When the average particle size is 1 μm or less, there are few obstacles to cell film formation, the cell size is uniform, the foaming ratio is high, and more preferable results are obtained.
[0021]
The metal oxide and metal sulfate particles used in the present invention must have an aspect ratio of 1.5 or less. When the aspect ratio exceeds 1.5, the flowability of the resin composition is hindered, and the foamability is lowered. When the aspect ratio is 1.5 or less, the fluidity of the resin composition is hardly impaired, and more preferably 1.2 or less. That is, the metal oxide and metal sulfate particles to be blended must be substantially spherical.
[0022]
The amount of these particles is 5 to 30% by weight, more preferably 10 to 20% by weight, based on the resin composition. If the blending amount is less than 5% by weight, the dimensional stability is hardly improved. If the blending amount exceeds 30% by weight, the blended resin composition becomes hard and the dimensional stability is improved, but the foaming ratio is extremely lowered.
[0023]
Any metal oxide and metal sulfate may be used as long as they have the above particle diameter and aspect ratio and do not react with the resin. Examples of the metal oxide include aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, and titanium oxide. Preferably used. Further, barium sulfate is preferred as the metal sulfate.
[0024]
The compounding of the metal oxide and metal sulfate used in the present invention into the resin can be carried out by a known method. As already described, polylactic acid, isocyanate and metal oxide or metal sulfate are pre-mixed and single or two. There are various methods such as melt kneading with a shaft kneader, and adding and kneading isocyanate and metal oxide or metal sulfate to molten polylactic acid, but isocyanate and metal oxide or metal are added to powdered polylactic acid. A method of blending a predetermined amount of sulfate and melt-kneading with a twin-screw kneader is preferably used because of good dispersibility.
[0025]
In order to form uniform and fine foam cells, it is preferable to add a foam nucleating agent. As the foam nucleating agent to be used, solid particles such as inorganic particles such as talc, kaolin, zeolite and mica are suitable. Among these, talc is preferably used for the resin composition of the present invention.
[0026]
Further, other additives can be appropriately added according to the purpose, and examples thereof include a heat stabilizer, an antioxidant, a flame retardant, an ultraviolet absorber, and a plasticizer. However, flame retardants are often halides such as chlorine and should be kept to a minimum from the viewpoint of biodegradability and generation of harmful substances during incineration.
[0027]
The resin composition thus obtained is made into pellets or beads, and then impregnated with a foaming agent and a foaming aid. These particles are usually subjected to primary foaming (pre-foaming) by heating, once into foamed particles having a foaming ratio of several to 30 to 50 times, and then placed in a mold and further heated to secondary. Foaming is performed to form a desired molded body.
[0028]
The foaming agent and foaming aid used here are hydrocarbons such as propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, sopentane, cyclopentane, hexane, and halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, methyl chloride, and dichlorodifluoromethane. Ethers such as dimethyl ether and methyl ethyl ether are used as blowing agents, and alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, ketones, ethers, benzene, toluene and the like are used as foaming aids.
[0029]
The combination of the foaming agent and the foaming aid must be appropriately selected depending on the resin used. In the case of the L / D copolymer polylactic acid polymer used in the present invention, butane or pentane having a low boiling point is preferably used as the foaming agent. Moreover, as a foaming adjuvant combined with this, a C1-C4 monohydric alcohol is suitable. There are various other combinations, which can be selected in view of effects and economy.
[0030]
The use ratio of the foaming agent and the foaming aid can be foaming agent / foaming aid = 1/2 to 10/1 by volume ratio, but this ratio varies depending on the combination of the foaming agent and the foaming aid. 2 to 2/1 is common. The content (rate) of the foaming agent and foaming aid varies depending on the intended foaming ratio and the storage period of the pellets or bead particles, but is usually 5 to 15% by weight as the foaming agent. The content (rate) of the foaming agent can be selected according to the expansion ratio. In general, the content (rate) of the low foam product is low, and the content (rate) of the high foam product is high.
[0031]
Pellet or bead particles containing a foaming agent and foaming aid are pre-foamed, then placed in the desired mold and further heated to foam and fuse the cells together to form a strong molded body To do. This is basically the same as the conventional molding method of polystyrene (PS) foam. That is, water vapor having a large heat capacity is preferably used for both preliminary foaming and foam molding.
[0032]
The closer the dimensions of the resulting foam molded body are to the dimensions of the mold, the more ideal. From a practical judgment, the shrinkage rate is preferably 2% or less, and the polylactic acid used in the present invention alone has a shrinkage rate of around 6%, which is larger than that of polystyrene. However, by incorporating the particles of the present invention, the shrinkage rate was significantly reduced to 2% or less.
