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JP4047005B2 - Strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation - Google Patents
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JP4047005B2 - Strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation - Google Patents

Strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation Download PDF

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JP4047005B2
JP4047005B2 JP2001399576A JP2001399576A JP4047005B2 JP 4047005 B2 JP4047005 B2 JP 4047005B2 JP 2001399576 A JP2001399576 A JP 2001399576A JP 2001399576 A JP2001399576 A JP 2001399576A JP 4047005 B2 JP4047005 B2 JP 4047005B2
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measurement point
heat treatment
analysis
strain
analysis step
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JP2003194754A (en
Inventor
典大 ▲高▼▲崎▼
康之 藤原
好崇 渥美
巧 小塚
庸 住田
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Toyota Motor Corp
Aichi Steel Corp
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Toyota Motor Corp
Aichi Steel Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法に関し、有限要素モデルを用いて熱処理による歪を解析する方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来より鋼を硬化させるために焼入れによる熱処理が行われている。そして、この熱処理による歪を予測するために、有限要素モデルを用いたシミュレーションも行われている。この有限要素モデルを用いたシミュレーションにおいては、例えば熱伝達率等の設定された境界条件に基づいて熱処理前後における有限要素モデルを構成している各節点の移動量を計算し、設定された測定点の計算前後における移動量を熱処理前後における測定点の歪として求めている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、複雑な形状の部品の熱処理による歪を解析する場合には、単に計算前後における測定点の移動量を求めるだけでは、熱処理前後における測定点の歪を精度よく求めることができない場合がある。以下にその一例を説明する。例えば、歯車の歯面においては、圧力角及びねじれ角の値を厳密に管理する必要がある。ここで、実際の熱処理前後におけるねじれ角変化量を測定器を用いて測定する場合を考える。熱処理前においては、図13に示すように歯面の歯筋方向に関して一端面46から所定距離aにある半径bの点を第1の測定点10とし、歯面の歯筋方向に関して他端面48から所定距離aにある半径bの点を第2の測定点12としている。そして、この第1の測定点10及び第2の測定点12において歯面に対する法線方向を、ねじれ角変化量を求めるための測定方向として測定を行う。熱処理後においては図13に示すように、熱処理前の第1の測定点10を通りこの測定方向に平行な直線22と熱処理後の歯面との交点を熱処理後の第1の測定点14とし、熱処理前の第2の測定点12を通りこの測定方向に平行な直線24と熱処理後の歯面との交点を熱処理後の第2の測定点16として測定を行う。そして、実際の熱処理前後における第1の測定点を一致させた場合の第2の測定点の変化量をねじれ角変化量としている。
【0004】
次に、歯車の歯面のねじれ角変化量を有限要素モデルを用いて解析する場合を考える。ねじれ角変化量を解析によって算出する場合においても、図13に示すように歯面の歯筋方向に関して一端面46から所定距離aにある半径bの点を第1の測定点10とし、歯面の歯筋方向に関して他端面48から所定距離aにある半径bの点を第2の測定点12としている。しかし、計算後における第1の測定点10及び第2の測定点12の移動方向は、図13に示すように実際の熱処理の際の測定方向と一致しない可能性があり、計算後における第1の測定点18及び第2の測定点20は実際の熱処理後における第1の測定点14及び第2の測定点16と一致しない可能性がある。したがって、計算値と実験値との間に誤差が発生する。このことは圧力角の場合についても同様である。なお図13においては、計算後における第2の測定点20は断面A−Aで決まる平面上にあるとは限らない。以上の理由によって、単に計算前後における測定点の移動量から圧力角及びねじれ角の変化量を計算するだけでは、熱処理による圧力角及びねじれ角の変化量を精度よく求めることができないという課題があった。
【0005】
また、実際の熱処理による歪は部品ごとに変動する。例えば複数の歯車を同時に焼入れする場合においては、冷却曲線が各歯車ごとに変動し、そのためにねじれ角変化量及び圧力角変化量も各歯車ごとに異なってくる。しかし、従来の有限要素モデルを用いたシミュレーションにおいては、解析の際に与える境界条件の値は固定値であるため、実際の熱処理のように変動を考慮した歪を求めることができないという課題があった。
【0006】
本発明は上記課題に鑑みてなされたものであり、複雑な形状の部品においても、熱処理による歪を精度よく解析することのできる熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法を提供することを目的とする。また、変動を考慮した歪を求めることのできる熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
このような目的を達成するために、本発明に係る熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法は、熱処理による歪を有限要素モデルを用いて解析する方法であって、設定された境界条件に基づいて、有限要素モデル中の各節点の熱処理前後における移動量を計算する解析工程と、解析工程後の第1の測定点周辺節点の座標に基づいて解析工程後の第1の測定点周辺表面を作成し、解析工程後の第2の測定点周辺節点の座標に基づいて解析工程後の第2の測定点周辺表面を作成する面作成工程と、解析工程前の第1の測定点を通る該第1の測定点周辺表面の法線と前記解析工程後の第1の測定点周辺表面との交点を求めることで第3の測定点の座標を算出し、解析工程前における第2の測定点を通る該第2の測定点周辺表面の法線と前記解析工程後の第2の測定点周辺表面との交点を求めることで第4の測定点の座標を算出する点算出工程と、前記第4の測定点と前記解析工程前の第2の測定点との距離から前記第3の測定点と前記解析工程前の第1の測定点との距離を差し引くことで第2の測定点の歪を算出する歪算出工程と、を含むことを特徴とする。
【0008】
