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JP4029499B2 - Method for producing rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnet, processing vessel used in the production method, and method for producing permanent magnet - Google Patents
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JP4029499B2 - Method for producing rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnet, processing vessel used in the production method, and method for producing permanent magnet - Google Patents

Method for producing rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnet, processing vessel used in the production method, and method for producing permanent magnet Download PDF

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JP4029499B2
JP4029499B2 JP30663498A JP30663498A JP4029499B2 JP 4029499 B2 JP4029499 B2 JP 4029499B2 JP 30663498 A JP30663498 A JP 30663498A JP 30663498 A JP30663498 A JP 30663498A JP 4029499 B2 JP4029499 B2 JP 4029499B2
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alloy powder
heat treatment
hydrogen atmosphere
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JP2000133508A (en
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浩之 冨澤
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Proterial Ltd
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Hitachi Metals Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/047Alloys characterised by their composition
    • H01F1/053Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
    • H01F1/055Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
    • H01F1/057Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
    • H01F1/0571Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
    • H01F1/0573Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes obtained by reduction or by hydrogen decrepitation or embrittlement

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Cores, Coils, And Magnets (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末および希土類系合金永久磁石の製造方法に関する。特に、各種モータ、アクチュエータ等に適した希土類系ボンド磁石ならびに焼結磁石に用いられる希土類系合金粉末の製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
希土類系永久磁石用合金粉末の水素処理法には、HDDR(Hydrogenation-Disproportionation-Desorption-Recombination)処理法と呼ばれるものがある。「HDDR」は、水素化(Hydrogenation)、不均化(Disproportionation)、脱水素化(Desorption)、および再結合(Recombination)を順次実行するプロセスを意味している。本願明細書では、このような「HDDR処理」を「水素雰囲気熱処理」と呼ぶことにする。この水素雰囲気熱処理は、R−T−(M)−B系原料合金(RはYを含む希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeとCoとの混合物、Mは添加元素、Bはボロン)のインゴットまたは粉末をH2ガス雰囲気またはH2ガスと不活性ガスとの混合雰囲気中で温度500℃〜1000℃に保持し、それによって上記合金のインゴットまたは粉末に水素を吸蔵させた後、H2分圧13Pa以下の真空雰囲気またはH2分圧13Pa以下の不活性ガス雰囲気になるまで温度500℃〜1000℃で脱水素処理し、次いで冷却することによって合金磁石粉末を得る方法を意味するものとする。
【0003】
水素雰囲気熱処理法によって希土類系永久磁石用合金粉末を製造する方法は、例えば特開平1−132106号公報に開示されている。水素雰囲気熱処理法で製造されたR−T−(M)−B系合金磁石粉末は大きな保磁力を有しており、組成および処理条件の選択によっては磁気的な異方性を有する。このような性質を有するのは、金属組織が実質的に0.1〜1μmの非常に微細な結晶の集合体となるためである。より詳細には、上記水素雰囲気熱処理によって得られる極微細結晶の粒径が正方晶R214B系化合物の単磁区臨界粒径に近いために高い保磁力を発揮し、しかも、極微細結晶粒が結晶方位をある程度そろえて集合しているためである。
【0004】
特開平2−4901号公報には、水素雰囲気熱処理法に用いられ得る種々のヒートパターンが開示されている。この公報では、原料合金に対して水素雰囲気熱処理の前に均一化熱処理を行うことも提案されている。
【0005】
特開平3−146608号公報および特開平4−17604号公報には、水素雰囲気熱処理中の温度変化が磁性合金粉末の磁気的性質に影響すること、および、この温度変化が水素雰囲気熱処理中に生じる化学反応の反応熱に起因することを指摘している。これらの公報は、このような温度変化を最小にするために蓄熱材を混入して水素雰囲気熱処理を行うことを提案している。
【0006】
特開平5−163510号公報では、処理設備の操業能率を低下させる蓄熱材を用いることなく、温度変化を50℃以内に抑えることができる処理炉の構造が提案されている。
【0007】
特開平7−188713号公報には、多量処理時の温度変化等による磁気特性の変動を回避するため、原料合金を少量ずつに分割してそれぞれ小型反応器に充填し、それらに同時に加熱および水素ガスの供給・排出等の操作を加えて磁気特性の均質化と処理量増加を同時に達成しようとする試みが示されている。
【0008】
一方、発明者は種々の検討を行った結果、水素雰囲気熱処理によって得られた磁粉の磁気特性を高め、さらに安定に量産性よく製造するためには、単純に原料の実温度変化の制御だけでは困難であること、特に高い磁気的異方性を有する磁粉を得るためには水素化処理の過程における中間生成物相を規定する必要があることを見いだした(特開平7−54003号公報および特開平9−256001号公報等)。特開平7−54003号公報および特開平9−256001号公報が開示しているように、水素雰囲気中での加熱および高温保持によって生成する中間生成物が、R水素化物相、T−B化合物相、T相、およびR214B相の少なくとも4相を示し、R214B相の磁化容易方向がある程度そろっていることが高い磁気異方性を有する磁粉を得るには必要である。これを実現するため、水素雰囲気での昇温速度を600℃〜750℃の温度域において10℃/mim〜200℃/mimとし、750℃〜900℃の温度範囲で15分〜8時間保持する。
【0009】
本願発明者は、脱水素処理において雰囲気の総圧を100Pa〜50kPaの範囲に保持し、脱水素反応の速度を適切に制御することによって、処理量に依存することなく高い保磁力および大きな磁気異方性を達成できることを見いだし、そのことを特開平7−54003号公報に開示している。かかる発明によって、高性能の合金磁粉が多量に得ることが可能になった。
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、水素雰囲気熱処理に使用する処理容器(以下、「処理容器」と称する)の部位によって残留磁化の程度が低い粉末や保磁力の小さな粉末が混在するという問題が生じることを本願発明者は見いだした。このような磁気特性に劣る粉末が僅かでも混在すると、処理容器に含まれる合金磁粉全体の平均的な磁気特性が低下することとなる。本来は高いポテンシャルを備えた合金磁粉であっても、その中に劣特性の磁粉が混入してしまうと、全体の磁気特性を低下させた状態で使用するか、または、特性の優れた磁粉を選別して使用せざるを得なくなる。このことは、合金磁粉の量産化をはかる上で大きな支障となる。
【0011】
磁気特性のばらつきは、水素化・分解反応および水素放出・再結晶化反応の際の反応速度や、その反応に伴う温度変化を原因として生じると考えられる。すなわち、反応速度が局所的に変化すると、その影響で温度も局所的に変化するため、これら複数の原因が複合して磁気特性にばらつきが生じると考えられる。
【0012】
蓄熱材を用いる方法や、雰囲気制御によって反応速度を調整する方法によっては、上記磁気特性のばらつきを解消することは困難である。また、反応の均質化を目的として、原料合金粉末を薄く拡げて処理する方法では、雰囲気中の酸素、水分等の不純物、炉材から持ち込まれる不純物、さらに原料合金中の希土類元素成分の揮発等によって、合金磁粉の磁気特性、特に処理時に表層部に位置した合金磁粉の磁気特性が低下してしまうことになる。
【0013】
本発明は斯かる諸点に鑑みてなされたものであり、その主な目的は、多量の合金粉末を均質な磁気特性を有するように処理する永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法を提供することにある。
【0014】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明による永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法は、R−T−(M)−B系合金粉末(RはYを含む希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeとCoとの混合物、Mは添加元素、Bはボロン)に対して水素雰囲気熱処理を行う永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法であって、対向間隔dが30mm以下になるように配置された複数の側面部と、前記複数の側面部の一端を相互に連結する底面部と、前記底面部に対向する位置に形成した開口部とを備えた処理容器内に前記合金粉末を充填する工程と、前記処理容器内の前記合金粉末に対して前記水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する工程とを包含する。
【0015】
本発明による他の永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法は、R−T−B系合金粉末(RはYを含む希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeとCoとの混合物、Bはボロン)に対して水素雰囲気熱処理を行う永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法であって、対向間隔dが30mm以下になるように配置された複数の側面部と、前記複数の側面部の一端を相互に連結する底面部と、前記底面部に対向する位置に形成した開口部とを備えた処理容器内に前記合金粉末を充填する工程と、前記処理容器内の前記合金粉末に対して前記水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する工程とを包含する。
【0016】
本願明細書において、R−T−(M)−B系合金粉末は、元素Mが添加されていない粉末をも包含するものとする。
【0017】
前記処理容器に充填した前記合金粉末の充填深さは100mm以下であることが好ましい。
【0018】
前記処理容器を15mm以上離して複数個配列して前記水素雰囲気熱処理を実行することが好ましい。
【0019】
好ましい実施形態では、前記水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する工程は、前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末に対して水素化および不均化を行う第1処理工程と、前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末に対して脱水素化および再結合を行う第2処理工程とを包含する。
【0020】
前記第1処理工程は、少なくともH2ガスを含む雰囲気中で前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末を温度500℃〜1000℃に保持し、それによって前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末に水素を吸蔵させる工程を含み、前記第2処理工程は、H2分圧13Pa以下の状態で前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金を温度500℃〜1000℃に保持し、それによって前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末に対する脱水素処理を行う工程を含むことが好ましい。
