JP4230182B2 - Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element and solar cell using the same - Google Patents
Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element and solar cell using the same Download PDFInfo
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- JP4230182B2 JP4230182B2 JP2002241529A JP2002241529A JP4230182B2 JP 4230182 B2 JP4230182 B2 JP 4230182B2 JP 2002241529 A JP2002241529 A JP 2002241529A JP 2002241529 A JP2002241529 A JP 2002241529A JP 4230182 B2 JP4230182 B2 JP 4230182B2
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- photoelectric conversion
- conversion element
- dye
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- oxide semiconductor
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- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium ethoxide Chemical compound [Ti+4].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-] JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CURCMGVZNYCRNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylazanium;iodide Chemical compound I.CN(C)C CURCMGVZNYCRNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は有機色素が担持された半導体微粒子を有した光電変換素子及びこれを用いた太陽電池に関し、詳しくは特定の構造を有するメチン系色素が担持された酸化物半導体微粒子の薄層を有することを特徴とする光電変換素子及びそれを利用した太陽電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
石油、石炭等の化石燃料に代わるエネルギー資源として太陽光を利用する太陽電池が注目されている。現在、結晶又はアモルファスのシリコンを用いたシリコン太陽電池、あるいはガリウム、ヒ素等を用いた化合物半導体太陽電池等について盛んに高効率化などの開発検討がなされている。しかしそれらはそれらの製造に要するエネルギー及びコストが高いため、汎用的に使用するのが困難であるという問題点がある。又色素で増感した半導体微粒子を用いた光電変換素子、あるいはこれを用いた太陽電池も知られ、これを作成する材料、製造技術が開示されている (B.O'Regan and M.Gratzel Nature, 353, 737 (1991), M.K.Nazeeruddin, A.Kay, I.Rodicio, R.Humphry-Baker, E.Muller, P.Liska, N.Vlachopoulos, M.Gratzel, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 115, 6382 (1993) e.t.c.)。 この光電変換素子は酸化チタン等の比較的安価な酸化物半導体微粒子を用いて製造され、従来のシリコン等を用いた太陽電池に比べコストの安い光電変換素子が得られる可能性があり注目を集めている。しかし変換効率の高い素子を得るために増感色素としてルテニウム系の錯体が使用されており、色素自体のコストが高く、又その供給にも問題が残っている。又増感色素として有機色素を用いる試みも既に行われているが、変換効率が低いなどまだ実用化には至らない現状にある。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
有機色素増感半導体を用いた光電変換素子において、安価な有機色素を増感色素として用い、変換効率の高い実用性の高い光電変換素子の開発が求められている。
【0004】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は上記の課題解決するためをに鋭意努力した結果、複数のヒドロキシル基とメチン残基が一つのベンゼン環に置換した特定の構造を有するメチン系色素を用いて半導体微粒子又はその薄層を増感し、光電変換素子を作成する事により変換効率の高い光電変換素子が得られることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。
すなわち、本発明は
(1)一般式(1)で表されるメチン系色素が担持された酸化物半導体微粒子の薄層を備えてなる光電変換素子、
【0005】
【化4】
【0006】