このように、まず解析工程後の第1の測定点周辺表面及び解析工程後の第2の測定点周辺表面を作成し、次に解析工程前の第1の測定点を通り実際の歪測定方向に平行な直線と解析工程後の第1の測定点周辺表面との交点を第3の測定点とし、解析工程前の第2の測定点を通り実際の歪測定方向に平行な直線と解析工程後の第2の測定点周辺表面との交点を第4の測定点としている。ここで、解析工程前の第1の測定点を始点とし第3の測定点を終点とするベクトル及び解析工程前の第2の測定点を始点とし第4の測定点を終点とするベクトルの方向は、測定器を用いて実測する場合における基準点及び測定点の熱処理前後での移動方向と一致している。したがって、第4の測定点と解析工程前の第2の測定点との距離から第3の測定点と解析工程前の第1の測定点との距離を差し引いて第2の測定点の歪の解析値を算出することで、歪の解析値を測定器を用いた実測値に近づけることができる。したがって、例えば歯車の歯面のような複雑な形状の部品においても、熱処理による歪を精度よく算出することができる。
【0009】
さらに、本発明に係る熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法は、前記境界条件は、熱処理時の冷却曲線を実測した場合において、冷却速度最大時の曲線に基づいて求めた最大熱伝達率及び冷却速度最小時の曲線に基づいて求めた最小熱伝達率であり、前記最大熱伝達率を境界条件として設定した場合の前記第2の測定点の歪及び前記最小熱伝達率を境界条件として設定した場合の前記第2の測定点の歪に基づいて、前記第2の測定点の歪の変動幅を算出することを特徴とする。
【0010】
このように、熱処理時の冷却速度を実測した場合における冷却曲線の変動幅から最大熱伝達率及び最小熱伝達率を算出し、最大熱伝達率を境界条件として設定した場合の測定点の歪及び最小熱伝達率を境界条件として設定した場合の測定点の歪に基づいて、測定点の歪の変動幅を算出している。ここで、熱伝達率の変動は歪の変動に影響を与える。したがって、熱伝達率の変動幅を考慮して解析を行うことで、実際の熱処理のように変動幅を考慮した歪を求めることができる。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態(以下実施形態という)を、図面に従って説明する。
【0012】
(1)第1実施形態
図1は、本発明の第1実施形態に係る熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法を示すフローチャートであり、熱処理による歯車の歯面のねじれ角変化量を解析する場合に本発明を適用したものである。
【0013】
まずステップ(以下、Sと記載する)101では、解析対象の歯車の形状データを解析装置に入力する。次にS102においては、歯車の形状を示す節点データ(表面及び内部)を元にメッシュを作成することで、熱処理前における歯車の有限要素モデルが作成される。ここでは図2に示すように歯車の1歯を取り出した有限要素モデルを作成している。歯車の歯面のねじれ角変化量については、例えば図3に示すように、歯面の歯筋方向に関して一端面46から所定距離aにある半径bの点を第1の測定点30−1とし、歯面の歯筋方向に関して他端面48から所定距離aにある半径bの点を第2の測定点32−1としている。
【0014】
S103においては、実験により焼入れ時における実際の冷却曲線の変動幅を実測する。ここでは複数の歯車を同時に焼入れする場合について説明する。実際の焼入れ時においては、冷却曲線は部品ごとに変動し、そのために歪も部品ごとに変動する。図4に複数の歯車を同時に焼入れした場合に歯車の1歯の温度を測定して得られた冷却曲線の変動幅の一例を示す。なお、S103は必ずしもS102の次に実行される必要はなく、後述するS104より前に行われていればよい。次にS104では、シミュレーションを実行する際の境界条件として設定するための熱伝達率の値を算出する。ここでは、まず冷却速度最大時の曲線に基づいて最大熱伝達率を算出し、冷却速度最小時の曲線に基づいて最小熱伝達率を算出する。ここで、熱伝達率は、冷却速度、部品の密度、表面積、熱伝導率、変態潜熱及び比熱に基づいて算出することができ、部品表面温度の関数である。
【0015】
S105の解析工程においては、設定されたパラメータ及びS104で算出した最大熱伝達率に基づいて熱処理シミュレーションを行い、有限要素モデル中の各節点の移動量を算出する。ここで熱処理による歪の計算に必要なパラメータについては、例えばTTT(Time-Temperature Transformation)線図、ヤング率、ポアソン比、線膨張係数、熱伝導率及び炭素の拡散係数(浸炭焼入れの場合)等が挙げられる。S106においては、解析工程後の有限要素モデル中の節点群から表面に属する節点38のみを抽出する。S107の面作成工程においては、S106で抽出された節点38から表面40データを作成する。具体的には、図5に示すように節点38データ間を例えばスプライン補間することで曲線42データを作成し、図6に示すように曲線42データ間を例えばスプライン補間することで表面40データを作成する。S108の基準合わせ工程においては、解析工程前後における有限要素モデルの基準合わせを行う。具体的には図7に示すように、例えば解析工程前の歯面の一端面46にある半径Rの点を第1の基準点58とし、解析工程後の歯面の一端面46にある半径Rの点を第2の基準点60とし、第1の基準点58と第2の基準点60が一致するように表面40を移動させる。ここで第2の基準点60は、S107の面作成工程で作成された表面40データから求められる。S109の点算出工程においては、S107の面作成工程で作成されS108の基準合わせ工程で移動された表面40データを用いて第3の測定点34及び第4の測定点36を算出する。具体的には図3に示すように、解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1を通る解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1周辺表面の法線50と基準合わせ工程後の表面40との交点を演算し、その交点を第3の測定点34とする。同様に図3に示すように、解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1を通る解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1周辺表面の法線52と基準合わせ工程後の表面40との交点を演算し、その交点を第4の測定点36とする。なお図3においては、解析工程後の第2の測定点32−2は断面A−Aで決まる平面上にあるとは限らない。また面作成工程においては、図6に示すように歯面全体の表面40データを必ずしも作成する必要はなく、第2の基準点60及び点算出工程で算出対象とする第3の測定点34と第4の測定点36が算出できる程度に、解析工程後の第1の基準点58周辺表面データ、解析工程後の第1の測定点30−2周辺表面データ及び解析工程後の第2の測定点32−2周辺表面データを作成すればよい。S110の歪算出工程においては、熱処理によるねじれ角変化量を算出する。ねじれ角変化量は、第4の測定点36と解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1との距離から第3の測定点34と解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1との距離を差し引くことで求められる。
【0016】
一方、S111からS116においては、S105からS110と同様にしてねじれ角変化量の算出を行う。ただし、S111の解析工程においては設定されたパラメータ及びS104で算出した最小熱伝達率に基づいて熱処理シミュレーションを行い、有限要素モデル中の各節点の移動量を算出する。S112はS106と同様であり、S113ではS107と同様の面作成工程を行い、S114ではS108と同様の基準合わせ工程を行い、S115ではS109と同様の点算出工程を行い、S116ではS110と同様の歪算出工程を行う。最後にS117において、変動幅を考慮したねじれ角変化量を算出して本処理を終了する。ここで、最大熱伝達率を境界条件として算出したねじれ角変化量と最小熱伝達率を境界条件として算出したねじれ角変化量との差がねじれ角変化量の変動幅となる。