【0021】
本発明による水素雰囲気熱処理のための処理容器は、永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の水素雰囲気熱処理に用いられる処理容器であって、対向間隔dが30mm以下になるように配置された複数の側面部と、前記複数の側面部の一端を相互に連結する底面部と、前記底面部に対向する位置に形成した開口部とを備え、950℃以下の温度で水素脆性を示さない材料から形成されている。
【0022】
本発明による永久磁石の製造方法は、R−T−(M)−B系合金粉末(RはYを含む希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeとCoとの混合物、Mは添加元素、Bはボロン)を作製する工程と、対向間隔dが30mm以下になるように配置された複数の側面部と、前記複数の側面部の一端を相互に連結する底面部と、前記底面部に対向する位置に形成した開口部とを備えた処理容器内に前記合金粉末を充填する工程と、前記処理容器内の前記合金粉末に対して水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する工程と、前記合金粉末を用いて磁石を作製する工程とを包含する。
【0023】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明者は、金属またはその化合物と雰囲気ガスとの不均化反応を制御するには、ミクロな界面層部分での雰囲気ガスの分子または原子の濃度や吸着状態が直接に「反応速度」および/または「不均化反応に伴う温度変化」に影響するとの観点から、磁気特性ばらつき低減のための処理条件を種々検討した。その結果、原料合金粉末を充填する処理容器の形状およびサイズを適正化し、さらには処理容器の配列を適正化することによって均質で高い磁気特性を有する磁粉を製造し得ることを見出した。
【0024】
より詳細には、本発明者は通常の矩形処理容器を用いて処理を行った水素雰囲気熱処理磁粉の磁気特性を処理容器内の位置毎に詳細に調査した。その結果、以下の現象を見いだした。
【0025】
1.処理容器内に充填した水素雰囲気熱処理磁粉の最表層部では、処理雰囲気中の不純物等に起因して固有保磁力(Intrinsic coercivity: HCJ)および残留磁化(Magnetization: Jr)がともに低いということ。
【0026】
2.処理容器の内壁面に沿った部分では、固有保磁力は高いが残留磁化が低いということ。
【0027】
3.処理容器の中央部分では、固有保磁力は低いが、残留磁化が高いということ。
【0028】
固有保磁力および残留磁化の水素化時間依存性を図1に示し、固有保磁力および残留磁化の脱水素化時間依存性を図2に示す。なお、図中のJは、外部磁界Hex=1.2MAm-1における磁化を示している。
【0029】
図1からわかるように、水素化時間が増大するに伴って固有保磁力が増加する一方、残留磁化が低下する領域が存在している。このような領域では、水素化反応の進展が固有保磁力を相対的に増加させ、残留磁化を低下させる。上記2および3は、処理容器の内壁面に沿った部分では水素化反応が進み、処理容器の中央部分ではその反応の進行が相対的に遅れていることを意味している。従って、処理時間を調整することによって処理容器内の粉末全体における平均的磁気特性を最適化しようとすると、処理容器壁面の近傍においても、また、処理容器の中央部においても、固有保磁力および残留磁化の両方が充分に高い粉末を作製することはできない。
【0030】
本発明者は、水素と粉末との間で生じる反応が処理容器の壁面近傍で促進される(壁面効果)と考え、種々の壁面間隔(対向間隔d)を持つ処理容器を用いて水素雰囲気熱処理を試みた。そして処理容器内の位置毎に充填磁粉の磁気特性を評価し、それによって壁面効果を実質的に全ての粉末に及ぼし得るように処理容器の形状およびサイズを適正化した。
【0031】
さらに、処理容器の深さおよび処理容器内の原料充填深さを種々に変えて深さ方向の位置毎の磁気特性を評価することによって、原料充填深さも適正化し、同時に処理容器最表層部における磁気特性劣部分の影響を最小にすることを可能にした。
【0032】
以下、本発明による処理容器形状および寸法の限定理由を詳細に説明する。
【0033】
水素雰囲気熱処理法においては、固相−気相間の反応が重要である。この処理を大量に効率よく行うためには、反応ガスである水素ガスをいかに均一に供給し、さらに均一に放出させるかが最大のポイントとなる。
【0034】
本発明者の観察結果によれば、充填磁粉と雰囲気との間での水素ガスの出入りは、処理容器壁面に沿って行われる場合が最も速やかである。そのため、壁面に近い位置にある原料合金粉末に対しては、処理容器外部からの処理条件制御が容易である。これに対して、壁面から離れた部分では水素ガスを介して原料合金粉末が相互に干渉し合うため、外部から適切な温度・水素分圧に制御することは困難である。
【0035】
そこで、本発明では対向間隔dが30mm以下の側面を持つ処理容器を用いて水素雰囲気熱処理を行う。対向間隔dを30mm以下に制限する理由は、対向間隔dが30mmを超えると、壁面から離れた中央部での水素化反応速度が低下し、その結果、処理容器中央に位置する磁粉の保磁力が低下し、水素雰囲気熱処理磁粉全体の磁気特性が劣化するからである。
【0036】
本発明では処理容器開口部の長辺方向の寸法を規定していない。これは、短辺寸法(対向間隔d)の制限によって、処理容器の壁面効果が全ての部位に及び、どの位置においても十分均質な磁粉が得られるためである。従って、処理容器の長辺方向の寸法は取り扱いの容易さによって適宜決定することになる。
【0037】
実験によれば、合金粉末の充填深さが100mmを超えると、上記「壁面効果」をもってしても処理容器の底部において均質な水素雰囲気熱処理を達成することが困難になることがわかった。このため、合金粉末の充填深さは100mm以下であることが好ましい。
【0038】
また、本発明では壁面効果にとって重要な働きを示している容器側面部どうしを15mm以上離して複数の処理容器を配置する。その理由は、当該処理容器の相互間隔が15mm未満であると、隣接処理容器間で雰囲気の水素ガスを通じて干渉が生じる結果、中央付近に配置された処理容器で処理された磁粉の保磁力が小さくなり、処理磁粉全体を混合したときの全体の磁気特性、特に減磁曲線の角形性が低下してしまうからである。
【0039】
本発明の処理容器は、室温以上950℃以下の温度範囲で水素脆性を示さない材料から形成されていることが好ましい。950℃を上限とする理由は以下の通りである。
【0040】
水素雰囲気熱処理の温度は原料合金の組成によって異なるが、約900℃以下である。しかし、原料合金が水素を吸収する際に大きな反応熱が放出されるため、一時的ではあるが、原料合金の温度が設定された処理温度より50℃も高くなることがある。このため、950℃以下で脆化しない材料から処理容器を形成しておけば設定温度を900℃にまで上昇させても大きな問題は生じない。なお、ここで、水素脆性を示さないとは、材料への水素の進入、放出の繰り返しにより脆化が起こりにくいことをいう。実用的には、高Ni、Cr系のステンレス、Ni基超合金が好ましいと考えられる。具体的には、例えば、SUS310S、インコネル、ハステロイ等が本発明の処理容器材料に適している。コストは増加するが、MoおよびW等の材料を用いてもよい。なお、本発明の処理容器の材料が上記材料に限定されないことは言うまでもない。
【0041】
以下、本発明の実施例を説明する。
【0042】
(実施例1)
実施例では、Nd12.5Fe75.0Co5.9Ga0.5Zr0.16.0(各組成は原子%)の合金鋳塊を原料合金として用いた。この原料合金に対して、Ar雰囲気中で1100℃、36ks(=36×1000秒)の均質化熱処理をした。この均質化処理は、平均結晶粒径を約100μm以上に粗大化させるために行う。均質化処理済みの原料合金を0.2MPaの水素雰囲気で10.8ks保持して脆化させ、300μmのふるいを通して原料粉末を得た。なお、上記合金鋳塊の代わりに合金薄片を用いても良い。また、スタンプミルなどを用いて原料合金を粉砕してもよい。
【0043】
こうして得た原料粉末を、図3(a)〜(f)に示すような1mm厚のSUS310S板から作製した種々の処理容器内に約45mmの深さになるまで充填し、水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。処理容器としては、容器深さを50mmとし、開口部の長手方向寸法を70mmと一定にしながら、開口幅(壁面の対向間隔d)を種々の値に設定した容器を用いた。図3(e)および(f)は、比較例を示している。
【0044】
水素雰囲気熱処理は、以下の条件で行った。
【0045】
まず、水素圧力が0.15MPaの水素雰囲気にて昇温速度を15℃/mimとして820℃まで昇温し、この温度で7.2ks保持した。次に、温度および炉内総圧を維持したままArガスで5分間炉内の水素ガスを置換した後、温度を維持したままArガスを5l/mimの流量で導入しつつロータリーポンプにより炉内を排気した。このとき、バルブ開度を調整することによって最終的に炉内の総圧力を5kPaでバランスさせた。この状態を1.8ks間保持し、その間に原料粉末内の水素ガスを放出させた。
【0046】
このようにして得られた磁粉の磁気特性を図4に示す。図4は、固有保磁力HCJ、残留磁化Jr、および外部磁界Hex=1.2MAm-1における飽和磁化Jの開口幅(壁面の対向間隔d)依存性を示している。図4からわかるように、開口幅(壁面の対向間隔d)が30mmを越えて大きくなると、固有保磁力HCJが急激に低下する。
【0047】
(実施例2)
本実施例では、実施例1で用いた原料合金粉末と同組成の原料合金粉末を用いた。開口幅(対向間隔d)20mm、深さ50mm、長さ(L)70mmの処理容器に200gの原料粉末を充填し、開口幅(対向間隔d)20mm、深さ50mm、長さ(L)250mmの処理容器に700gの原料粉末を充填した。水素雰囲気熱処理は実施例1の処理条件と同じ条件で行った。
【0048】
図5は、本実施例2で使用した処理容器の1つを示している。
【0049】
図6は、水素雰囲気熱処理後の各処理容器から得られた磁粉の減磁曲線(Demagetization Curve)を示している。図6からわかるように、壁面の対向間隔dが20mmであれば、長手方向の開口サイズ(L)に関係なく、好ましい磁気特性が確保される。
【0050】
(実施例3)
本実施例でも、実施例1で用いた原料合金粉末と同組成の原料合金粉末を用いた。開口幅(対向間隔d)20mm、長さ70mm、深さ120mmの処理容器に450gの原料合金粉末を充填し、実施例1の水素雰囲気熱処理条件と同一の条件で水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。処理後の処理容器内磁粉を深さ方向に6分割し、深さ方向の磁気特性の分布を測定した。その結果を図7に示す。図7では、処理容器の内壁面と底面との間の角部に近い位置(Corner)で水素雰囲気熱処理を受けた磁粉について三角印でデータポイントを示し、処理容器の中央部(Center)で水素雰囲気熱処理を受けた磁粉について白丸印でデータポイントを示している。充填深さが100mmを越えると、固有保磁力HCJおよび残留磁化Jrが急激に低下することが図7からわかる。
【0051】
(実施例4)
実施例1に用いたものと同じ原料合金粉末を、開口幅(対向間隔d)25mm、長さ100mm、深さ70mmの処理容器に500g充填し、実施例1と同じ条件で水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。このとき得られた磁粉の磁気特性を、処理容器内の6点について減磁曲線で比較した。この結果を図8に示す。図8からわかるように、位置6、位置3、位置5、位置4、位置2、および位置1の順番で固有保磁力が低下している。しかし、何れの位置でも優れた磁気特性が得られており、壁面効果が処理容器の中央部や底部にまで及んでいることがわかる。
【0052】
(比較例1)
実施例1に用いたものと同じ原料合金粉末を、開口幅(対向間隔d)70mm、長さ250mm、深さ25mmの処理容器に1kg充填し、実施例1と同じ条件で水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。比較例1で使用された処理容器を図9に示す。このとき得られた磁粉の磁気特性を、処理容器内の3点についての減磁曲線で比較した。その結果を図10に示す。図10から明らかなように、処理容器内の各部で粉末の磁気特性は劣化している。
【0053】
(実施例5)
実施例1に用いたものと同じ原料合金粉末を、開口幅(対向間隔d)15mm、長さ70mm、深さ50mmの処理容器に150g充填したものを、30mm幅のスペーサーを挟んで図11に示すように複数個配列した状態で炉内に設置した。水素雰囲気熱処理は実施例1の処理条件と同じ条件で行った。2つの処理容器について、このとき得られた磁粉の磁気特性を評価した。この結果を図12に減磁曲線で示す。何れも、良好な磁気特性を示している。
【0054】
(比較例2)
実施例5に示した原料粉末を充填した原料処理容器を、図13に示すように、間隔d=15mmで対向している容器側面部が隣接するように隙間なく配列して炉内に設置した。水素雰囲気熱処理は実施例5と同じ条件で行った。このときの磁気特性の評価結果を図14に減磁曲線で示す。図14から明らかなように、中央部分に配置された処理容器内の磁粉の磁気特性は劣化している。中央部分では水素の消費量に対する供給量の割合が低下し、そのせいで水素化および/または脱水素化反応が不十分になるものと考えられる。
【0055】
(実施例6)
本実施例では、Nd12.5Fe72.0Co8.6Ga0.8Zr0.16.0(各組成は原子%)の合金鋳塊を原料合金として用いる。この原料合金に対して、Ar雰囲気中で1080℃、36ksの均質化熱処理をした。均質化処理済みの原料合金を0.2MPaの水素雰囲気で7.2ks保持して脆化させ、150μmのふるいを通して原料粉末を得た。
【0056】
この原料合金粉末を、1mm厚のSUS310S板から作製した処理容器に900g充填した。当該処理容器は、開口部25mm×250mm、深さ50mmの大きさを有している。この処理容器を4個、図15に示すように間隔dで対向する壁面どうしが種々の間隔Xmmで隣接するように炉内で配列し、水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。水素雰囲気熱処理は、以下の条件で行った。
【0057】