(式中、A1、A2及びA3はそれぞれ独立に置換されていてもよい環式炭化水素残基、置換されていてもよいアミノ基、ヒドロキシル基、シアノ基、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は置換されていてもよいアルキル基を表す。Xは置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基又は置換基を有してもよい複素環残基を表す。mは2〜5の整数を、nは0〜4の整数を示す。又、nが2以上でA1及びA2が複数存在する場合、それぞれのA1及びそれぞれのA2は互いに独立に同じ又は異なってもよい前記の基を示す。又A1、もしくはA1が複数存在する場合にはそれぞれのA1、A2もしくはA2が複数存在する場合にはそれぞれのA2及びA3の中の2者は結合して置換基を有してもよい環を形成してもよい。)
(2)基材上に設けられた酸化物半導体微粒子の薄層に(1)に記載の一般式(1)で表されるメチン系色素が担持されたものである(1)記載の光電変換素子、
(3)メチン系色素が一般式(2)で表される色素である(1)乃至(2)記載の光電変換素子、
【0007】
【化5】
【0008】
(式中、A1、A2、A3、n及びXはそれぞれ一般式(1)と同義である。)
(4)メチン系色素が一般式(3)で表される色素である(1)又は(2)記載の光電変換素子、
【0009】
【化6】
【0010】
(式中、A1、A2、A3、n及びXはそれぞれ一般式(1)と同義である。)
(5)(1)、(3)又は(4)に記載の一般式(1)〜(3)のメチン系色素において、nが0〜2である(1)乃至(4)のいずれか一項に記載の光電変換素子、
(6)(1)、(3)又は(4)に記載の一般式(1)〜(3)のメチン系色素において、Xが置換基を有してもよい複素環残基である(1)乃至(5)のいずれか一項に記載の光電変換素子
(7)酸性溶液条件下における最大吸収波長(A)と塩基性溶液条件下における最大吸収波長(B)に差があるメチン系色素である(1)記載の光電変換素子、
(8)酸性溶液条件下における最大吸収波長(A)と塩基性溶液条件下における最大吸収波長(B)の差が50nm以上である(7)に記載の光電変換素子、
(9)酸性溶液条件下における最大吸収波長(A)と塩基性溶液条件下における最大吸収波長(B)の差が100nm以上である(8)に記載の光電変換素子、
(10)(1)乃至(9)記載のメチン系色素と、金属錯体色素及びこれら2種以外の有機色素からなる群から選ばれる1種以上、あわせて2種以上の色素により増感された酸化物半導体微粒子である(1)記載の光電変換素子、
(11)3種以上の色素により増感された酸化物半導体微粒子である(10)に記載の光電変換素子、
(12)酸化物半導体微粒子が二酸化チタンを必須成分として含有する微粒子である(1)乃至(11)のいずれか一項に記載の光電変換素子、
(13)酸化物半導体微粒子又はその薄層に包摂化合物の存在下、メチン系色素を担持させたものである(1)乃至(12)のいずれか一項に記載の光電変換素子、
(14)(1)乃至(13)のいずれか一項に記載の光電変換素子を備えてなる太陽電池、
(15)(1)、(3)又は(4)に記載の一般式(1)〜(3)で表されるメチン系色素により増感された酸化物半導体微粒子、
に関する。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明を詳細に説明する。
本発明の光電変換素子は特定の構造を有するメチン系色素が担持され、増感された酸化物半導体微粒子の薄層を有する。特定の構造とは下記一般式(1)で表されるものであり、メチン残基と複数のヒドロキシル基が一つのベンゼン環にしている点に特徴がある。
【0012】
【化7】
【0013】
(式中A1、A2、A3、X、m及びnはいずれも前記と同義である。)
【0014】
更に、好ましいメチン系色素の構造としては下記の一般式(2)で示される、隣り合う2つの炭素にそれぞれヒドロキシル基が置換したベンゼン環にさらにメチン残基が一つ置換されたものが挙げられ、
【0015】
【化8】
【0016】
(式中A1、A2、A3、X及びnはいずれも前記と同義である。)
【0017】
下記の一般式(3)がさらに好ましい。
【0018】
【化9】
【0019】
(式中A1、A2、A3、X及びnはいずれも前記と同義である。)
上記一般式(1)〜(3)は塩を形成していてもよく、塩の例としては例えば上記一般式のヒドロキシル基の部分が金属塩、例えばリチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、カルシウムなどのアルカリ金属又はアルカリ土類金属などとの塩、又は有機塩基、例えばテトラメチルアンモニウム、テトラブチルアンモニウム、ピリジニウム、イミダゾリウムなどの4級アンモニウム塩のような塩を挙げることが出来る。
又、A1、A2及びA3はそれぞれ独立に置換基を有してもよい環式炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよいアミノ基、ヒドロキシル基、シアノ基、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は置換されていてもよいアルキル基を表す。又、A1及びA2が複数存在する場合、それぞれのA1及びそれぞれのA2は互いに独立に同じ又は異なってもよい前記の基を示す。
【0020】