【0017】
本実施形態においては、まず面作成工程で、解析工程後の第1の測定点30−2周辺表面データ及び解析工程後の第2の測定点32−2周辺表面データを作成している。そして点算出工程で、解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1を通る解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1周辺表面の法線50と基準合わせ工程後の表面40との交点を第3の測定点34とし、解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1を通る解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1周辺表面の法線52と基準合わせ工程後の表面40との交点を第4の測定点36としている。ここで、解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1を始点とし第3の測定点34を終点とするベクトル及び解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1を始点とし第4の測定点36を終点とするベクトルの方向は、測定器を用いて実測する場合における基準点及び測定点の熱処理前後での移動方向と一致している。したがって、第4の測定点36と解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1の距離から第3の測定点34と解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1との距離を差し引いてねじれ角変化量を算出することで、ねじれ角変化量の解析値を測定器を用いた実測値に近づけることができ、ねじれ角変化量の解析値を精度よく算出することができる。
【0018】
また本実施形態においては、熱処理時の冷却速度を実測した場合における冷却速度最大時の最大熱伝達率及び冷却速度最小時の最小熱伝達率を境界条件として用意し、最大熱伝達率を境界条件とした場合のねじれ角変化量及び冷却速度最小時の熱伝達率を境界条件とした場合のねじれ角変化量を求め、これらのねじれ角変化量の差をねじれ角変化量の変動幅としている。このように、解析工程においてねじれ角変化量の変動幅に影響を与える熱伝達率の変動幅を考慮して熱処理シミュレーションを行っているので、実際の熱処理のように変動幅を考慮したねじれ角変化量を求めることができる。
【0019】
図8に、SCr420及びSCM420について本実施形態の方法を用いた計算値と実験値との比較を示す。本実施形態の方法を用いた計算値は実験値の傾向をほぼ再現しているので、本実施形態の方法によって、ねじれ角変化量を精度よく解析することができる。
【0020】
(2)第2実施形態
本発明の第2実施形態に係る熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法を示すフローチャートについては、図1に示す第1実施形態のフローチャートと同様である。本実施形態は、熱処理による歯車の歯面の圧力角変化量を解析する場合に本発明を適用したものである。圧力角変化量を解析する場合においては、図9に示すように歯面の歯丈方向に関して中心から所定半径cにある歯筋方向中央の節点を第1の測定点30−1とし、歯面の歯丈方向に関して中心から所定半径dにある歯筋方向中央の節点を第2の測定点32−1としている。そしてS109及びS115の点算出工程においては図9に示すように、解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1を通る解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1周辺表面の法線50と基準合わせ工程後の表面40との交点を演算し、その交点を第3の測定点34とする。同様に図9に示すように、解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1を通る解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1周辺表面の法線52と基準合わせ工程後の表面40との交点を演算し、その交点を第4の測定点36とする。なお図9においては、解析工程後の第1の測定点30−2及び解析工程後の第2の測定点32−2は断面A−Aで決まる平面上にあるとは限らない。次にS110及びS116の歪算出工程においては、第4の測定点36と解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1との距離から第3の測定点34と解析工程前の第1の測定点30−1との距離を差し引くことで圧力角変化量を算出する。他の構成は第1実施形態と同様のため省略する。
【0021】
本実施形態においても、圧力角変化量の解析値を測定器を用いた実測値に近づけることができ、圧力角変化量の解析値を精度よく算出することができる。また、実際の熱処理のように変動幅を考慮した圧力角変化量を求めることができる。
【0022】
本発明の第1、2実施形態においては、熱処理による歯車の歯面のねじれ角変化量及び圧力角変化量を解析する場合について説明したが、本発明の適用範囲は、歯車の歯面に限るものではなく、例えば図10に示すようなテーパ量、図11に示すような端面うねり及び図12に示すような円筒度等を解析する場合においても適用可能である。図10に示すテーパ量については、端面54から所定距離f1にある円筒内面56上の点を第1の測定点30−1とし、端面54から所定距離f2にある円筒内面56上の点を第2の測定点32−1とし、第4の測定点36と解析工程前の中心軸44との距離から第3の測定点34と解析工程前の中心軸44との距離を差し引くことで精度よく算出することができる。図11に示す端面うねりについては、中心軸44から所定距離rにある端面54上の点を第2の測定点32−1とし、第4の測定点36と解析工程前の第2の測定点32−1との距離を端面54の1周について求め、その距離の変動幅を求めることで精度よく算出することができる。図12に示す円筒度については、端面54から所定距離eにある円筒内面56上の点を第2の測定点32−1とし、第4の測定点36と解析工程前の中心軸44との距離を円筒内面56の1周について求め、その距離の変動幅を求めることで精度よく算出することができる。
【0023】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように本発明によれば、複雑な形状の部品においても、熱処理による歪の解析値を測定器を用いた実測値に近づけることができ、熱処理による歪を精度よく解析することができる。また、実際の熱処理のように変動幅を考慮した歪を求めることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の第1、2実施形態に係る熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法を示すフローチャートである。
【図2】 本発明の第1、2実施形態における歯車の1歯を取り出した有限要素モデルの一例を示す図である。
【図3】 本発明の第1実施形態における歯車の歯面のねじれ角変化量を算出するための測定点を説明する図である。
【図4】 本発明の第1、2実施形態における複数の歯車を同時に焼入れした場合の冷却曲線の変動幅の一例を示す図である。
【図5】 本発明の第1、2実施形態における節点データ間をスプライン補間することで曲線データを作成する工程を説明する図である。