水素圧力0.20MPaの水素雰囲気にて昇温速度15℃/mimで850℃まで昇温する工程、この温度で7.2ks保持する工程、温度および炉内総圧を維持したままArガスで5分間炉内の水素ガスを置換する工程、温度を維持したままArガスを5l/mimの流量で導入しつつロータリーポンプにて炉内を排気し、バルブ開度の調整で最終的に炉内総圧2kPaでバランスさせる工程、このまま3.6ksで保持し、原料粉末内の水素ガスを放出させる工程を順次実行した。こうして得られた磁粉の磁気特性を図16に減磁曲線で示す。図16からわかるように、処理容器間隔Xが15mm以上の場合に良好な磁気特性が得られる。図16中、X=0mm、5mm、および10mmの各条件のもとで得られた曲線は比較例のものである。
【0058】
(実施例7)
下記表1に、3種類の合金鋳塊(原料No.1〜3)の組成およびそれぞれの均質化処理条件を示す。
【0059】
【表1】

Figure 0004029499
【0060】
表1に示される各条件のもとで均質化処理を施した合金鋳塊を、0.2MPaの水素雰囲気にて7.2ksで保持して脆化させた後、150μmのふるいを通してそれぞれ原料粉末を得た。この原料粉末を1mm厚のSUS310S板から作製した処理容器に900g充填した。当該処理容器は、開口部25mm×250mm、深さ50mmの大きさを有している。この処理容器を、図17に示すように30mm幅のスペーサー103を一組の水平支持材102に配置した架台170に5個並べ、それぞれの組成に応じた処理条件で水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。図17において、処理容器には参照番号「100」を付加している。
【0061】
得られた総量4.5kgの磁粉の磁気特性を表2に示す。なお、表2中には水素雰囲気熱処理条件をも示している。
【0062】
【表2】
Figure 0004029499
【0063】
表2では、各試料についてJr(残留磁化)、HcJ(固有保磁力)、およびHkの測定値を記載している。Hkは、減磁曲線の角形性を示す指標であり、磁化の大きさが残留磁化Jrの90%を示すときの外部磁界強度の絶対値で表される。なお、原料No.2の組成および処理条件は、磁気的に等方性となることを狙ったものである。何れも優れた磁気特性を示している。
【0064】
(実施例8)
本実施例で用いた3種類の合金鋳塊(原料No.1〜3)の組成およびそれぞれの均質化処理条件は表1に示すとおりである。この均質化処理済みの合金を、0.2MPaの水素雰囲気にて7.2ksで保持して脆化させ、150μmのふるいを通してそれぞれ原料粉末とした。
【0065】
この原料粉末を、1mm厚のSUS310S板から作製した処理容器に900g充填した。当該処理容器は、開口部25mm×250mm、深さ50mmの大きさを有している。この処理容器12個を図18に示す架台180上に配置した。架台180は、垂直支持部材104a、水平支持部材104bおよび104cによって処理容器を3段に積めるように構成したものである。水平支持部材104b上には30mm幅のスペーサー105が設けられており、各処理容器100に30mmの間隔を与えている。このようにして処理容器100を搭載した架台180を2組用意し、処理容器100の幅の狭い側面が相互に接するように炉内に装填した後、それぞれの組成に応じた処理条件で水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。得られた総量21.6kgの磁粉の磁気特性を表3に示す。なお、表3中には、水素雰囲気熱処理条件も示してある。
【0066】
【表3】
Figure 0004029499
【0067】
表3でも、各試料についてJr、HcJ、およびHkの測定値を記載している。本実施例でも実施例7の磁気特性と同様の優れた磁気特性を示す磁粉が得られた。
【0068】
(実施例9)
本実施例で用いた3種類の合金鋳塊(原料No.1〜3)の組成およびそれぞれの均質化処理条件は表1に示すとおりである。この均質化処理済みの合金を、0.2MPaの水素雰囲気にて7.2ksで保持して脆化させ、150μmのふるいを通してそれぞれ原料粉末とした。
【0069】
この原料粉末を、1mm厚のSUS310S板から作製した処理容器に900g充填した。当該処理容器は、開口部25mm×250mm、深さ50mmの大きさを有している。この処理容器100を、図19に示すように架台190に搭載した。架台190は、処理容器100の間隔が25mmとなるように配列されたスライダレール106を有しており、このスライダレール106を垂直支持部材104a、水平支持部材104bおよび104cが支持している。12個の処理容器100を架台190上に載せ、炉内に装填し、それぞれの組成に応じた処理条件で水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。得られた総量10.8kgの磁粉の磁気特性を表4に示す。なお、表4中には、水素雰囲気熱処理条件も示してある。
【0070】
【表4】
Figure 0004029499
【0071】
表4でも、各試料についてJr、HcJ、およびHkの測定値を記載している。本実施例でも実施例7の磁気特性と同様の優れた磁気特性を示す磁粉が得られた。
【0072】
(比較例3)
この比較例に用いた3種類の合金鋳塊(原料No.1〜3)の組成およびそれぞれの均質化処理条件は表1に示すとおりである。均質化処理済みの合金を0.2MPaの水素雰囲気にて7.2ksで保持して脆化させ、150μmのふるいを通してそれぞれ原料粉末とした。
【0073】
この原料粉末を、1mm厚のSUS310S板から作製した処理容器に1kg充填した。当該処理容器は、開口部25mm×250mm、深さ50mmの大きさを有している。この処理容器12個を、例えば図13に示すように、炉内に容器側面部が対向する方向で隙間無く並べ、それぞれ組成に応じた条件で原料磁粉総量10.8kgの水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。得られた磁粉の磁気特性を水素雰囲気熱処理条件と共に表5に示す。
【0074】
【表5】
Figure 0004029499
【0075】
表5でも、各試料についてJr、HcJ、およびHkの測定値を記載している。本比較例の磁気特性は実施例の磁気特性に比べて劣化していることがわかる。特に、HcJおよびHkの値が大きく低下している。
【0076】
(比較例4)
この比較例に用いた3種類の合金鋳塊の組成およびそれぞれの均質化処理条件は表1に示すとおりである。均質化処理済みの合金を0.2MPaの水素雰囲気にて7.2ksのあいだ保持して脆化させた後、150μmのふるいを通して、それぞれ原料粉末とした。
【0077】
この原料粉末を1mm厚のSUS310S板から作製した処理容器に1kg充填した。当該処理容器は、開口部サイズ70mm×250mm、深さ25mmの大きさを有している。この処理容器を12個用意し、炉内に上下2段に並べ、それぞれ組成に応じた条件で原料磁粉総量12kgの水素雰囲気熱処理を行った。なお、上段と下段の間には、雰囲気ガスの流路を確保するため、スノコ状の40mm厚のスペーサーを挟んだ。得られた磁粉の磁気特性を水素雰囲気熱処理条件と共に表6に示す。
【0078】
【表6】
Figure 0004029499
【0079】
表6でも、各試料についてJr、HcJ、およびHkの測定値を記載している。本比較例の磁気特性も実施例の磁気特性に比べて劣化していることがわかる。
【0080】
上記の各実施例では、例えばNd12.5Fe75.0Co5.9Ga0.5Zr0.16.0(各組成は原子%)を原料合金として用いた。しかし、本発明の用途はこの材料に限定されず、広くR−T−(M)−B系合金粉末(RはYを含む希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeとCoとの混合物、Mは添加元素、Bはボロン)に適用できる。
【0081】
本発明では、希土類元素Rとして、Y、La、Ca、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Luの少なくとも一種類の元素を含有する原料を用いる。充分な磁化を得るには、希土類元素Rのうちの50at%以上がPrまたはNdの何れかまたは両方によって占められることが好ましい。
【0082】
希土類元素Rが10at%以下では、α−Fe相の析出によって保磁力が低下する。また、希土類元素Rが20at%を超えると、目的とする正方晶Nd2Fe14B型化合物以外にRリッチの第2相が多く析出し、磁化が低下する。このため、希土類元素Rは全体の10〜20at%の範囲内にあることが好ましい。
【0083】
Tは鉄族元素であって、FeおよびCoを含む。Tが67at%未満の場合、保磁力および磁化ともに低い第2相が析出するため磁気特性が劣化する。Tが85at%を超えると、α−Fe相の析出によって保磁力が低下し、また角型性も低下する。このため、Tの含有量は67〜85at%の範囲内にあることが好ましい。
【0084】
なお、TはFeのみから構成されていても良いが、Coの添加によってキュリー温度が上昇し、耐熱性が向上する。Tの50at%以上はFeで占められることが好ましい。Feの割合が50at%を下回ると、Nd2Fe14B型化合物の飽和磁化そのものが減少するからである。
【0085】
Bは、正方晶Nd2Fe14B型結晶構造を安定的に析出するために必須である。Bの添加量が4at%未満ではR217相が析出するため保磁力が低下し、減磁曲線の角型性が著しく損なわれる。また、Bの添加量が10at%を超えると、磁化の小さな第2相が析出してしまう。従って、Bの含有量は4〜10at%の範囲であることが好ましい。
【0086】
粉末の磁気的な異方性をより高めるためには他の添加元素Mを付与する。添加元素Mとしては、Al、Ti、V、Cr、Ni、Ga、Zr、Nb、Mo、In、Sn、Hf、Ta、Wからなる群から選択された少なくとも1種類の元素が好適に使用される。このような添加元素Mは、全く添加されなくても良い。添加する場合は、添加量を10at%以下にすることが好ましい。添加量が10at%を超えると、強磁性ではなく第2相が析出して磁化が低下するからである。なお、磁気的に等方性の磁粉を得るには添加元素Mは不要だが、固有保磁力を高めるためにAl、Cu、Ga等を添加してもよい。
【0087】
次に、図20から図25を参照しながら、本発明における水素雰囲気熱処理に好適に用いられる熱処理装置を説明する。
【0088】
図20は、典型的な電気炉の水平縦断面を模式的に示している。この電気炉内では、例えば図17に示すような架台170を炉床201上に配置し、その架台170に複数の処理容器100を配列する。処理容器100およびヒータ202は、断熱材203によって囲まれた空間に位置している。電気炉の内部は、ガス導入口204を介して外部から水素ガス等の供給を受け、電気炉内部の雰囲気ガスはガス放出口(真空排気口)205を介して排気される。処理容器100の出し入れは、電気炉端部分に設けられた開閉蓋206を開放した状態で実行される。水素雰囲気熱処理は、この開閉蓋206を閉じた状態で内部の雰囲気ガスの種類および圧力を制御しながら実行される。
【0089】
電気炉の胴体部分207は円筒形状であり、水冷可能な構成を有している。ヒータ202の出力と冷却水の流量を調整することによって熱処理時の昇温/降温レートが制御される。
【0090】
図21は、図20の電気炉内において処理容器の配置を変化させた状態を示している。
【0091】
図22は、他の電気炉の水平縦断面を模式的に示している。この電気炉は外熱炉であり、水素雰囲気熱処理が行われる空間の外部(炉心管の外部)にヒータ202を配置している。ヒータ202は断熱材203によって覆われている。炉心管208の内部には炉床レール209が置かれており、この炉床レール209上を滑らせるようにして処理容器100の出し入れを行うことができる。
【0092】
図23および図24は、図22の電気炉内において処理容器の配置を変化させた状態を示している。
【0093】
図25は、内熱タイプの縦型炉の水平断面を示している。この電気炉は、垂直に支持された円筒状の水冷胴210内に、円筒状のヒータ212と、そのヒータ212を囲む断熱材211とを配置している。ヒータ212に囲まれた空間内には均熱筒213が挿入され、均熱筒213の内部で水素雰囲気熱処理が実行される。処理容器100は、環状構造を有するものが同心円上に配置され、環状架台200に支持されている。
【0094】
次に、図26から図29を参照しながら本発明による処理容器の他の実施形態を説明する。本発明による処理用容器は、処理容器内のどの部分も処理容器の壁面から15mm以内に位置するように構成されている点に特徴を有している。図26から図29は何れも本発明による処理容器の上面図を示している。
【0095】
図26(a)〜(d)は、対向間隔dが30mm以下となる一対の側面部を有する複数の小容器部分が相互に連結し、それによってひとつの処理容器を構成している。
【0096】
図27(a)〜(f)は、処理容器を構成する矩形の小容器部分の数が比較的に多い例を示している。
【0097】
図28(a)および(b)は、対向間隔dを規定する側面部が湾曲している例を示し、図28(a)および(c)は、対向間隔が場所に応じて変化している例を示している。対向間隔が変化している場合、対向間隔の最大値が30mm以下になるように設計されている。
【0098】
図29(a)は、間隔dで対向している一対の側面部の端部が曲面によって相互連結され、ひと続きの面によって側面部の全体が形成されている例を示している。図29(b)は、間隔dで対向している側面部の各々がひと続きの面から形成されている例を示している。図29(c)は、処理容器を構成する矩形部が中央部から分放射状に延びている例を示している。本願明細書では、このような形状の処理容器も「対向間隔dが30mm以下になるように配置された複数の側面部」を有しているものと定義する。
【0099】
以上の例で示したように、処理容器内のどの部分も処理容器の壁面から15mm以内に位置するように構成されていれば、どのような平面形状を有していても本発明の効果を得ることができる。
【0100】
以上説明してきた永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法によって作製した粉末を用いれば、その後の公知のプロセスを経て高い性能のボンド磁石や焼結磁石を安価に作製することができる。