環式炭化水素基とは、環式炭化水素から水素原子を1つ除いた基を意味する。環式炭化水素基の例としては例えば、ベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナンスレン環、ピレン環、インデン環、アズレン環、フルオレン環、シクロヘキサン環、シクロペンタン環、シクロヘキセン環、シクロペンテン環、シクロヘキサジエン環、シクロペンタジエン環等が挙げられる。
【0021】
又、置換基を有してもよい環式炭化水素基における置換基としては、特に制限は無いが、アルキル基、アリール基、シアノ基、イソシアノ基、チオシアナト基、イソチオシアナト基、ニトロ基、ニトロシル基、アシル基、ハロゲン原子、ヒドロキシル基、リン酸基、リン酸エステル基、置換若しくは非置換メルカプト基、置換若しくは非置換アミノ基、置換若しくは非置換アミド基、アルコキシル基、アルコキシアルキル基、カルボキシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、スルホ基等が挙げられる。アルキル基としては置換基を有してもよい飽和及び不飽和の直鎖、分岐及び環状のアルキル基が挙げられ、炭素数は1から36が好ましく、更に好ましくは置換基を有してもよい飽和の直鎖アルキル基で、炭素数は1から20であるものが挙げられる。環状のものとして例えば炭素数3ないし8のシクロアルキルなどが挙げられる。これらのアルキル基は上記の置換基(アルキル基を除く)でさらに置換されていてもよい。アリール基としては、後記芳香族炭化水素基の項で挙げる芳香環炭化水素から水素原子をとった基等が挙げられる。アリール基はさらに上記の基などで置換されていてもよい。アシル基としては例えば炭素数1ないし10のアルキルカルボニル基、アリールカルボニル基等が挙げられ、好ましくは炭素数1ないし4のアルキルカルボニル基で、具体的にはアセチル基、プロピオニル基等が挙げられる。ハロゲン原子としては塩素、臭素、ヨウ素等の原子が挙げられる。リン酸エステルとしてはリン酸(炭素数1ないし4の)アルキルエステル基等が挙げられる。置換若しくは非置換メルカプト基としてはメルカプト基、アルキルメルカプト基等が挙げられる。置換若しくは非置換アミノ基としてはアミノ基、モノ又はジアルキルアミノ基、モノ又はジ芳香族アミノ基等が挙げられ、モノ又はジメチルアミノ基、モノ又はジエチルアミノ基、モノ又はジプロピルアミノ基、モノ又はジフェニルアミノ基、又はベンジルアミノ基等が挙げられる。置換若しくは非置換アミド基としてはアミド基、アルキルアミド基、芳香族アミド基等が挙げられる。アルコキシル基としては、例えば炭素数1ないし10のアルコキシル基等が挙げられる。アルコキシアルキル基としては、例えば(炭素数1ないし10の)アルコキシ(炭素数1ないし10の)アルキル基等が挙げられる。アルコキシカルボニル基としては例えば炭素数1ないし10のアルコキシカルボニル基等が挙げられる。又、カルボキシル基、スルホ基及びリン酸基等の酸性基は、塩を形成してもよく、塩としては例えばリチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、カルシウムなどのアルカリ金属又はアルカリ土類金属などとの塩、又は有機塩基、例えばテトラメチルアンモニウム、テトラブチルアンモニウム、ピリジニウム、イミダゾリウムなどの4級アンモニウム塩のような塩を挙げることが出来る。
【0022】
又、A1、A2及びA3はこのうち任意の2者を用いて置換基を有してもよい環を形成してもよい。特にnが2以上で、A1、A2がそれぞれ複数存在する場合には任意のA1、A2を利用して環を形成してもよい。置換基を有する場合の置換基としては前記置換基を有してもよい環式炭化水素基の項で述べた置換基を挙げることが出来る。形成する環としては不飽和炭化水素環又は複素環が挙げられる。不飽和炭化水素環としてはベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナンスレン環、ピレン環、インデン環、アズレン環、フルオレン環、シクロブテン環、シクロヘキセン環、シクロペンテン環、シクロヘキサジエン環、シクロペンタジエン環等が挙げられ、場合には環状ケトン又は環状チオケトンなどを形成してもよい。複素環基の例としては、ピリジン環、ピラジン環、インドリン環、チオフェン環、フラン環、ピラン環、オキサゾール環、チアゾール環、インドール環、ベンゾチアゾール環、ベンゾオキサゾール環、ピラジン環、キノリン環、カルバゾール環、ベンゾピラン環等が挙げられる。又これらのうちの好ましい物はシクロブテン環、シクロペンテン環、シクロヘキセン環、ピラン環などが挙げられる。又、カルボニル基、チオカルボニル基等を有する場合には環状ケトン又は環状チオケトンなどを形成してもよい。
【0023】
Xは置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基又は置換基を有してもよい複素環残基を表す。芳香族炭化水素残基とは、芳香族炭化水素から水素原子を除くことにより結合する基を意味する。芳香族炭化水素残基の具体例としては例えばベンゼン、ナフタレン、アントラセン、フェナンスレン、ピレン、インデン、アズレン、フルオレン等が挙げられ、これらは前記のようにいずれも置換基を有してもよい。通常炭素数6乃至16の芳香環(芳香環及び芳香環を含む縮合環等)を有する芳香族炭化水素残基である。複素環残基とは、複素環化合物から水素原子を除くことにより結合する基を意味する。