【図6】 本発明の第1、2実施形態における曲線データ間をスプライン補間することで表面データを作成する工程を説明する図である。
【図7】 本発明の第1、2実施形態における解析工程前後における基準合わせのための基準点の一例を説明する図である。
【図8】 本発明の第1実施形態における方法によって得られた計算値と実験値との比較を示す図である。
【図9】 本発明の第2実施形態における歯車の歯面の圧力角変化量を算出するための測定点を説明する図である。
【図10】 本発明の解析方法の適用が可能なテーパ量について説明する図である。
【図11】 本発明の解析方法の適用が可能な端面うねりについて説明する図である。
【図12】 本発明の解析方法の適用が可能な円筒度について説明する図である。
【図13】 従来技術の問題点について説明する図である。
【符号の説明】
30−1 解析工程前の第1の測定点、30−2 解析工程後の第1の測定点、32−1 解析工程前の第2の測定点、32−2 解析工程後の第2の測定点、34 第3の測定点、36 第4の測定点。
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for analyzing strain by heat treatment simulation, and to a method for analyzing strain by heat treatment using a finite element model.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, heat treatment by quenching has been performed to harden steel. In order to predict the strain due to the heat treatment, simulation using a finite element model is also performed. In the simulation using this finite element model, the amount of movement of each node constituting the finite element model before and after the heat treatment is calculated based on the set boundary conditions such as the heat transfer coefficient, for example, and the set measurement point The amount of movement before and after the calculation is obtained as the distortion of the measurement point before and after the heat treatment.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when analyzing the distortion due to heat treatment of a component having a complicated shape, it may not be possible to accurately obtain the distortion of the measurement point before and after the heat treatment simply by obtaining the movement amount of the measurement point before and after the calculation. One example will be described below. For example, on the tooth surface of a gear, it is necessary to strictly manage the values of pressure angle and torsion angle. Here, consider a case where the amount of change in torsion angle before and after actual heat treatment is measured using a measuring instrument. Before the heat treatment, as shown in FIG. 13, a point having a radius b at a predetermined distance a from the one end face 46 with respect to the tooth trace direction of the tooth surface is set as the first measurement point 10, and the other end face 48 with respect to the tooth trace direction of the tooth face. A point having a radius b at a predetermined distance a from the first point is defined as a second measurement point 12. Then, the normal direction with respect to the tooth surface at the first measurement point 10 and the second measurement point 12 is measured as the measurement direction for obtaining the amount of change in the twist angle. After the heat treatment, as shown in FIG. 13, the intersection of the straight line 22 passing through the first measurement point 10 before the heat treatment and parallel to this measurement direction and the tooth surface after the heat treatment is defined as the first measurement point 14 after the heat treatment. Then, the intersection between the straight line 24 passing through the second measurement point 12 before the heat treatment and parallel to the measurement direction and the tooth surface after the heat treatment is used as the second measurement point 16 after the heat treatment. Then, the amount of change in the second measurement point when the first measurement point before and after the actual heat treatment is matched is used as the twist angle change amount.