【0101】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、多量のR−T−(M)−B系合金粉末に対して水素雰囲気熱処理を施しても処理容器内の処理位置によって合金粉末の磁気特性が変動することがほとんどない。水素雰囲気熱処理後の処理容器内に磁気特性の劣る粉末が混在しないため、合金粉末全体の平均的な磁気特性を本来の高いレベルに維持することができる。このことは、ネオジム鉄ボロン磁粉末に代表されるR−T−(M)−B系合金粉末および当該粉末を用いて作製した永久磁石の量産化に大いに寄与する。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】固有保磁力および残留磁化の水素化時間依存性を示すグラフであり、縦軸に固有保磁力(Intrinsic coercivity: HCJ)および磁化(Magnetization: Jr、J)を示し、横軸に水素化時間(Hydrogenation time)を示している。横軸右方向に時間は増大する。
【図2】固有保磁力および残留磁化の脱水素化時間依存性を示すグラフであり、縦軸に固有保磁力(Intrinsic coercivity: HCJ)および磁化(Magnetization: Jr、J)を示し、横軸に脱水素化時間(Dehydrogenation time)を示している。横軸右方向に時間は増大する。
【図3】(a)から(f)は、実施例1で使用された種々の対向間隔dを有する各処理容器を表す斜視図である。
【図4】実施例1により得られる磁気特性を示すグラフであり、縦軸に固有保磁力(Intrinsic coercivity: HCJ)および磁化(Magnetization: Jr、J)を示し、横軸に処理容器開口幅(The Width of Container: 単位mm)を示している。
【図5】実施例2で使用された処理容器の1つを表す斜視図である。
【図6】実施例2により得られる減磁曲線を示すグラフであり、縦軸に磁化(Magnetization: J、単位T(テスラ))を示し、横軸に外部磁界(Magnetic Feild、 Hex)を示している。
【図7】実施例3により得られる磁気特性を示すグラフであり、縦軸に固有保磁力(Intrinsic coercivity: HCJ)および磁化(Magnetization: Jr、J)を示し、横軸に表面からの距離(Depth from Sruface: 単位mm)を示している。
【図8】実施例4により得られる磁気特性を示すグラフであり、縦軸に磁化(Magnetization: J: 単位T(テスラ))を示し、横軸に外部磁界(Magnetic Feild、 Hex)を示している。る。
【図9】比較例1で使用された処理容器を表す斜視図である。
【図10】比較例1により得られる磁気特性を示すグラフであり、縦軸に磁化(Magnetization: J: 単位T(テスラ))を示し、横軸に外部磁界(Magnetic Feild、 Hex)を示している。
【図11】実施例5で使用された処理容器配列を表す斜視図である。
【図12】実施例5により得られる磁気特性を示すグラフであり、縦軸に磁化(Magnetization: J: 単位T(テスラ))を示し、横軸に外部磁界(Magnetic Feild、 Hex)を示している。
【図13】比較例2で使用された処理容器配列を表す斜視図である。
【図14】比較例2により得られる減磁曲線を示すグラフであり、縦軸に磁化(Magnetization: J: 単位T(テスラ))を示し、横軸に外部磁界(Magnetic Feild、 Hex)を示している。
【図15】実施例6で使用された処理容器配列を表す斜視図である。
【図16】実施例6により得られる減磁曲線を示すグラフであり、縦軸に磁化(Magnetization: J: 単位T(テスラ))を示し、横軸に外部磁界(Magnetic Feild、 Hex)を示している。
【図17】実施例7で使用された処理容器配列を表す斜視図である。
【図18】実施例8で使用された処理容器配列を表す斜視図である。
【図19】実施例9で使用された処理容器配列を表す斜視図である。
【図20】本発明に好適に使用される電気炉の水平縦断面図である。
【図21】図20の処理容器の配置とは異なる配置にした電気炉の水平縦断面図である。
【図22】本発明に好適に使用される他の電気炉の水平縦断面である。
【図23】図22の処理容器の配置とは異なる配置にした電気炉の水平縦断面図である。
【図24】図22の処理容器の配置とは異なる配置にした電気炉の水平縦断面図である。
【図25】本発明に好適に使用される内熱タイプの縦型炉の水平断面である。
【図26】(a)〜(d)は、対向間隔dが30mm以下となる一対の側面部を有する複数の小容器部分が相互に連結し、それによってひとつの処理容器を構成している例を示す平面図である。
【図27】図27(a)〜(f)は、処理容器を構成する矩形の小容器部分の数が比較的に多い例を示す平面図である。
【図28】(a)および(b)は、対向間隔dを規定する側面部が湾曲している処理容器の例を示し、(c)は、対向間隔dが場所に応じて変化している処理容器の例を示す平面図である。
【図29】(a)は、間隔dで対向している一対の側面部の端部が曲面によって相互連結され、ひと続きの面によって側面部の全体が形成されている処理容器の例を示し、(b)は、間隔dで対向している一対の側面部の各々がひと続きの面から形成されている処理容器の例を示し、(c)は、処理容器を構成する矩形部が中央部から分放射状に延びている例を示す平面図である。
【符号の説明】
100 処理容器
102 水平支持部材
103 スペーサ
104a 垂直支持部材
104b 水平支持部材
104c 水平支持部材
105 スペーサ
106 スライダレール
170 架台
180 架台
190 架台
200 環状架台
201 炉床
202 ヒータ
203 断熱材
204 ガス導入口
205 ガス放出口(真空排気口)
206 開閉蓋
207 電気炉の胴体部分
208 炉心管
209 炉床レール
210 円筒状の水冷胴
211 断熱材
212 ヒータ
213 均熱筒[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnets and a method for producing a rare earth alloy permanent magnet. In particular, the present invention relates to a rare earth bond magnet suitable for various motors, actuators, and the like, and a method for producing a rare earth alloy powder used for a sintered magnet.
[0002]
[Prior art]
There is a so-called HDDR (Hydrogenation-Disproportionation-Desorption-Recombination) processing method as a hydrogen processing method for alloy powders for rare earth permanent magnets. “HDDR” means a process of sequentially executing hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption, and recombination. In the present specification, such “HDDR treatment” is referred to as “hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment”. This hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is performed by ingot of RT- (M) -B-based raw material alloy (R is a rare earth element including Y, T is Fe or a mixture of Fe and Co, M is an additive element, and B is boron) H powder 2 Gas atmosphere or H 2 After maintaining a temperature of 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C. in a mixed atmosphere of a gas and an inert gas, thereby allowing the ingot or powder of the alloy to store hydrogen, H 2 Vacuum atmosphere with partial pressure of 13 Pa or less or H 2 It means a method of obtaining an alloy magnet powder by performing dehydrogenation treatment at a temperature of 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C. until an inert gas atmosphere having a partial pressure of 13 Pa or less and then cooling.
[0003]
A method for producing a rare earth-based permanent magnet alloy powder by a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment method is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-132106. The RT- (M) -B alloy magnet powder produced by the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment method has a large coercive force, and has magnetic anisotropy depending on the selection of the composition and processing conditions. The reason for having such a property is that the metal structure becomes an aggregate of very fine crystals of substantially 0.1 to 1 μm. More specifically, the grain size of the ultrafine crystal obtained by the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is tetragonal R 2 T 14 This is because a high coercive force is exhibited because it is close to the single-domain critical grain size of the B-based compound, and the ultrafine crystal grains are gathered with a certain degree of crystal orientation.
[0004]
JP-A-2-4901 discloses various heat patterns that can be used in a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment method. In this publication, it is also proposed to perform a uniform heat treatment on the raw material alloy before the heat treatment in the hydrogen atmosphere.
[0005]
JP-A-3-146608 and JP-A-4-17604 disclose that the temperature change during the heat treatment in the hydrogen atmosphere affects the magnetic properties of the magnetic alloy powder, and the temperature change occurs during the heat treatment in the hydrogen atmosphere. It is pointed out that it is caused by reaction heat of chemical reaction. These publications propose to perform a heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere by mixing a heat storage material in order to minimize such a temperature change.
[0006]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-163510 proposes a structure of a processing furnace that can suppress a temperature change within 50 ° C. without using a heat storage material that lowers the operation efficiency of the processing equipment.
[0007]
In JP-A-7-188713, in order to avoid fluctuations in magnetic properties due to temperature changes during mass processing, the raw material alloys are divided into small portions and charged into small reactors, respectively. Attempts have been made to achieve homogenization of magnetic properties and increase in throughput simultaneously by adding operations such as gas supply and discharge.