複素環残基の具体例としては例えば、ピリジン、ピラジン、ピリミジン、ピラゾール、ピラゾリジン、チアゾリジン、オキサゾリジン、ピラン、クロメン、ピロール、ベンゾイミダゾール、イミダゾリン、イミダゾリジン、イミダゾール、ピラゾール、トリアゾール、トリアジン、ジアゾール、モルホリン、インドリン、チオフェン、フラン、オキサゾール、チアジン、チアゾール、インドール、ベンゾチアゾール、ナフトチアゾール、ベンゾオキサゾール、ナフトオキサゾール、インドレニン、ベンゾインドレニン、ピラジン、キノリン、キナゾリン、カルバゾール等が挙げられ、好ましくはベンゼン、ナフタレン、インデン、ピリジン、ピラジン、ピリミジン、キノリン、チオフェン、インドレニン、ベンゾインドレニン、ピラゾール、ピラゾリジン、チアゾール、チアゾリジン、ベンゾチアゾール、オキサゾール、オキサゾリジン、ベンゾオキサゾール、ピラン、クロメン、チオフェン、ピロール、イミダゾール、ベンゾイミダゾール、イミダゾリン、イミダゾリジン、インドール、カルバゾール等が挙げられ、さらに好ましくはベンゼン、インデン、ピリジン、キノリン、ピラン、クロメン、ピリミジン、ピロール、インドレニン、チアゾール、ベンゾチアゾール、オキサゾール、ベンゾオキサゾール、セレナゾール、ベンゾセレナゾール、イミダゾール、ベンゾイミダゾール、ピラゾール、チオフェンが挙げられ、それぞれの複素環残基は増環や水素化されていても良く、又これらは置換基を有してもよい。
【0024】
又この時のXの置換基としては、環式炭化水素基の項で述べた置換基と同様で良く又環式ケトン、チオケトンを形成していてもよい。好ましくは置換してもよいアミノ基、アルキル基、アルコキシル基、アセチル基、ヒドロキシル基、ハロゲン原子、ケトン、チオケトンが挙げられる。さらに好ましくは置換してもよいアミノ基、アルキル基、アルコキシル基、ケトン、チオケトンが挙げられる。ここで置換基を有してもよいアミノ基としてはモノアルキル置換、ジアルキル置換、モノアルキルモノアリール置換、ジアリール置換、モノアルキレン置換、ジアルキレン置換等が挙げられるが、ジアルキル置換、ジアリール置換の誘導体が好ましい。置換してもよいアルキル基としてはアリール置換、ハロゲン原子置換、アルコキシル置換等がある。置換してもよいアルコキシル基としてはアルコキシ置換、ハロゲン置換、アリール置換などが挙げられる。
これら置換基を合わせて環式炭化水素、複素環としてロダニン環、チオオキサゾリドン環、ヒダントイン環、チオヒダントイン環、インダンジオン環、チアナフテン環、ピラゾロン環、バルビツール環、チオバルビツール環、ピリドン環などを形成する構造が好ましい。これら化合物はシス体、トランス体などの構造異性体をとり得るが、特に限定されず良好な結果を与える。
【0025】
又、Xが複素環等のときにその複素環が四級化されていても良く、その時に対イオンを有してもよい。具体的には特に限定はされないが、通常のアニオンでよい。具体例としては、F-,Cl-,Br-,I-,ClO4 -,BF4 -,PF6 -,OH-,SO4 -,CH3SO4 -,トルエンスルホン酸等が挙げられ、Br-,I-,ClO4 -,BF4 -,PF6 -,CH3SO4 -,トルエンスルホン酸が好ましい。又対イオンではなく分子内又は分子間のカルボキシル基などの酸性基により中和されていてもよい。
【0026】
又、前記一般式(1)〜(3)で表されるメチン系色素は、酸性溶液条件下(例えば、有機溶剤に色素を溶解せしめた溶液に任意の酸を加えた状態)における最大吸収波長(A、λmax)と塩基性溶液条件下(例えば、有機溶剤に色素を溶解せしめた溶液に任意の塩基を加えた状態)における最大吸収波長(B、λmax)に差があり、好ましくは50nm以上、より好ましくは100nm以上の差がある場合が良好である。
又、水、酸性水溶液、塩基性水溶液等を加え、色素溶液のPhを変化させることにより最大吸収波長(λmax)が変化するものも好ましい。
【0027】
前記一般式(1)の化合物は例えば一般式(4)と活性メチレン有する環状化合物を、必要であればナトリウムエトキシド、ピペリジン、ピペラジンなどの塩基性触媒の存在下、エタノールなどのアルコールやN,N-ジメチルホルムアミドなどの非プロトン性極性溶媒、無水酢酸などの溶媒中、通常20〜120℃、好ましくは50〜80℃で縮合することにより得られる。
【0028】
【化10】
【0029】
以下に化合物例を挙げる。
まず、A1〜A3が水素でXが5員環の化合物(一般式(5))の例を表1に示す。表1においてPhはフェニル基を示す。
【0030】
【化11】
【0031】
【表1】
【0032】
Aが水素でXが6員環の化合物(一般式(6))を表2に示す。
【0033】
【化12】
【0034】
【表2】
【0035】
Aが水素でXが5員環の化合物(一般式(7))の例を表3に示す。表3においてPh-Clは4−クロロフェニル基を表す。
【0036】
【化13】
【0037】
【表3】
【0038】
Aが水素でXが6員環の化合物(一般式(8))の例を表4に示す。
【0039】
【化14】
【0040】
【表4】
【0041】
Aが水素でXが5員環の化合物(一般式(9))の例を表5に示す。
【0042】
【化15】
【0043】
【表5】
【0044】
その他の具体例として以下のようなメチン系色素が挙げられる。
【0045】
【化16】
【0046】
【化17】
【0047】
【化18】
【0048】
【化19】
【0049】
本発明の色素増感光電変換素子は、例えば、酸化物半導体微粒子を用いて基板上に酸化物半導体の薄膜を製造し、次いでこの薄膜に色素を担持させたものである。酸化物半導体の微粒子としては金属酸化物が好ましく、その具体例としてはチタン、スズ、亜鉛、タングステン、ジルコニウム、ガリウム、インジウム、イットリウム、ニオブ、タンタル、バナジウムなどの酸化物が挙げられる。これらのうちチタン、スズ、亜鉛、ニオブ、タングステン等の酸化物が好ましく、これらのうち酸化チタンが最も好ましい。これらの酸化物半導体は単一で使用することも出来るが、混合して使用することも出来る。又酸化物半導体の微粒子の粒径は平均粒径として、通常1〜500nmで、好ましくは5〜100nmである。又この酸化物半導体の微粒子は大きな粒径のものと小さな粒径のものを混合して使用することも可能である。