[0004]
Next, consider the case where the change in the twist angle of the gear tooth surface is analyzed using a finite element model. Even when the amount of change in torsion angle is calculated by analysis, as shown in FIG. 13, the point of radius b at a predetermined distance a from the end face 46 in the tooth trace direction of the tooth surface is set as the first measurement point 10, and the tooth surface A point having a radius b at a predetermined distance a from the other end surface 48 with respect to the tooth trace direction is set as the second measurement point 12. However, the moving directions of the first measurement point 10 and the second measurement point 12 after the calculation may not coincide with the measurement direction during the actual heat treatment as shown in FIG. The measurement point 18 and the second measurement point 20 may not coincide with the first measurement point 14 and the second measurement point 16 after the actual heat treatment. Therefore, an error occurs between the calculated value and the experimental value. The same applies to the case of the pressure angle. In FIG. 13, the second measurement point 20 after the calculation is not necessarily on the plane determined by the section AA. For the above reasons, there is a problem that the amount of change in pressure angle and torsion angle due to heat treatment cannot be obtained accurately by simply calculating the amount of change in pressure angle and torsion angle from the amount of movement of the measurement point before and after the calculation. It was.
[0005]
In addition, distortion due to actual heat treatment varies from part to part. For example, when quenching a plurality of gears at the same time, the cooling curve varies for each gear, and therefore the torsion angle change amount and the pressure angle change amount also differ for each gear. However, in the simulation using the conventional finite element model, since the boundary condition value given in the analysis is a fixed value, there is a problem that it is not possible to obtain the distortion considering the variation as in the actual heat treatment. It was.
[0006]
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation that can accurately analyze strain due to heat treatment even in a complex-shaped part. It is another object of the present invention to provide a strain analysis method based on a heat treatment simulation capable of obtaining a strain considering variation.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve such an object, the strain analysis method by the heat treatment simulation according to the present invention is a method for analyzing the strain by the heat treatment using a finite element model, and is based on the set boundary condition. Based on the analysis step for calculating the amount of movement of each node in the element model before and after heat treatment, and the coordinates of the first measurement point peripheral node after the analysis step, the surface around the first measurement point after the analysis step is created, A surface creation step for creating a surface around the second measurement point after the analysis step based on the coordinates of the nodes around the second measurement point after the analysis step, and the first passing through the first measurement point before the analysis step The coordinates of the third measurement point are calculated by obtaining the intersection point between the normal of the surface around the measurement point and the surface around the first measurement point after the analysis step, and passes through the second measurement point before the analysis step. Normal of the surface around the second measurement point and the analysis work A point calculation step of calculating the coordinates of the fourth measurement point by obtaining an intersection with the peripheral surface of the second measurement point later, and the fourth measurement point and the second measurement point before the analysis step; A strain calculation step of calculating a strain at the second measurement point by subtracting the distance between the third measurement point and the first measurement point before the analysis step from the distance.
[0008]
In this way, first, the surface around the first measurement point after the analysis step and the surface around the second measurement point after the analysis step are created, and then the actual strain measurement direction passes through the first measurement point before the analysis step. The third measurement point is the intersection of the straight line parallel to the first measurement point and the surface around the first measurement point after the analysis process, and the straight line parallel to the actual strain measurement direction through the second measurement point before the analysis process and the analysis process The intersection point with the surface around the subsequent second measurement point is defined as the fourth measurement point. Here, the direction of the vector having the first measurement point before the analysis process as the start point and the third measurement point as the end point, and the vector having the second measurement point before the analysis process as the start point and the fourth measurement point as the end point Corresponds to the movement direction of the reference point and the measurement point before and after the heat treatment in the actual measurement using the measuring instrument. Therefore, the distortion of the second measurement point is obtained by subtracting the distance between the third measurement point and the first measurement point before the analysis process from the distance between the fourth measurement point and the second measurement point before the analysis step. By calculating the analysis value, the analysis value of distortion can be brought close to an actual measurement value using a measuring instrument. Therefore, for example, even in a complicatedly shaped part such as a tooth surface of a gear, distortion due to heat treatment can be accurately calculated.
[0009]
Further, in the strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation according to the present invention, the boundary condition is that when the cooling curve during heat treatment is measured, the maximum heat transfer coefficient and the maximum cooling rate determined based on the curve at the maximum cooling rate. It is the minimum heat transfer coefficient obtained based on the curve at the time of small, and when the maximum heat transfer coefficient is set as a boundary condition, the strain at the second measurement point and the minimum heat transfer coefficient are set as a boundary condition The variation range of the distortion at the second measurement point is calculated based on the distortion at the second measurement point.