[0008]
On the other hand, as a result of various investigations, the inventor simply improved the magnetic properties of the magnetic powder obtained by the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment, and more stable and mass-produced by simply controlling the actual temperature change of the raw material. It has been found that it is difficult to define an intermediate product phase in the course of hydrotreating in order to obtain a magnetic powder having a particularly high magnetic anisotropy (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-54003 and special patents). Kaihei 9-256001, etc.). As disclosed in JP-A-7-54003 and JP-A-9-256001, intermediate products produced by heating in a hydrogen atmosphere and holding at a high temperature are an R hydride phase and a TB compound phase. , T phase, and R 2 T 14 Indicates at least four phases of phase B, R 2 T 14 It is necessary to obtain a magnetic powder having high magnetic anisotropy that the easy magnetization direction of the B phase is aligned to some extent. In order to realize this, the rate of temperature increase in a hydrogen atmosphere is set to 10 ° C./mim to 200 ° C./mim in the temperature range of 600 ° C. to 750 ° C., and is maintained in the temperature range of 750 ° C. to 900 ° C. for 15 minutes to 8 hours. .
[0009]
The inventor of the present application maintains a high atmospheric coercive force and a large magnetic difference without depending on the throughput by maintaining the total pressure of the atmosphere in the range of 100 Pa to 50 kPa in the dehydrogenation process and appropriately controlling the speed of the dehydrogenation reaction. It has been found that the directivity can be achieved, and this is disclosed in JP-A-7-54003. This invention makes it possible to obtain a large amount of high-performance alloy magnetic powder.
[0010]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the inventor of the present application has found that there is a problem that a powder having a low residual magnetization or a powder having a small coercive force is mixed depending on a part of a processing container (hereinafter referred to as a “processing container”) used for heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere. It was. If even a small amount of such powder having inferior magnetic properties is mixed, the average magnetic properties of the entire alloy magnetic powder contained in the processing container will be lowered. Even if it is an alloy magnetic powder with high potential originally, if it is mixed with inferior magnetic powder, it can be used in a state in which the overall magnetic characteristics are lowered, or magnetic powder with excellent characteristics can be used. It must be sorted and used. This is a major obstacle to mass production of alloy magnetic powder.
[0011]
It is considered that the variation in magnetic properties is caused by the reaction rate during the hydrogenation / decomposition reaction and the hydrogen release / recrystallization reaction and the temperature change accompanying the reaction. That is, if the reaction rate changes locally, the temperature also changes locally due to the influence thereof, and it is considered that these multiple causes combine to cause variations in magnetic characteristics.
[0012]
Depending on the method using a heat storage material or the method of adjusting the reaction rate by controlling the atmosphere, it is difficult to eliminate the variation in the magnetic characteristics. In addition, in order to homogenize the reaction, the raw alloy powder is processed by spreading it thinly, impurities such as oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere, impurities brought in from the furnace material, and volatilization of rare earth element components in the raw alloy. As a result, the magnetic properties of the alloy magnetic powder, in particular, the magnetic properties of the alloy magnetic powder located in the surface layer portion during processing are deteriorated.
[0013]
The present invention has been made in view of such various points, and its main object is to provide a method for producing a rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnets, which treats a large amount of alloy powder so as to have homogeneous magnetic properties. It is in.
[0014]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The method for producing a rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnets according to the present invention comprises a RT- (M) -B alloy powder (R is a rare earth element including Y, T is Fe or a mixture of Fe and Co, and M is an additive. A rare earth alloy powder for a permanent magnet that is heat-treated in a hydrogen atmosphere with respect to the element, B is boron), and a plurality of side portions disposed so that a facing distance d is 30 mm or less; A step of filling the alloy powder in a processing vessel provided with a bottom surface that connects one end of the side surface to each other and an opening formed at a position facing the bottom surface; and the alloy powder in the processing vessel Performing the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment.
[0015]
Another method for producing a rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnets according to the present invention is to use an RTB alloy powder (R is a rare earth element including Y, T is Fe or a mixture of Fe and Co, and B is boron). A method for producing a rare earth alloy powder for a permanent magnet that performs a heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere, wherein a plurality of side portions disposed so that a facing distance d is 30 mm or less and one end of the plurality of side portions are mutually connected A step of filling the alloy powder in a processing vessel provided with a bottom portion to be connected and an opening formed at a position facing the bottom portion; and the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment for the alloy powder in the processing vessel The process of performing is included.
[0016]
In the present specification, the RT- (M) -B alloy powder includes a powder to which the element M is not added.
[0017]
The filling depth of the alloy powder filled in the processing container is preferably 100 mm or less.
[0018]
It is preferable to perform the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment by arranging a plurality of the processing containers 15 mm apart or more.
[0019]
In a preferred embodiment, the step of performing the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment includes a first treatment step of hydrogenating and disproportionating the RT- (M) -B-based material alloy powder, and the RT -(M) -B type | system | group 2nd process process which dehydrogenates and recombines with respect to a raw material alloy powder.
[0020]
The first treatment step includes at least H 2 The RT- (M) -B-based raw material alloy powder is maintained at a temperature of 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C. in an atmosphere containing gas, whereby hydrogen is added to the RT- (M) -B-based raw material alloy powder. Including the step of occluding, wherein the second treatment step is H 2 The RT- (M) -B base material alloy is maintained at a temperature of 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C. with a partial pressure of 13 Pa or less, thereby dehydrogenating the RT- (M) -B base material alloy powder. It is preferable to include the process of performing a process.
[0021]
A processing container for heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere according to the present invention is a processing container used for heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere of a rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnets, and has a plurality of side portions arranged so that the facing distance d is 30 mm or less. And a bottom surface portion that connects one end of the plurality of side surface portions to each other, and an opening formed at a position facing the bottom surface portion, and is formed from a material that does not exhibit hydrogen embrittlement at a temperature of 950 ° C. or lower. Yes.
[0022]
The method for producing a permanent magnet according to the present invention comprises RT- (M) -B alloy powder (R is a rare earth element including Y, T is Fe or a mixture of Fe and Co, M is an additive element, and B is boron. ), A plurality of side surface portions arranged so that the facing distance d is 30 mm or less, a bottom surface portion interconnecting one ends of the plurality of side surface portions, and a position facing the bottom surface portion. A step of filling the alloy powder in a processing vessel having the formed opening, a step of performing a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment on the alloy powder in the processing vessel, and producing a magnet using the alloy powder The process of including.
[0023]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In order to control the disproportionation reaction between a metal or a compound thereof and the atmospheric gas, the inventor directly determines the “reaction rate” and the concentration or adsorption state of molecules or atoms of the atmospheric gas in the micro interface layer portion. From the standpoint of affecting the “temperature change associated with the disproportionation reaction”, various processing conditions for reducing magnetic property variations were examined. As a result, it has been found that magnetic powder having uniform and high magnetic properties can be produced by optimizing the shape and size of the processing vessel filled with the raw material alloy powder and further optimizing the arrangement of the processing vessel.
[0024]
More specifically, the present inventor investigated in detail the magnetic properties of the hydrogen atmosphere heat-treated magnetic powder processed using a normal rectangular processing container for each position in the processing container. As a result, the following phenomenon was found.
[0025]
1. In the outermost layer portion of the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment magnetic powder filled in the processing vessel, intrinsic coercivity (H) is caused by impurities in the processing atmosphere. CJ ) And remanent magnetization (Magnetization: Jr) are both low.
[0026]
2. In the part along the inner wall of the processing vessel, the intrinsic coercive force is high but the residual magnetization is low.
[0027]
3. In the central part of the processing vessel, the intrinsic coercive force is low, but the residual magnetization is high.
[0028]
The dependence of the intrinsic coercivity and the residual magnetization on the hydrogenation time is shown in FIG. 1, and the dependence of the intrinsic coercivity and the residual magnetization on the dehydrogenation time is shown in FIG. In the figure, J is the external magnetic field H ex = 1.2MAm -1 Shows the magnetization at.
[0029]
As can be seen from FIG. 1, there is a region where the intrinsic coercive force increases as the hydrogenation time increases while the residual magnetization decreases. In such a region, the progress of the hydrogenation reaction relatively increases the intrinsic coercivity and lowers the residual magnetization. The above 2 and 3 mean that the hydrogenation reaction proceeds in the portion along the inner wall surface of the processing vessel, and the progress of the reaction is relatively delayed in the central portion of the processing vessel. Therefore, if the average magnetic properties of the entire powder in the processing container are optimized by adjusting the processing time, the intrinsic coercive force and the residual energy are not limited in the vicinity of the processing container wall surface and in the central part of the processing container. It is not possible to produce a powder that is sufficiently high in both magnetizations.
[0030]
The present inventor considers that the reaction between hydrogen and powder is promoted in the vicinity of the wall surface of the processing container (wall effect), and heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere using processing containers having various wall surface intervals (opposite distance d). Tried. Then, the magnetic properties of the filled magnetic powder were evaluated for each position in the processing container, thereby optimizing the shape and size of the processing container so that the wall surface effect could be exerted on all powders.
[0031]
Furthermore, by varying the depth of the processing vessel and the raw material filling depth in the processing vessel and evaluating the magnetic properties for each position in the depth direction, the raw material filling depth is also optimized, and at the same time at the outermost layer of the processing vessel It is possible to minimize the influence of the magnetic property inferior part.
[0032]
Hereinafter, the reasons for limiting the shape and dimensions of the processing container according to the present invention will be described in detail.
[0033]
In the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment method, the reaction between the solid phase and the gas phase is important. In order to perform this treatment in a large amount and efficiently, the most important point is how to uniformly supply the hydrogen gas, which is the reaction gas, and to discharge it more uniformly.
[0034]
According to the observation result of the present inventor, hydrogen gas enters and exits between the filled magnetic powder and the atmosphere most rapidly when it is performed along the wall surface of the processing container. Therefore, it is easy to control the processing conditions from the outside of the processing container for the raw material alloy powder located near the wall surface. On the other hand, since the raw material alloy powders interfere with each other via hydrogen gas at a portion away from the wall surface, it is difficult to control to an appropriate temperature and hydrogen partial pressure from the outside.
[0035]
Therefore, in the present invention, the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is performed using a processing vessel having a side surface with a facing distance d of 30 mm or less. The reason why the facing distance d is limited to 30 mm or less is that when the facing distance d exceeds 30 mm, the hydrogenation reaction rate at the center part away from the wall surface decreases, and as a result, the coercive force of the magnetic powder located at the center of the processing vessel This is because the magnetic properties of the magnetic powder in the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment deteriorate.
[0036]
In this invention, the dimension of the long side direction of a process container opening part is not prescribed | regulated. This is because the wall effect of the processing container extends to all parts due to the limitation of the short side dimension (opposite distance d), and sufficiently homogeneous magnetic powder can be obtained at any position. Therefore, the dimension in the long side direction of the processing container is appropriately determined depending on the ease of handling.
[0037]
According to experiments, it was found that when the filling depth of the alloy powder exceeds 100 mm, it is difficult to achieve a homogeneous hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment at the bottom of the processing vessel even with the “wall effect”. For this reason, the filling depth of the alloy powder is preferably 100 mm or less.