【0050】
酸化物半導体薄膜は酸化物半導体微粒子をスプレイ噴霧などで直接基板上に薄膜として形成する方法、基板を電極として電気的に半導体微粒子薄膜を析出させる方法、半導体微粒子のスラリーを基板上に塗布した後、乾燥、硬化若しくは焼成することによって製造することが出来る。酸化物半導体電極の性能上、スラリーを用いる方法等が好ましい。この方法の場合、スラリーは2次凝集している酸化物半導体微粒子を常法により分散媒中に平均1次粒子径が1〜200nmになるように分散させることにより得られる。
【0051】
スラリーを分散させる分散媒としては半導体微粒子を分散させ得るものであれば何でも良く、水、エタノール等のアルコール、アセトン若しくはアセチルアセトン等のケトン、ヘキサン等の炭化水素等の有機溶媒が用いられ、これらは混合して用いても良く、又水を用いることはスラリーの粘度変化を少なくするという点で好ましい。
【0052】
スラリーを塗布した基板の焼成温度は通常300℃以上、好ましくは400℃以上で、かつ上限はおおむね基材の融点(軟化点)以下であり、通常上限は900℃であり、好ましくは600℃以下である。又焼成時間には特に限定はないがおおむね4時間以内が好ましい。基板上の薄膜の厚みは通常1〜200μm、好ましくは5〜50μmである。
【0053】
酸化物半導体薄膜に2次処理を施してもよい。すなわち例えば半導体と同一の金属のアルコキサイド、塩化物、硝化物、硫化物等の溶液に直接、基板ごと薄膜を浸積させて乾燥若しくは再焼成することにより半導体薄膜の性能を向上させることも出来る。金属アルコキサイドとしてはチタンエトキサイド、チタンイソプロポキサイド、チタンtーブトキサイド、n−ジブチルージアセチルスズ等が挙げられ、そのアルコール溶液が用いられる。塩化物としては例えば四塩化チタン、四塩化スズ、塩化亜鉛等が挙げられ、その水溶液が用いられる。このようにして得られた酸化物半導体薄膜は酸化物半導体の微粒子から成っている。
【0054】
次に酸化物半導体薄膜に色素を担持させる方法について説明する。前記一般式(1)のメチン系色素を担持させる方法としては、該色素を溶解しうる溶媒にてメチン系色素を溶解して得た溶液、又は溶解性の低いメチン系色素にあってはメチン系色素を分散せしめて得た分散液に上記酸化物半導体薄膜の設けられた基板を浸漬する方法が挙げられる。溶液又は分散液中の濃度はメチン系色素によって適宜決める。その溶液中に基板上に作成した半導体薄膜を浸す。浸積温度はおおむね常温から溶媒の沸点迄の温度であり、又浸積時間は1時間から48時間程度である。色素を溶解させるのに使用しうる溶媒の具体例として、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、アセトニトリル、ジメチルスルホキサイド、ジメチルホルムアミド等が挙げられる。溶液の色素濃度は通常1×10-6M〜1Mが良く、好ましくは1×10-5 M〜1×10-11Mである。この様にしてメチン系色素で増感した酸化物半導体微粒子薄膜の光電変換素子が得られる。
【0055】
担持する前記一般式(1)のメチン系色素は1種類でもよいし、数種類混合してもよい。又、混合する場合はメチン系色素同士の他、他の色素や金属錯体色素を混合してもよい。特に吸収波長の異なる色素同士を混合することにより、幅広い吸収波長を用いることが出来、変換効率の高い太陽電池が得られる。混合する金属錯体色素の例としては特に制限は無いが J.Am.Chem.Soc., 115, 6382 (1993)や特開2000−26487に示されているルテニウム錯体やフタロシアニン、ポルフィリンなどが好ましく、混合利用しうる有機色素の例としては無金属のフタロシアニン、ポルフィリンやシアニン、メロシアニン、オキソノール、トリフェニルメタン系などのメチン系色素や、キサンテン系、アゾ系、アンスラキノン系等の色素が挙げられる。好ましいものとしてはルテニウム錯体やメロシアニン等のメチン系色素が挙げられる。混合する色素の比率は特に限定は無く、それぞれの色素より選択されるが、一般的に等モルずつの混合から、1つの色素につき、10%モル程度以上使用するのが好ましい。混合色素を混合溶解若しくは分散した溶液を用いて、酸化物半導体微粒子薄膜に色素を吸着する場合、溶液中の色素の合計濃度は1種類のみ担持する場合と同様でよい。色素を混合して使用する場合の溶媒としては前記したような溶媒が使用可能であり、使用する各色素用の溶媒は同一でも異なっていてもよい。
【0056】
本発明で酸化物半導体微粒子の薄膜を設ける基板としてはその表面が導電性であるものが好ましいが、そのような基板は市場で入手可能である.具体的には、例えば、ガラス表面又はポリエチレンテレフタレート若しくはポリエーテルスルフォン等の高分子材料の表面にインジウム、フッ素、アンチモンをドープした酸化スズなどの導電性金属酸化物や銅、銀、金等の金属の薄膜を設けたものを用いることが出来る。その導電性としては通常1000Ω以下であればよく、特に100Ω以下のものが好ましい。
【0057】