[0010]
In this way, the maximum heat transfer coefficient and the minimum heat transfer coefficient are calculated from the fluctuation range of the cooling curve when actually measuring the cooling rate during heat treatment, and the strain at the measurement point when the maximum heat transfer coefficient is set as a boundary condition and Based on the strain at the measurement point when the minimum heat transfer coefficient is set as the boundary condition, the fluctuation range of the strain at the measurement point is calculated. Here, the variation in heat transfer coefficient affects the variation in strain. Therefore, by performing analysis in consideration of the fluctuation range of the heat transfer coefficient, it is possible to obtain a distortion that takes the fluctuation range into consideration as in an actual heat treatment.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as embodiments) will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0012]
(1) First Embodiment FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing a strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation according to the first embodiment of the present invention. This method is used when analyzing the change in the twist angle of the gear tooth surface by heat treatment. The invention is applied.
[0013]
First, in step (hereinafter referred to as S) 101, the shape data of the gear to be analyzed is input to the analysis device. Next, in S102, a finite element model of the gear before heat treatment is created by creating a mesh based on node data (surface and inside) indicating the shape of the gear. Here, as shown in FIG. 2, a finite element model is created by taking out one tooth of the gear. Regarding the amount of change in the twist angle of the tooth surface of the gear, for example, as shown in FIG. 3, a point of radius b at a predetermined distance a from one end surface 46 in the tooth trace direction of the tooth surface is defined as a first measurement point 30-1. A point having a radius b at a predetermined distance a from the other end surface 48 in the tooth trace direction of the tooth surface is defined as a second measurement point 32-1.
[0014]
In S103, the fluctuation range of the actual cooling curve during quenching is measured by experiment. Here, a case where a plurality of gears are simultaneously quenched will be described. During actual quenching, the cooling curve varies from part to part, and the distortion also varies from part to part. FIG. 4 shows an example of the fluctuation range of the cooling curve obtained by measuring the temperature of one gear tooth when a plurality of gears are simultaneously quenched. Note that S103 does not necessarily need to be executed next to S102, and may be executed before S104 described later. Next, in S104, the value of the heat transfer coefficient for setting as a boundary condition when executing the simulation is calculated. Here, first, the maximum heat transfer coefficient is calculated based on the curve at the maximum cooling rate, and the minimum heat transfer coefficient is calculated based on the curve at the minimum cooling rate. Here, the heat transfer coefficient can be calculated based on the cooling rate, the density of the component, the surface area, the thermal conductivity, the transformation latent heat and the specific heat, and is a function of the component surface temperature.
[0015]
In the analysis step of S105, a heat treatment simulation is performed based on the set parameters and the maximum heat transfer coefficient calculated in S104, and the movement amount of each node in the finite element model is calculated. Here, parameters necessary for calculation of strain due to heat treatment include, for example, TTT (Time-Temperature Transformation) diagram, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, linear expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and carbon diffusion coefficient (in case of carburizing and quenching). Is mentioned. In S106, only the node 38 belonging to the surface is extracted from the node group in the finite element model after the analysis process. In the surface creation process of S107, surface 40 data is created from the nodes 38 extracted in S106. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 5, the curve 42 data is created by, for example, spline interpolation between the node 38 data, and the surface 40 data is obtained by, for example, spline interpolation between the curve 42 data as shown in FIG. create. In the reference matching step of S108, reference matching of the finite element model is performed before and after the analysis step. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 7, for example, a point having a radius R on one end face 46 of the tooth surface before the analysis process is set as a first reference point 58, and a radius on the one end face 46 of the tooth face after the analysis process is set. The point R is used as the second reference point 60, and the surface 40 is moved so that the first reference point 58 and the second reference point 60 coincide. Here, the second reference point 60 is obtained from the surface 40 data created in the surface creation step of S107. In the point calculation step in S109, the third measurement point 34 and the fourth measurement point 36 are calculated using the surface 40 data created in the surface creation step in S107 and moved in the reference matching step in S108. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, the normal 50 of the surface around the first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis process passing through the first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis process and the surface after the reference matching process. The intersection point with 40 is calculated, and the intersection point is set as a third measurement point 34. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 3, the normal 52 of the surface around the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process passing through the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process, and the surface 40 after the reference matching process. Is calculated as a fourth measurement point 36. In FIG. 3, the second measurement point 32-2 after the analysis step is not necessarily on the plane determined by the cross section AA. Further, in the surface creation step, it is not always necessary to create the surface 40 data of the entire tooth surface as shown in FIG. 6, and the second reference point 60 and the third measurement point 34 to be calculated in the point calculation step The surface data around the first reference point 58 after the analysis step, the surface data around the first measurement point 30-2 after the analysis step, and the second measurement after the analysis step to the extent that the fourth measurement point 36 can be calculated. What is necessary is just to produce the surface data around the point 32-2. In the strain calculation step of S110, the amount of change in twist angle due to heat treatment is calculated. The amount of change in torsional angle is calculated from the distance between the fourth measurement point 36 and the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis step, between the third measurement point 34 and the first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis step. It is calculated by subtracting the distance.
[0016]
On the other hand, in S111 to S116, the amount of change in torsion angle is calculated in the same manner as in S105 to S110. However, in the analysis step of S111, a heat treatment simulation is performed based on the set parameters and the minimum heat transfer coefficient calculated in S104, and the movement amount of each node in the finite element model is calculated. S112 is the same as S106. In S113, the same surface creation process as S107 is performed. In S114, a reference matching process similar to S108 is performed. In S115, a point calculation process similar to S109 is performed. In S116, similar to S110. A distortion calculation step is performed. Finally, in S117, the amount of change in torsion angle in consideration of the fluctuation range is calculated, and this process is terminated. Here, the difference between the twist angle change amount calculated using the maximum heat transfer coefficient as a boundary condition and the twist angle change amount calculated using the minimum heat transfer coefficient as a boundary condition is the fluctuation range of the twist angle change amount.