[0038]
Further, in the present invention, a plurality of processing containers are arranged with the side surfaces of the container showing an important function for the wall effect separated by 15 mm or more. The reason for this is that if the mutual interval between the processing containers is less than 15 mm, interference occurs through hydrogen gas in the atmosphere between adjacent processing containers, and as a result, the coercive force of the magnetic powder processed in the processing container disposed near the center is small. This is because the overall magnetic properties when the entire treated magnetic powder is mixed, particularly the squareness of the demagnetization curve, is deteriorated.
[0039]
The treatment container of the present invention is preferably formed from a material that does not exhibit hydrogen embrittlement in a temperature range of room temperature to 950 ° C. The reason why the upper limit is 950 ° C. is as follows.
[0040]
The temperature of the heat treatment in the hydrogen atmosphere varies depending on the composition of the raw material alloy, but is about 900 ° C. or less. However, since a large reaction heat is released when the raw material alloy absorbs hydrogen, the temperature of the raw material alloy may be 50 ° C. higher than the set processing temperature, although temporarily. For this reason, if the processing container is formed from a material that does not become brittle at 950 ° C. or lower, no major problem will occur even if the set temperature is raised to 900 ° C. Here, “not exhibiting hydrogen embrittlement” means that embrittlement is unlikely to occur due to repeated entry and release of hydrogen into the material. Practically, high Ni, Cr-based stainless steel and Ni-base superalloy are considered preferable. Specifically, for example, SUS310S, Inconel, Hastelloy and the like are suitable for the processing container material of the present invention. Although the cost increases, materials such as Mo and W may be used. Needless to say, the material of the processing container of the present invention is not limited to the above materials.
[0041]
Examples of the present invention will be described below.
[0042]
Example 1
In the embodiment, Nd 12.5 Fe 75.0 Co 5.9 Ga 0.5 Zr 0.1 B 6.0 An alloy ingot (each composition is atomic%) was used as a raw material alloy. This raw material alloy was subjected to a homogenization heat treatment at 1100 ° C. and 36 ks (= 36 × 1000 seconds) in an Ar atmosphere. This homogenization treatment is performed to coarsen the average crystal grain size to about 100 μm or more. The homogenized raw material alloy was embrittled by holding at 10.8 ks in a 0.2 MPa hydrogen atmosphere, and a raw material powder was obtained through a 300 μm sieve. An alloy flake may be used instead of the alloy ingot. The raw material alloy may be pulverized using a stamp mill or the like.
[0043]
The raw material powder obtained in this way is filled in various processing vessels made from SUS310S plates having a thickness of 1 mm as shown in FIGS. 3A to 3F to a depth of about 45 mm, and heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere is performed. It was. As the processing container, a container having a container depth of 50 mm, a longitudinal dimension of the opening of 70 mm and a constant opening width (opposite distance d between wall surfaces) was used. FIGS. 3E and 3F show comparative examples.
[0044]
The hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment was performed under the following conditions.
[0045]
First, the temperature was raised to 820 ° C. at a rate of temperature rise of 15 ° C./mim in a hydrogen atmosphere with a hydrogen pressure of 0.15 MPa, and the temperature was maintained at 7.2 ks. Next, after replacing the hydrogen gas in the furnace with Ar gas for 5 minutes while maintaining the temperature and the total pressure in the furnace, the Ar gas was introduced into the furnace with a rotary pump while maintaining the temperature at a flow rate of 5 l / mim. Was exhausted. At this time, the total pressure in the furnace was finally balanced at 5 kPa by adjusting the valve opening. This state was maintained for 1.8 ks, during which hydrogen gas in the raw material powder was released.
[0046]
The magnetic properties of the magnetic powder thus obtained are shown in FIG. FIG. 4 shows the intrinsic coercivity H CJ , Remanent magnetization Jr, and external magnetic field H ex = 1.2MAm -1 3 shows the dependence of the saturation magnetization J on the opening width (wall surface facing distance d). As can be seen from FIG. 4, when the opening width (wall facing distance d) increases beyond 30 mm, the intrinsic coercive force H CJ Decreases rapidly.
[0047]
(Example 2)
In this example, a raw material alloy powder having the same composition as the raw material alloy powder used in Example 1 was used. A processing vessel having an opening width (opposite interval d) of 20 mm, a depth of 50 mm, and a length (L) of 70 mm is filled with 200 g of raw material powder, and the opening width (opposite interval d) is 20 mm, depth is 50 mm, and length (L) is 250 mm. The processing container was filled with 700 g of raw material powder. The hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment was performed under the same conditions as those in Example 1.
[0048]
FIG. 5 shows one of the processing containers used in the second embodiment.
[0049]
FIG. 6 shows a demagnetization curve of the magnetic powder obtained from each processing container after the heat treatment in the hydrogen atmosphere. As can be seen from FIG. 6, if the facing distance d between the wall surfaces is 20 mm, preferable magnetic characteristics are ensured regardless of the opening size (L) in the longitudinal direction.
[0050]
(Example 3)
Also in this example, the raw material alloy powder having the same composition as the raw material alloy powder used in Example 1 was used. A processing vessel having an opening width (opposite spacing d) of 20 mm, a length of 70 mm, and a depth of 120 mm was filled with 450 g of raw material alloy powder, and a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment was performed under the same conditions as the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment conditions of Example 1. The processed magnetic powder in the processing container was divided into six in the depth direction, and the distribution of magnetic properties in the depth direction was measured. The result is shown in FIG. In FIG. 7, data points are indicated by triangular marks for magnetic powder that has been subjected to a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment at a position (Corner) near the corner between the inner wall surface and the bottom surface of the processing container, and hydrogen is displayed at the center of the processing container (Center). Data points are indicated by white circles for magnetic powder that has been subjected to atmospheric heat treatment. When the filling depth exceeds 100 mm, the intrinsic coercive force H CJ It can also be seen from FIG. 7 that the remanent magnetization Jr rapidly decreases.
[0051]
Example 4
500 g of the same raw material alloy powder as used in Example 1 is filled in a treatment container having an opening width (opposite distance d) of 25 mm, a length of 100 mm, and a depth of 70 mm, and a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is performed under the same conditions as in Example 1. It was. The magnetic characteristics of the magnetic powder obtained at this time were compared with six demagnetization curves in the processing container. The result is shown in FIG. As can be seen from FIG. 8, the intrinsic coercive force decreases in the order of position 6, position 3, position 5, position 4, position 2, and position 1. However, excellent magnetic properties are obtained at any position, and it can be seen that the wall effect extends to the center and bottom of the processing vessel.
[0052]
(Comparative Example 1)
1 kg of the same raw material alloy powder as used in Example 1 is filled in a processing vessel having an opening width (opposite distance d) of 70 mm, a length of 250 mm, and a depth of 25 mm, and heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere is performed under the same conditions as in Example 1. It was. The processing container used in Comparative Example 1 is shown in FIG. The magnetic properties of the magnetic powder obtained at this time were compared by demagnetization curves for three points in the processing container. The result is shown in FIG. As is apparent from FIG. 10, the magnetic properties of the powder are deteriorated at each part in the processing container.
[0053]
(Example 5)
The same raw material alloy powder as that used in Example 1 was filled in 150 g in a processing container having an opening width (opposite distance d) of 15 mm, a length of 70 mm, and a depth of 50 mm, with a 30 mm width spacer interposed therebetween in FIG. As shown, a plurality of arrays were installed in the furnace. The hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment was performed under the same conditions as those in Example 1. The magnetic properties of the magnetic powder obtained at this time were evaluated for two processing containers. The result is shown by a demagnetization curve in FIG. Both show good magnetic properties.
[0054]
(Comparative Example 2)
As shown in FIG. 13, the raw material processing containers filled with the raw material powders shown in Example 5 were arranged in the furnace so that the side surfaces of the containers facing each other at an interval d = 15 mm were adjacent to each other without gaps. . The hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment was performed under the same conditions as in Example 5. The evaluation results of the magnetic characteristics at this time are shown by a demagnetization curve in FIG. As is apparent from FIG. 14, the magnetic properties of the magnetic powder in the processing container disposed in the central portion are deteriorated. In the central part, the ratio of the supply amount to the consumption amount of hydrogen is lowered, which is considered to cause insufficient hydrogenation and / or dehydrogenation reaction.
[0055]
(Example 6)
In this embodiment, Nd 12.5 Fe 72.0 Co 8.6 Ga 0.8 Zr 0.1 B 6.0 An alloy ingot (each composition is atomic%) is used as a raw material alloy. This raw material alloy was subjected to a homogenization heat treatment at 1080 ° C. and 36 ks in an Ar atmosphere. The homogenized raw material alloy was embrittled by holding for 7.2 ks in a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.2 MPa, and a raw material powder was obtained through a 150 μm sieve.
[0056]
900 g of this raw material alloy powder was filled in a processing vessel made from a 1 mm thick SUS310S plate. The processing container has a size of an opening 25 mm × 250 mm and a depth of 50 mm. As shown in FIG. 15, four processing vessels were arranged in the furnace so that the wall surfaces facing each other at intervals d were adjacent to each other at various intervals Xmm, and heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere was performed. The hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment was performed under the following conditions.
[0057]
A step of raising the temperature to 850 ° C. at a rate of temperature rise of 15 ° C./mim in a hydrogen atmosphere with a hydrogen pressure of 0.20 MPa, a step of maintaining 7.2 ks at this temperature, and 5 with Ar gas while maintaining the temperature and the total pressure in the furnace The process of replacing the hydrogen gas in the furnace for 5 minutes, while maintaining the temperature, the Ar gas was introduced at a flow rate of 5 l / mim while exhausting the furnace with a rotary pump, and finally adjusting the valve opening degree A step of balancing at a pressure of 2 kPa, a step of keeping 3.6 ks as it is, and releasing hydrogen gas in the raw material powder were sequentially executed. The magnetic characteristics of the magnetic powder obtained in this way are shown by a demagnetization curve in FIG. As can be seen from FIG. 16, good magnetic properties can be obtained when the processing container interval X is 15 mm or more. In FIG. 16, the curves obtained under the conditions of X = 0 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm are those of the comparative example.
[0058]
(Example 7)
Table 1 below shows the compositions of the three types of alloy ingots (raw materials Nos. 1 to 3) and the respective homogenization treatment conditions.
[0059]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004029499
[0060]
The alloy ingots that were homogenized under the conditions shown in Table 1 were embrittled by holding at 7.2 ks in a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.2 MPa, and then each raw material powder was passed through a 150 μm sieve. Got. 900 g of this raw material powder was filled in a processing vessel made from a 1 mm thick SUS310S plate. The processing container has a size of an opening 25 mm × 250 mm and a depth of 50 mm. As shown in FIG. 17, five of these processing containers were arranged on a pedestal 170 in which a spacer 103 having a width of 30 mm was disposed on a set of horizontal support members 102, and heat treatment was performed in a hydrogen atmosphere under processing conditions corresponding to each composition. In FIG. 17, a reference number “100” is added to the processing container.
[0061]
Table 2 shows the magnetic properties of the obtained magnetic powder having a total amount of 4.5 kg. Table 2 also shows the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment conditions.