酸化物半導体微粒子の薄膜に色素を担持する際、色素同士の会合を防ぐために包摂化合物の共存下、色素を担持することが効果的である。ここで包摂化合物としてはコール酸等のステロイド系化合物、クラウンエーテル、シクロデキストリン、カリックスアレン、ポリエチレンオキサイドなどが挙げられるが、好ましいものはコール酸、ポリエチレンオキサイド等である。又色素を担持させた後、4ーt−ブチルピリジン等のアミン化合物で半導体電極表面を処理してもよい。処理の方法は例えばアミンのエタノール溶液に色素を担持した半導体微粒子薄膜の設けられた基板を浸す方法等が採られる。
【0058】
本発明の太陽電池は上記酸化物半導体薄膜に色素を担持させた光電変換素子電極と対極とレドックス電解質又は正孔輸送材料から構成される。レドックス電解質は酸化還元対を溶媒中に溶解させた溶液や、ポリマーマトリックスに含浸させたゲル電解質、又溶融塩のような固体電解質であってもよい。正孔輸送材料としてはアミン誘導体やポリアセチレン、ポリアニリン、ポリチオフェンなどの導電性高分子、ポリフェニレンなどのディスコティック液晶相を用いる物などが挙げられる。用いる対極としては導電性を持っており、レドックス電解質の還元反応を触媒的に作用するものが好ましい。例えばガラス、若しくは高分子フィルムに白金、カーボン、ロジウム、ルテニウム等を蒸着したり、導電性微粒子を塗り付けたものが用いうる。
【0059】
本発明の太陽電池に用いるレドックス電解質としてはハロゲンイオンを対イオンとするハロゲン化合物及びハロゲン分子からなるハロゲン酸化還元系電解質、フェロシアン酸塩−フェリシアン酸塩やフェロセン−フェリシニウムイオンなどの金属錯体等の金属酸化還元系電解質、アルキルチオール−アルキルジスルフィド、ビオロゲン色素、ヒドロキノン−キノン等の有機酸化還元系電解質などをあげることができるが、ハロゲン酸化還元系電解質が好ましい。ハロゲン化合物−ハロゲン分子からなるハロゲン酸化還元系電解質におけるハロゲン分子としては、例えばヨウ素分子や臭素分子等があげられ、ヨウ素分子が好ましい。又、ハロゲンイオンを対イオンとするハロゲン化合物としては、例えばLiI、NaI、KI、CsI、CaI2等のハロゲン化金属塩あるいはテトラアルキルアンモニウムヨーダイド、イミダゾリウムヨーダイド、ピリジニウムヨーダイドなどのハロゲンの有機4級アンモニウム塩等があげられるが、ヨウ素イオンを対イオンとする塩類化合物が好ましい。ヨウ素イオンを対イオンとする塩類化合物としては、例えばヨウ化リチウム、ヨウ化ナトリウム、ヨウ化トリメチルアンモニウム塩等があげられる。
【0060】
又、レドックス電解質はそれを含む溶液の形で構成されている場合、その溶媒には電気化学的に不活性なものが用いられる。例えばアセトニトリル、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、3−メトキシプロピオニトリル、メトキシアセトニトリル、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、γ−ブチロラクトン、ジメトキシエタン、ジエチルカーボネート、ジエチルエーテル、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、1、2−ジメトキシエタン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキサイド、1、3−ジオキソラン、メチルフォルメート、2ーメチルテトラヒドロフラン、3−メトキシーオキサジリジン−2−オン、スルホラン、テトラヒドロフラン、水等が挙げられ、これらの中でも、特に、アセトニトリル、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、3−メトキシプロピオニトリル、メトキシアセトニトリル、エチレングリコール、3−メトキシオキサジリジン−2−オン等が好ましい。これらは単独若しくは2種以上組み合わせて用いてもよい。ゲル電解質の場合はマトリックスとして、ポリアクリレートやポリメタクリレート樹脂などを使用したものが挙げられる。レドックス電解質の濃度は通常0.01〜99重量%で、好ましくは0.1〜90重量%程度である。
【0061】
本発明の太陽電池は、基板上の酸化物半導体薄膜に色素を担持した光電変換素子の電極に、それを挟むように対極を配置する。その間にレドックス電解質を含んだ溶液を充填することにより得られる。
【0062】
【実施例】
以下に実施例に基づき、本発明を更に具体的に説明するが、本発明がこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。実施例中、部は特に指定しない限り重量部を、又%は重量%をそれぞれ表す。
【0063】
合成例1
3,4-ジヒドロキシベンズアルデヒド6.8部と1,3-ジメチルバルビツール酸5部をエタノール 100部に溶解し、ここにピペラジン無水物1部を添加する。還流状態で1時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、化合物(36)を10.5部得た。
吸収極大(メタノール):404nm
【0064】
合成例2
2,3-ジヒドロキシベンズアルデヒド6.8部と1,3-ジメチルバルビツール酸5部をエタノール100部に溶解し、ここにピペラジン無水物1部を添加する。還流状態で1時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、化合物(108)を10.1部得た。
吸収極大(メタノール):363nm
【0065】
合成例3
2,4-ジヒドロキシベンズアルデヒド6.8部と1,3-ジメチルバルビツール酸5部をエタノール100部に溶解し、ここにピペラジン無水物1部を添加する。還流状態で1時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、化合物(107)を9.8部得た。