[0017]
In the present embodiment, first, in the surface creation step, the first measurement point 30-2 peripheral surface data after the analysis step and the second measurement point 32-2 peripheral surface data after the analysis step are generated. In the point calculation step, the intersection of the normal 50 on the surface around the first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis step passing through the first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis step and the surface 40 after the reference matching step is obtained. The third measurement point 34, the normal 52 of the surface around the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process passing through the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process, and the surface 40 after the reference matching process. The intersection point is a fourth measurement point 36. Here, a vector having a first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis process as a start point and a third measurement point 34 as an end point, and a second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process as a start point, a fourth measurement point. The direction of the vector having 36 as the end point coincides with the movement direction of the reference point and the measurement point before and after the heat treatment when actually measured using a measuring instrument. Therefore, the twist is obtained by subtracting the distance between the third measurement point 34 and the first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis process from the distance between the fourth measurement point 36 and the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process. By calculating the angle change amount, the analysis value of the torsion angle change amount can be brought close to the actual measurement value using the measuring instrument, and the analysis value of the torsion angle change amount can be accurately calculated.
[0018]
In this embodiment, the maximum heat transfer rate at the maximum cooling rate and the minimum heat transfer rate at the minimum cooling rate in the case of actually measuring the cooling rate during heat treatment are prepared as boundary conditions, and the maximum heat transfer rate is set as the boundary condition. The amount of change in torsion angle and the amount of change in torsion angle when the heat transfer coefficient at the minimum cooling rate is used as boundary conditions are obtained, and the difference between these amounts of change in torsion angle is defined as the fluctuation range of the amount of change in torsion angle. In this way, because the heat treatment simulation is performed in consideration of the fluctuation range of the heat transfer coefficient that affects the fluctuation range of the torsion angle change amount in the analysis process, the torsion angle change in consideration of the fluctuation range as in the actual heat treatment The amount can be determined.
[0019]
FIG. 8 shows a comparison between calculated values and experimental values using the method of the present embodiment for SCr420 and SCM420. Since the calculated value using the method of the present embodiment almost reproduces the tendency of the experimental value, the amount of change in the twist angle can be analyzed with high accuracy by the method of the present embodiment.
[0020]
(2) Second Embodiment A flowchart showing a strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation according to the second embodiment of the present invention is the same as the flowchart of the first embodiment shown in FIG. In the present embodiment, the present invention is applied to the case where the pressure angle change amount of the tooth surface of the gear due to heat treatment is analyzed. In the case of analyzing the pressure angle change amount, as shown in FIG. 9, the node at the center of the tooth trace direction located at a predetermined radius c from the center with respect to the tooth height direction of the tooth surface is set as the first measurement point 30-1, and the tooth surface The second measurement point 32-1 is the node at the center of the tooth trace direction located at a predetermined radius d from the center with respect to the tooth height direction. And in the point calculation process of S109 and S115, as shown in FIG. 9, the normal line 50 around the first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis process passing through the first measurement point 30-1 before the analysis process and The intersection point with the surface 40 after the reference matching step is calculated, and the intersection point is set as a third measurement point 34. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 9, the normal line 52 around the surface of the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process passing through the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process, and the surface 40 after the reference matching process. Is calculated as a fourth measurement point 36. In FIG. 9, the first measurement point 30-2 after the analysis step and the second measurement point 32-2 after the analysis step are not necessarily on the plane determined by the section AA. Next, in the strain calculation process of S110 and S116, the third measurement point 34 and the first measurement before the analysis process are determined from the distance between the fourth measurement point 36 and the second measurement point 32-1 before the analysis process. The pressure angle change amount is calculated by subtracting the distance from the point 30-1. Other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment, and thus are omitted.
[0021]
Also in the present embodiment, the analysis value of the pressure angle change amount can be brought close to the actual measurement value using the measuring instrument, and the analysis value of the pressure angle change amount can be calculated with high accuracy. Further, it is possible to obtain the pressure angle change amount considering the fluctuation range as in the actual heat treatment.
[0022]
In the first and second embodiments of the present invention, the case where the torsion angle change amount and the pressure angle change amount of the gear tooth surface due to heat treatment are analyzed has been described. However, the scope of the present invention is limited to the gear tooth surface. For example, the present invention can be applied to the case of analyzing the taper amount as shown in FIG. 10, the end surface waviness as shown in FIG. 11, the cylindricity as shown in FIG. For the taper amount shown in FIG. 10, a point on the cylindrical inner surface 56 that is a predetermined distance f1 from the end surface 54 is defined as a first measurement point 30-1, and a point on the cylindrical inner surface 56 that is a predetermined distance f2 from the end surface 54 is the first. The second measurement point 32-1 is used, and the distance between the fourth measurement point 36 and the central axis 44 before the analysis process is accurately subtracted from the distance between the third measurement point 34 and the central axis 44 before the analysis process. Can be calculated. For the end face waviness shown in FIG. 11, a point on the end face 54 at a predetermined distance r from the central axis 44 is defined as a second measurement point 32-1, and the fourth measurement point 36 and the second measurement point before the analysis step. The distance to 32-1 can be calculated for one round of the end face 54, and the fluctuation range of the distance can be calculated accurately. For the cylindricity shown in FIG. 12, a point on the cylindrical inner surface 56 at a predetermined distance e from the end face 54 is defined as a second measurement point 32-1, and the fourth measurement point 36 and the central axis 44 before the analysis step are measured. The distance can be calculated with high accuracy by obtaining one round of the cylindrical inner surface 56 and obtaining the fluctuation range of the distance.