[0062]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004029499
[0063]
In Table 2, J for each sample r (Residual magnetization), H cJ (Inherent coercivity), and H k The measured value of is described. H k Is an index indicating the squareness of the demagnetization curve, and the magnitude of the magnetization is the residual magnetization J r Is expressed by the absolute value of the external magnetic field intensity when 90% is shown. In addition, raw material No. The composition and processing conditions of No. 2 are intended to be magnetically isotropic. Both show excellent magnetic properties.
[0064]
(Example 8)
Table 1 shows the compositions of the three types of alloy ingots (raw materials Nos. 1 to 3) used in this example and the respective homogenization conditions. The homogenized alloy was embrittled by holding at 7.2 ks in a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.2 MPa, and each material powder was passed through a 150 μm sieve.
[0065]
900 g of this raw material powder was filled in a processing vessel made from a 1 mm thick SUS310S plate. The processing container has a size of an opening 25 mm × 250 mm and a depth of 50 mm. Twelve treatment containers were placed on a gantry 180 shown in FIG. The gantry 180 is configured so that processing containers can be stacked in three stages by the vertical support member 104a and the horizontal support members 104b and 104c. A spacer 105 having a width of 30 mm is provided on the horizontal support member 104b, and an interval of 30 mm is given to each processing container 100. In this way, two sets of pedestals 180 on which the processing vessel 100 is mounted are prepared, loaded into the furnace so that the narrow side surfaces of the processing vessel 100 are in contact with each other, and then a hydrogen atmosphere under processing conditions according to each composition. Heat treatment was performed. Table 3 shows the magnetic properties of the obtained magnetic powder having a total amount of 21.6 kg. In Table 3, the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment conditions are also shown.
[0066]
[Table 3]
Figure 0004029499
[0067]
Also in Table 3, J for each sample r , H cJ And H k The measured value of is described. Also in this example, a magnetic powder showing excellent magnetic properties similar to those of Example 7 was obtained.
[0068]
Example 9
Table 1 shows the compositions of the three types of alloy ingots (raw materials Nos. 1 to 3) used in this example and the respective homogenization conditions. The homogenized alloy was embrittled by holding at 7.2 ks in a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.2 MPa, and each material powder was passed through a 150 μm sieve.
[0069]
900 g of this raw material powder was filled in a processing vessel made from a 1 mm thick SUS310S plate. The processing container has a size of an opening 25 mm × 250 mm and a depth of 50 mm. The processing container 100 was mounted on a gantry 190 as shown in FIG. The gantry 190 has slider rails 106 arranged so that the interval between the processing containers 100 is 25 mm. The slider rails 106 are supported by the vertical support members 104a and the horizontal support members 104b and 104c. Twelve treatment containers 100 were placed on a pedestal 190 and loaded into a furnace, and a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment was performed under treatment conditions corresponding to each composition. Table 4 shows the magnetic properties of the obtained magnetic powder having a total amount of 10.8 kg. Table 4 also shows the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment conditions.
[0070]
[Table 4]
Figure 0004029499
[0071]
Also in Table 4, J for each sample r , H cJ And H k The measured value of is described. Also in this example, a magnetic powder showing excellent magnetic properties similar to those of Example 7 was obtained.
[0072]
(Comparative Example 3)
Table 1 shows the compositions of the three types of alloy ingots (raw materials Nos. 1 to 3) used in this comparative example and the respective homogenization conditions. The homogenized alloy was embrittled by holding at 7.2 ks in a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.2 MPa, and each material powder was passed through a 150 μm sieve.
[0073]
1 kg of this raw material powder was filled into a processing container made from a 1 mm-thick SUS310S plate. The processing container has a size of an opening 25 mm × 250 mm and a depth of 50 mm. For example, as shown in FIG. 13, the 12 processing containers were arranged in the furnace without gaps in the direction in which the side surfaces of the containers face each other, and a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment with a total amount of raw material magnetic powder of 10.8 kg was performed under conditions according to the respective compositions. . The magnetic properties of the obtained magnetic powder are shown in Table 5 together with the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment conditions.
[0074]
[Table 5]
Figure 0004029499
[0075]
Also in Table 5, J for each sample r , H cJ And H k The measured value of is described. It can be seen that the magnetic characteristics of this comparative example are degraded as compared to the magnetic characteristics of the example. In particular, H cJ And H k The value of is greatly reduced.
[0076]
(Comparative Example 4)
Table 1 shows the compositions of the three types of alloy ingots used in this comparative example and the homogenization treatment conditions. The homogenized alloys were embrittled by holding them in a hydrogen atmosphere of 0.2 MPa for 7.2 ks and then passed through a 150 μm sieve to obtain raw material powders.
[0077]
1 kg of this raw material powder was filled into a processing container made from a 1 mm-thick SUS310S plate. The processing container has an opening size of 70 mm × 250 mm and a depth of 25 mm. Twelve treatment containers were prepared, arranged in two stages at the top and bottom in the furnace, and heat treatment was performed in a hydrogen atmosphere with a total amount of raw material magnetic powder of 12 kg under conditions according to the composition. In addition, in order to secure a flow path of the atmospheric gas between the upper stage and the lower stage, a slat-like 40 mm thick spacer was sandwiched. Table 6 shows the magnetic characteristics of the obtained magnetic powder together with the heat treatment conditions in the hydrogen atmosphere.
[0078]
[Table 6]
Figure 0004029499
[0079]
Also in Table 6, J for each sample r , H cJ And H k The measured value of is described. It can be seen that the magnetic characteristics of this comparative example are also deteriorated compared to the magnetic characteristics of the example.
[0080]
In each of the above embodiments, for example, Nd 12.5 Fe 75.0 Co 5.9 Ga 0.5 Zr 0.1 B 6.0 (Each composition is atomic%) was used as a raw material alloy. However, the application of the present invention is not limited to this material, and is broadly RT- (M) -B alloy powder (R is a rare earth element including Y, T is a mixture of Fe or Fe and Co, and M is an additive. Element, B is boron).
[0081]
In the present invention, as the rare earth element R, a raw material containing at least one element of Y, La, Ca, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu is used. In order to obtain sufficient magnetization, 50 at% or more of the rare earth element R is preferably occupied by either or both of Pr and Nd.
[0082]
When the rare earth element R is 10 at% or less, the coercive force decreases due to precipitation of the α-Fe phase. When the rare earth element R exceeds 20 at%, the target tetragonal Nd 2 Fe 14 In addition to the B-type compound, a lot of R-rich second phase precipitates and the magnetization decreases. For this reason, it is preferable that rare earth element R exists in the range of 10-20 at% of the whole.
[0083]
T is an iron group element and contains Fe and Co. When T is less than 67 at%, the second phase having a low coercive force and magnetization is precipitated, so that the magnetic properties are deteriorated. When T exceeds 85 at%, the coercive force decreases due to the precipitation of the α-Fe phase, and the squareness also decreases. For this reason, it is preferable that content of T exists in the range of 67-85 at%.
[0084]
T may be composed only of Fe, but the addition of Co increases the Curie temperature and improves the heat resistance. It is preferable that 50 at% or more of T is occupied by Fe. When the proportion of Fe falls below 50 at%, Nd 2 Fe 14 This is because the saturation magnetization itself of the B-type compound is reduced.
[0085]
B is tetragonal Nd 2 Fe 14 This is essential for stably depositing the B-type crystal structure. If the amount of B added is less than 4 at%, R 2 T 17 Since the phase precipitates, the coercive force decreases, and the squareness of the demagnetization curve is significantly impaired. On the other hand, when the addition amount of B exceeds 10 at%, a second phase with small magnetization is precipitated. Therefore, the B content is preferably in the range of 4 to 10 at%.
[0086]
In order to further increase the magnetic anisotropy of the powder, another additive element M is added. As the additive element M, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Ga, Zr, Nb, Mo, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, and W is preferably used. The Such an additive element M may not be added at all. When adding, it is preferable to make addition amount into 10 at% or less. This is because if the addition amount exceeds 10 at%, the second phase precipitates, not the ferromagnetism, and the magnetization decreases. In order to obtain magnetically isotropic magnetic powder, the additive element M is not necessary, but Al, Cu, Ga, or the like may be added to increase the intrinsic coercive force.
[0087]
Next, a heat treatment apparatus suitably used for the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
[0088]
FIG. 20 schematically shows a horizontal longitudinal section of a typical electric furnace. In this electric furnace, for example, a gantry 170 as shown in FIG. 17 is arranged on the hearth 201, and a plurality of processing vessels 100 are arranged on the gantry 170. The processing container 100 and the heater 202 are located in a space surrounded by the heat insulating material 203. The interior of the electric furnace is supplied with hydrogen gas or the like from the outside through a gas introduction port 204, and the atmospheric gas inside the electric furnace is exhausted through a gas discharge port (vacuum exhaust port) 205. The processing container 100 is put in and out with the opening / closing lid 206 provided at the end portion of the electric furnace opened. The hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is performed while controlling the type and pressure of the internal atmosphere gas with the open / close lid 206 closed.
[0089]
The body portion 207 of the electric furnace has a cylindrical shape and has a configuration capable of water cooling. The temperature increase / decrease rate during the heat treatment is controlled by adjusting the output of the heater 202 and the flow rate of the cooling water.
[0090]
FIG. 21 shows a state in which the arrangement of the processing containers is changed in the electric furnace of FIG.
[0091]
FIG. 22 schematically shows a horizontal longitudinal section of another electric furnace. This electric furnace is an external heating furnace, and a heater 202 is arranged outside the space where the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is performed (outside the furnace core tube). The heater 202 is covered with a heat insulating material 203. A hearth rail 209 is placed inside the core tube 208, and the processing vessel 100 can be taken in and out by sliding on the hearth rail 209.
[0092]
23 and 24 show a state where the arrangement of the processing containers is changed in the electric furnace of FIG.
[0093]
FIG. 25 shows a horizontal section of an internal heat type vertical furnace. In this electric furnace, a cylindrical heater 212 and a heat insulating material 211 surrounding the heater 212 are arranged in a cylindrical water cooling drum 210 that is vertically supported. A soaking tube 213 is inserted into the space surrounded by the heater 212, and a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is performed inside the soaking tube 213. The processing container 100 having an annular structure is arranged on a concentric circle and supported by the annular platform 200.
[0094]
Next, another embodiment of the processing container according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. The processing container according to the present invention is characterized in that any part in the processing container is configured to be located within 15 mm from the wall surface of the processing container. 26 to 29 show top views of the processing container according to the present invention.
[0095]
In FIGS. 26A to 26D, a plurality of small container portions having a pair of side surfaces with an opposing distance d of 30 mm or less are connected to each other, thereby constituting one processing container.
[0096]
FIGS. 27A to 27F show an example in which the number of rectangular small container portions constituting the processing container is relatively large.
[0097]
28 (a) and 28 (b) show an example in which the side surface part defining the facing distance d is curved, and in FIGS. 28 (a) and 28 (c), the facing distance changes depending on the location. An example is shown. When the facing distance changes, the maximum value of the facing distance is designed to be 30 mm or less.