吸収極大(メタノール):417nm
【0066】
合成例4
3,4-ジヒドロキシベンズアルデヒド1.38部とN−エチルロダニン1.7部をエタノール20部に溶解し、ここにピペラジン無水物0.5部を添加する。還流状態で1時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、化合物(3)を2.5部得た。
吸収極大(メタノール):414nm
【0067】
合成例5
3,4-ジヒドロキシベンズアルデヒド1.38部と下記式(135)2.5部をエタノール20部に溶解し、ここにピペラジン無水物0.5部を添加する。還流状態で1時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、化合物(132)を3.5部得た。
吸収極大(メタノール):632nm
【0068】
【化20】
【0069】
合成例6
3,4-ジヒドロキシベンズアルデヒド1.38部と下記式(136)1.7部をエタノール20部に溶解し、ここにピペラジン無水物0.5部を添加する。還流状態で1時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、化合物(134)を2.8部得た。
吸収極大(メタノール):503nm
【0070】
【化21】
【0071】
合成例7
3,4-ジヒドロキシベンズアルデヒド1.38部と下記式(137)2.4部をエタノール20部に溶解し、ここにピペラジン無水物0.5部を添加する。還流状態で1時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、化合物(112)を2.8部得た。
吸収極大(メタノール):496nm
【0072】
【化22】
【0073】
実施例1
色素を3×10-4MになるようにEtOHに溶解した。この溶液中に多孔質基板(透明導電性ガラス電極上に多孔質酸化チタンを450℃にて30分焼結した半導体薄膜電極)を室温で3時間から一晩浸漬し色素を担持せしめ、溶剤で洗浄し、乾燥させ、色素増感した半導体薄膜の光電変換素子を得た。実施例9については2種類の色素をそれぞれ1.5×10-4MになるようにEtOH溶液を調製し、2種類の色素を担持することで同様に光電変換素子を得た。又実施例3,4,5においては半導体薄膜電極の酸化チタン薄膜部分に0.2M四塩化チタン水溶液を滴下し、室温にて24時間静置後、水洗して、再度450℃にて30分焼成して得た、四塩化チタン処理半導体薄膜電極を用いて色素を同様に担持した。さらに実施例2,4については色素の担持時に包摂化合物としてコール酸を3×10-2Mとなるように加えて先の色素溶液を調製し、半導体薄膜に担持して、コール酸処理色素増感半導体薄膜を得た。これと挟むように表面を白金でスパッタされた導電性ガラスを固定してその空隙に電解質を含む溶液を注入した。この電解液はエチレンカーボネートとアセトニトリルの6対4の溶液にヨウ素/テトラ−n−プロピルアンモニウムアイオーダイドを0.02M/0.5Mになるように溶解したものを使用した。実施例11について電解液は3ーメトキシプロピオニトリルにヨウ素/ヨウ化リチウム/1、2ージメチルー3ーn−プロピルイミダゾリウムアイオダイド/t−ブチルピリジンをそれぞれ0.1M/0.1M/0.6M/1Mになるように溶解したものを使用した。測定する電池の大きさは実行部分を0.25cm2とした。光源は500Wキセノンランプを用いて、AM1.5フィルターを通して100mW/cmとした。短絡電流、解放電圧、変換効率はポテンシオ・ガルバノスタットを用いて測定した。各表において、有機色素又は色素の番号は前記の化合物番号を意味する。
【0074】
【化23】
【0075】
【表6】
【0076】
最大吸収波長の差の測定
各色素を3×10-4MになるようにEtOHに溶解した。この溶液1mlに0.1規定水酸化ナトリウム水溶液0.1mlを加え、更にエタノールを加えて10mlとした溶液A、同様に上記溶液1mlに0.1規定塩酸水溶液0.1mlを加え、更にエタノールを加えて10mlとした溶液Bを作り、それぞれの溶液の最大吸収波長を測定し、その差を算出した。尚、EtOH溶液中における最大吸収波長も測定した。それらの結果を表7に示した。
【0077】
【表7】
【0078】
【発明の効果】
色素増感光電変換素子において、色素として一般式(1)で表されるメチン系色素を用いることにより、変換効率の高い太陽電池を提供することが出来た。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element having semiconductor fine particles loaded with an organic dye and a solar cell using the same, and in particular, has a thin layer of oxide semiconductor fine particles loaded with a methine dye having a specific structure. And a solar cell using the photoelectric conversion element.