[0023]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, even in a complex-shaped part, the analysis value of strain due to heat treatment can be brought close to the actual measurement value using a measuring instrument, and the strain due to heat treatment can be analyzed with high accuracy. . Further, it is possible to obtain a distortion considering the fluctuation range as in an actual heat treatment.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing a strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation according to first and second embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a finite element model obtained by extracting one tooth of a gear according to the first and second embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating measurement points for calculating a change amount of a torsion angle of a tooth surface of a gear according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a fluctuation range of a cooling curve when a plurality of gears in the first and second embodiments of the present invention are simultaneously quenched.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a process of creating curve data by performing spline interpolation between node data in the first and second embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a process of creating surface data by performing spline interpolation between curve data in the first and second embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining an example of reference points for reference adjustment before and after an analysis step in the first and second embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a comparison between calculated values and experimental values obtained by the method according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating measurement points for calculating a change in pressure angle of a tooth surface of a gear according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a taper amount to which the analysis method of the present invention can be applied.
FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating end waviness to which the analysis method of the present invention can be applied.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating cylindricity to which the analysis method of the present invention can be applied.
FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining a problem of a conventional technique.
[Explanation of symbols]
30-1 First measurement point before analysis step, 30-2 First measurement point after analysis step, 32-1 Second measurement point before analysis step, 32-2 Second measurement after analysis step Point, 34 third measurement point, 36 fourth measurement point.

Claims (2)

熱処理による歪を有限要素モデルを用いて解析する方法であって、
設定された境界条件に基づいて、有限要素モデル中の各節点の熱処理前後における移動量を計算する解析工程と、
解析工程後の第1の測定点周辺節点の座標に基づいて解析工程後の第1の測定点周辺表面を作成し、解析工程後の第2の測定点周辺節点の座標に基づいて解析工程後の第2の測定点周辺表面を作成する面作成工程と、
解析工程前の第1の測定点を通る該第1の測定点周辺表面の法線と前記解析工程後の第1の測定点周辺表面との交点を求めることで第3の測定点の座標を算出し、解析工程前における第2の測定点を通る該第2の測定点周辺表面の法線と前記解析工程後の第2の測定点周辺表面との交点を求めることで第4の測定点の座標を算出する点算出工程と、
前記第4の測定点と前記解析工程前の第2の測定点との距離から前記第3の測定点と前記解析工程前の第1の測定点との距離を差し引くことで第2の測定点の歪を算出する歪算出工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法。
A method of analyzing strain due to heat treatment using a finite element model,
Based on the set boundary conditions, an analysis process for calculating the amount of movement of each node in the finite element model before and after heat treatment,
A surface around the first measurement point after the analysis step is created based on the coordinates of the nodes around the first measurement point after the analysis step, and after the analysis step based on the coordinates of the nodes around the second measurement point after the analysis step A surface creation step of creating a surface around the second measurement point of
The coordinates of the third measurement point are obtained by obtaining the intersection of the normal of the surface around the first measurement point passing through the first measurement point before the analysis step and the surface around the first measurement point after the analysis step. The fourth measurement point is obtained by calculating and calculating the intersection of the normal of the surface around the second measurement point passing through the second measurement point before the analysis step and the surface around the second measurement point after the analysis step A point calculation step for calculating the coordinates of
The second measurement point is obtained by subtracting the distance between the third measurement point and the first measurement point before the analysis step from the distance between the fourth measurement point and the second measurement point before the analysis step. A strain calculating step of calculating the strain of
A strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation, characterized by comprising:
請求項1に記載の熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法であって、
前記境界条件は、熱処理時の冷却曲線を実測した場合において、冷却速度最大時の曲線に基づいて求めた最大熱伝達率及び冷却速度最小時の曲線に基づいて求めた最小熱伝達率であり、
前記最大熱伝達率を境界条件として設定した場合の前記第2の測定点の歪及び前記最小熱伝達率を境界条件として設定した場合の前記第2の測定点の歪に基づいて、前記第2の測定点の歪の変動幅を算出することを特徴とする熱処理シミュレーションによる歪の解析方法。
A method for analyzing strain by heat treatment simulation according to claim 1,
The boundary condition is the minimum heat transfer coefficient obtained based on the maximum heat transfer coefficient obtained based on the curve at the time of the maximum cooling rate and the curve at the time of the minimum cooling speed when actually measuring the cooling curve during the heat treatment,
Based on the distortion of the second measurement point when the maximum heat transfer coefficient is set as a boundary condition and the distortion of the second measurement point when the minimum heat transfer coefficient is set as a boundary condition, the second A strain analysis method by heat treatment simulation, characterized in that the fluctuation range of strain at the measurement point is calculated.
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