[0033]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples. The evaluation was performed by the following method.
(Evaluation methods)
(1) MI of polylactic acid as a base polymer: measured by a method based on JIS K 7210. (Measurement temperature 100 ° C, orifice diameter 2mm, 2.16kg load condition)
(2) MI of resin composition: measured by a method based on JIS K 7210. (Measurement temperature 100 ° C, orifice diameter 2mm, 21.6kg load condition)
(3) Foaming ratio: Using a graduated cylinder, the volume of the foaming agent impregnated pellet before foaming and the volume of the pre-foamed particles were measured, and the foaming ratio was determined as follows.
Expansion ratio (times) = Volume of pre-expanded particles / Volume of foaming agent impregnated pellets (4) Dimensional stability: A 300 × 300 × 30 mm mold was placed in a foam molding machine and filled with a pre-foamed foam. Processing was performed at a steam pressure of 0.2 kgf / cm 2 to perform molding. After the resulting molded body was allowed to cool at room temperature for 30 minutes, the dimensions were measured, and the dimensional stability was calculated by the following formula.
Dimensional stability (% shrinkage) = (1− (dimension of molded article / 300)) × 100
(5) Biodegradability: Pre-expanded particles were put into compost for 1 month, and the appearance was evaluated as follows.
◎: Decompose to the state where the original shape does not remain ○: Decompose to the original shape but remain fragile △: Change is recognized but slight change ×: No change at all: Unmeasured
Production Examples Commercially available L-lactide and D-lactide were purified by recrystallization using ethyl acetate. Purified L-lactide, D-lactide and tin octylate as a catalyst were charged into an autoclave with a stirrer so as to have the composition shown in Table 1, degassed under reduced pressure, and then subjected to ring-opening polymerization under each polymerization condition in an N 2 atmosphere. . After the completion of the reaction, the polymer was taken out from the autoclave, the viscosity (ηr) was measured, and a polymer having ηr of 3.2 to 3.5 was obtained.
[0035]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003787447
[0036]
Examples 1-11, Comparative Examples 1-6
Polyisocyanate of P1 to P11 and isocyanate compound “Millionate MR-200” (2.7 to 2.8 equivalent / mol of isocyanate group, Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd.), titanium oxide (aspect ratio 1.2) and talc “LMP” -100 "(Fuji Talc Industrial Co., Ltd.) 1.0 wt% was kneaded at a cylinder temperature of 180 ° C with a twin-screw kneader (PCM-30, Ikekai Tekko Co., Ltd.) so as to have the composition shown in Table 2. A pellet-shaped resin composition was obtained.
[0037]
After measuring MI of these resin compositions, each autoclave was charged with 2000 parts, 1200 parts of isopentane as a foaming agent, and 240 parts of methanol as a foaming aid, sealed, heated at a rate of 20 ° C./Hr, 70 Hold at 1 ° C. for 1 hour. Then, after cooling between 25 degreeC, resin was pick_out | removed, the air was dried, the weight was measured, and the impregnation rate was calculated | required. Subsequently, the obtained foaming agent impregnated pellet was prefoamed with water vapor (92 ° C., 1 minute), and the expansion ratio and biodegradability were evaluated.
[0038]
Further, after aging for one day, the pre-expanded particles were filled in a closed mold and molded by heating with a steam molding machine at a water vapor pressure of 0.2 kg / cm 2 for 30 seconds, and each molded body of 300 × 300 × 30 mm. Got. The molded body was allowed to stand in the room for 30 minutes or more, and each dimension was measured to evaluate dimensional stability (shrinkage rate). As a control for each evaluation, a commercially available expanded polystyrene “Ryupearl 55KSY-3171” (manufactured by Dainippon Ink, Ltd., but the molding process was carried out at a water vapor pressure of 0.7 kg / cm 2 ) was used. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3.
[0039]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003787447
[0040]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003787447
[0041]
Evaluation Results MI, foaming ratio, and decomposability of the resin composition obtained by blending and kneading the cross-linking agent and the dimensional stability improver to the same composition in the P1-P11 resins having a different L / D ratio of polylactic acid. When comparing the dimensional stability, P1 and P11 are not preferable because the foaming ratio is small, and P6 is good in the foaming ratio and decomposability, but the dimensional stability is poor. On the other hand, if the addition amount of the dimensional stability improver is changed, the dimensional stability is poor if it is less than 5% by weight, and the foaming ratio decreases if it exceeds 30% by weight, which is not preferable.