[0098]
FIG. 29A shows an example in which the ends of a pair of side surfaces facing each other at a distance d are interconnected by a curved surface, and the entire side surface is formed by a continuous surface. FIG. 29B shows an example in which each of the side portions facing each other at a distance d is formed from a continuous surface. FIG. 29C shows an example in which the rectangular part constituting the processing container extends radially from the central part. In the present specification, it is defined that the processing container having such a shape also has “a plurality of side portions arranged so that the facing distance d is 30 mm or less”.
[0099]
As shown in the above example, as long as any part in the processing container is configured to be located within 15 mm from the wall surface of the processing container, the effect of the present invention can be obtained regardless of the planar shape. Obtainable.
[0100]
If the powder produced by the manufacturing method of the rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnets described above is used, a high-performance bonded magnet or sintered magnet can be produced at low cost through a known process thereafter.
[0101]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, even if a large amount of RT- (M) -B alloy powder is subjected to a heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere, the magnetic properties of the alloy powder hardly vary depending on the processing position in the processing container. Since the powder having inferior magnetic properties is not mixed in the treatment container after the heat treatment in the hydrogen atmosphere, the average magnetic properties of the entire alloy powder can be maintained at the original high level. This greatly contributes to mass production of RT- (M) -B alloy powder represented by neodymium iron boron magnetic powder and permanent magnets produced using the powder.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the dependence of intrinsic coercivity and remanent magnetization on hydrogenation time, with the vertical axis representing intrinsic coercivity (Intrinsic coercivity: H CJ ) And magnetization (Magnetization: Jr, J), and the horizontal axis represents hydrogenation time. Time increases to the right of the horizontal axis.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the dependence of intrinsic coercivity and remanent magnetization on dehydrogenation time, with the vertical axis representing the intrinsic coercivity (Intrinsic coercivity: H CJ ) And magnetization (Magnetization: Jr, J), and the abscissa indicates the dehydrogenation time. Time increases to the right of the horizontal axis.
FIGS. 3A to 3F are perspective views showing processing containers having various facing distances d used in Example 1. FIGS.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the magnetic characteristics obtained by Example 1, with the intrinsic coercivity (Intrinsic coercivity: H) on the vertical axis. CJ ) And magnetization (Magnetization: Jr, J), and the horizontal axis represents the processing container opening width (The Width of Container: unit mm).
5 is a perspective view showing one of the processing containers used in Example 2. FIG.
6 is a graph showing a demagnetization curve obtained by Example 2, in which the vertical axis indicates magnetization (Magnetization: J, unit T (Tesla)), and the horizontal axis indicates an external magnetic field (Magnetic Feild, Hex). ing.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing magnetic characteristics obtained by Example 3, with the vertical axis representing the intrinsic coercivity (H). CJ ) And magnetization (Magnetization: Jr, J), and the horizontal axis represents the distance from the surface (Depth from Sruface: unit mm).
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the magnetic characteristics obtained by Example 4, in which the vertical axis indicates magnetization (Magnetization: J: unit T (Tesla)) and the horizontal axis indicates an external magnetic field (Magnetic Feild, Hex). Yes. The
9 is a perspective view showing a processing container used in Comparative Example 1. FIG.
FIG. 10 is a graph showing magnetic characteristics obtained by Comparative Example 1, with the vertical axis indicating magnetization (Magnetization: J: unit T (tesla)) and the horizontal axis indicating external magnetic field (Magnetic Feild, Hex). Yes.
11 is a perspective view showing a processing container arrangement used in Example 5. FIG.
FIG. 12 is a graph showing magnetic characteristics obtained by Example 5, with the vertical axis indicating magnetization (Magnetization: J: unit T (tesla)) and the horizontal axis indicating external magnetic fields (Magnetic Feild, Hex). Yes.
13 is a perspective view showing a processing container arrangement used in Comparative Example 2. FIG.
14 is a graph showing a demagnetization curve obtained by Comparative Example 2, in which the vertical axis indicates magnetization (Magnetization: J: unit T (tesla)), and the horizontal axis indicates external magnetic field (Magnetic Feild, Hex). ing.
FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing a processing container arrangement used in Example 6;
FIG. 16 is a graph showing a demagnetization curve obtained in Example 6, in which the vertical axis indicates magnetization (Magnetization: J: unit T (tesla)) and the horizontal axis indicates external magnetic field (Magnetic Feild, Hex). ing.
17 is a perspective view showing a processing container arrangement used in Example 7. FIG.
18 is a perspective view showing a processing container arrangement used in Example 8. FIG.
19 is a perspective view showing a processing container arrangement used in Example 9. FIG.
FIG. 20 is a horizontal longitudinal sectional view of an electric furnace preferably used in the present invention.
FIG. 21 is a horizontal longitudinal sectional view of an electric furnace arranged differently from the arrangement of the processing container of FIG.
FIG. 22 is a horizontal longitudinal section of another electric furnace preferably used in the present invention.
FIG. 23 is a horizontal longitudinal sectional view of an electric furnace arranged differently from the arrangement of the processing container of FIG.
24 is a horizontal longitudinal sectional view of an electric furnace which is arranged differently from the arrangement of the processing container of FIG.
FIG. 25 is a horizontal cross section of an internal heat type vertical furnace suitably used in the present invention.
26 (a) to (d) are examples in which a plurality of small container parts having a pair of side surfaces whose opposing distance d is 30 mm or less are connected to each other, thereby forming a single processing container. FIG.
FIGS. 27A to 27F are plan views showing an example in which the number of rectangular small container portions constituting the processing container is relatively large.
FIGS. 28A and 28B show examples of a processing container having a curved side surface defining the facing distance d, and FIG. 28C shows the facing distance d changing depending on the location. It is a top view which shows the example of a processing container.
FIG. 29A shows an example of a processing container in which the ends of a pair of side surfaces facing each other at a distance d are interconnected by a curved surface, and the entire side surface is formed by a continuous surface. , (B) shows an example of a processing container in which each of a pair of side parts facing each other at a distance d is formed from a continuous surface, and (c) shows a rectangular part constituting the processing container at the center. It is a top view which shows the example extended radially from the part.
[Explanation of symbols]
100 processing container
102 Horizontal support member
103 Spacer
104a Vertical support member
104b Horizontal support member
104c Horizontal support member
105 Spacer
106 Slider rail
170 frame
180 frame
190 frame
200 Ring mount
201 hearth
202 Heater
203 Insulation
204 Gas inlet
205 Gas discharge port (vacuum exhaust port)
206 Opening and closing lid
207 Body of electric furnace
208 core tube
209 hearth rail
210 Cylindrical water cooling drum
211 Insulation
212 heater
213 Soaking tube

Claims (5)

R−T−(M)−B系合金粉末(RはYを含む希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeとCoとの混合物、Mは添加元素、Bはボロン)に対して水素雰囲気熱処理を行う永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法であって、
対向間隔dが30mm以下になるように配置された複数の側面部と、前記複数の側面部の一端を相互に連結する底面部と、前記底面部に対向する位置に形成した開口部とを備えた処理容器内に前記合金粉末を充填する工程と、
前記処理容器内の前記合金粉末に対して前記水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する工程と、
を包含し、
前記処理容器を前記対向間隔dによって規定される方向に15mm以上離して複数個配列して前記水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する、永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法。
Permanent hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment of RT- (M) -B alloy powder (R is a rare earth element including Y, T is Fe or a mixture of Fe and Co, M is an additive element, and B is boron) A method for producing a rare earth alloy powder for a magnet, comprising:
A plurality of side surface portions arranged so that the opposing distance d is 30 mm or less, a bottom surface portion that interconnects one ends of the plurality of side surface portions, and an opening formed at a position facing the bottom surface portion. Filling the alloy powder in a treated container;
Performing the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment on the alloy powder in the processing vessel;
It encompasses,
A method for producing a rare earth alloy powder for a permanent magnet , wherein a plurality of the processing containers are arranged at a distance of 15 mm or more in the direction defined by the facing distance d and the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is performed .
前記処理容器に充填した前記合金粉末の充填深さが100mm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法。  The method for producing a rare earth alloy powder for a permanent magnet according to claim 1, wherein a filling depth of the alloy powder filled in the processing container is 100 mm or less. 前記水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する工程は、前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末に対して水素化および不均化を行う第1処理工程と、前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末に対して脱水素化および再結合を行う第2処理工程とを包含する請求項1または2に記載の永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法。The step of performing the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment includes a first treatment step of hydrogenating and disproportionating the RT- (M) -B-based material alloy powder, and the RT- (M)- the second treatment step in the method of manufacturing the rare-earth alloy powder for a permanent magnet according to claim 1 or 2 including performing dehydrogenation and recombining the B-based raw material alloy powder. 前記第1処理工程は、少なくともH2ガスを含む雰囲気中で前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末を温度500℃〜1000℃に保持し、それによって前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末に水素を吸蔵させる工程を含み、
前記第2処理工程は、H2分圧13Pa以下の状態で前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金を温度500℃〜1000℃に保持し、それによって前記R−T−(M)−B系原料合金粉末に対する脱水素処理を行う工程を含む請求項に記載の永久磁石用希土類系合金粉末の製造方法。
In the first treatment step, the RT- (M) -B-based raw material alloy powder is maintained at a temperature of 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C. in an atmosphere containing at least H 2 gas, whereby the RT- (M ) -B-based material alloy powder including the step of occluding hydrogen,
In the second treatment step, the RT- (M) -B-based material alloy is maintained at a temperature of 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C. in a state where the H 2 partial pressure is 13 Pa or less, whereby the RT- (M) The method for producing a rare earth alloy powder for a permanent magnet according to claim 3 , comprising a step of performing a dehydrogenation treatment on the -B based material alloy powder.
R−T−(M)−B系合金粉末(RはYを含む希土類元素、TはFeまたはFeとCoとの混合物、Mは添加元素、Bはボロン)を作製する工程と、
対向間隔dが30mm以下になるように配置された複数の側面部と、前記複数の側面部の一端を相互に連結する底面部と、前記底面部に対向する位置に形成した開口部とを備えた処理容器内に前記合金粉末を充填する工程と、
前記処理容器内の前記合金粉末に対して水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する工程と、
前記合金粉末を用いて磁石を作製する工程と、
を包含し、
前記処理容器を前記対向間隔dによって規定される方向に15mm以上離して複数個配列して前記水素雰囲気熱処理を実行する、永久磁石の製造方法。
Producing a RT- (M) -B alloy powder (R is a rare earth element including Y, T is Fe or a mixture of Fe and Co, M is an additive element, and B is boron);
A plurality of side surface portions arranged so that the opposing distance d is 30 mm or less, a bottom surface portion that interconnects one ends of the plurality of side surface portions, and an opening formed at a position facing the bottom surface portion. Filling the alloy powder in a treated container;
Performing a hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment on the alloy powder in the processing vessel;
Producing a magnet using the alloy powder;
It encompasses,
A method for manufacturing a permanent magnet , wherein the hydrogen atmosphere heat treatment is performed by arranging a plurality of the processing containers 15 mm or more apart in a direction defined by the facing distance d .
JP30663498A 1998-10-28 1998-10-28 Method for producing rare earth alloy powder for permanent magnet, processing vessel used in the production method, and method for producing permanent magnet Expired - Fee Related JP4029499B2 (en)

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