[0042]
Examples 12-18 Comparative Examples 7-12
The polylactic acid of P3 has an isocyanate compound “Millionate MR-200” (2.7 to 2.8 equivalents / mol of isocyanate groups, Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd.), silicon dioxide or barium sulfate as a dimensional stability improver, respectively. 1% by weight of talc was blended so as to have the composition shown in Table 4 and treated with the same kneader and kneading conditions as in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 to obtain a pellet-shaped resin composition. The process was evaluated. The results are shown in Table 5.
[0043]
[Table 4]
Figure 0003787447
[0044]
[Table 5]
Figure 0003787447
[0045]
Evaluation results When silicon dioxide was used as a dimensional stability improver, both the expansion ratio and dimensional stability were good when the addition amount was in the range of 5 wt% to 30 wt%, similar to titanium oxide. When the addition amount is less than 5% by weight, the shrinkage ratio is large and the dimensional stability is poor, and when it exceeds 40% by weight, the foamability is extremely lowered. The aluminum oxide showed almost the same result as silicon dioxide. Moreover, when the addition amount was constant in barium sulfate and the aspect ratio was changed, the expansion ratio decreased with an increase in the aspect ratio, and when it exceeded 1.5, the restraint to the resin increased and the expansion ratio decreased. Further, when the average particle size was changed, when the average particle size exceeded 3 μm, the expansion ratio was lowered and the dimensional stability was also lowered.
[0046]
Examples 19-25, Comparative Examples 13-15
Table 3 shows the amount of isocyanate having various functional groups added to P3 polylactic acid and 8% by weight of titanium oxide (average particle size 0.2 μm, aspect ratio 1.2) as a dimensional stability improver. In this composition, the same kneader and kneading conditions as in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 were used to obtain a pellet-shaped resin composition, which was then subjected to the same treatment and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 7.
[0047]
[Table 6]
Figure 0003787447
[0048]
[Table 7]
Figure 0003787447
[0049]
Evaluation results In Examples 13 to 25 and Comparative Examples 13 to 15, when the addition amount of isocyanate is less than 0.5% by weight, the MI of the resin composition obtained by kneading exceeds 5, the expansion ratio is small, When the amount of isocyanate added exceeds 5% by weight, MI is in an appropriate range, but the degree of branching and crosslinking is increased, so that the expansion ratio is extremely lowered. On the other hand, when the number of functional groups of isocyanate is less than 2.0, the MI of the resin composition obtained by kneading exceeds 5 and the expansion ratio is small, which is not the object of the present invention.
[0050]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the resin composition of the present invention has the same foamability, heat resistance, and mechanical properties as those of conventionally used expanded polystyrene (PS), and further has excellent antistatic properties and biodegradability. It is a resin composition that is remarkably excellent and contributes to global environmental conservation.

Claims (5)

L体とD体のモル比が95/5〜6/40、又は40/60〜5/95であるポリ乳酸に、イソシアネート基≧2.0当量/モルのポリイソシアネートを該ポリ乳酸に対し0.5〜5重量%、およびアスペクト比が1.5以下で平均粒径が3μm以下の実質的に球状の金属酸化物又は金属硫酸塩から選ばれた粒子を5〜30重量%配合してなる、溶融粘度がメルトインデックス値(MI)で5以下であることを特徴とする樹脂組成物。The molar ratio of L-form and D-form is 95 / 5-6 0/40, or the polylactic acid is 40/60 to 5/95, to the polylactic acid isocyanate groups ≧ 2.0 equivalents / mole of polyisocyanate 0.5 to 5% by weight, and 5 to 30% by weight of particles selected from substantially spherical metal oxide or metal sulfate having an aspect ratio of 1.5 or less and an average particle diameter of 3 μm or less A melt composition having a melt index value (MI) of 5 or less. 金属酸化物が酸化アルミニウム、二酸化ケイ素、酸化チタンの群から選ばれた化合物である請求項1に記載の樹脂組成物。  The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide is a compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, and titanium oxide. 金属硫酸塩が硫酸バリウムである請求項1に記載の樹脂組成物。  The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal sulfate is barium sulfate. 金属酸化物及び金属硫酸塩のアスペクト比が1.2以下である請求項1に記載の樹脂組成物。  The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide and the metal sulfate have an aspect ratio of 1.2 or less. 金属酸化物及び金属硫酸塩の平均粒子径が1μm以下である請求項1に記載の樹脂組成物。  The resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide and the metal sulfate have an average particle size of 1 μm or less.
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