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Solar cells that use sunlight as an energy resource to replace fossil fuels such as oil and coal are drawing attention. Currently, development studies such as high efficiency are being actively conducted on silicon solar cells using crystalline or amorphous silicon, or compound semiconductor solar cells using gallium, arsenic, or the like. However, they have a problem that they are difficult to use for general purposes because of the high energy and cost required for their production. In addition, photoelectric conversion elements using semiconductor fine particles sensitized with dyes or solar cells using the same are also known, and materials and manufacturing techniques for producing them are disclosed (B. O'Regan and M. Gratzel Nature , 353, 737 (1991), MKNazeeruddin, A. Kay, I. Rodicio, R. Humphry-Baker, E. Muller, P. Liska, N. Vlachopoulos, M. Gratzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 6382 (1993) etc). This photoelectric conversion element is manufactured using relatively inexpensive oxide semiconductor fine particles such as titanium oxide, and it is possible to obtain a photoelectric conversion element that is cheaper than conventional solar cells using silicon or the like. ing. However, in order to obtain an element with high conversion efficiency, a ruthenium-based complex is used as a sensitizing dye, and the cost of the dye itself is high, and a problem still remains in its supply. Attempts have also been made to use organic dyes as sensitizing dyes, but they have not yet been put into practical use because of their low conversion efficiency.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In photoelectric conversion elements using organic dye-sensitized semiconductors, development of highly practical photoelectric conversion elements with high conversion efficiency using an inexpensive organic dye as a sensitizing dye is required.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of diligent efforts to solve the above problems, the present inventors have used semiconductor fine particles or their thin films using methine dyes having a specific structure in which a plurality of hydroxyl groups and methine residues are substituted with one benzene ring. It has been found that a photoelectric conversion element with high conversion efficiency can be obtained by sensitizing the layer and preparing a photoelectric conversion element, and the present invention has been completed.
That is, the present invention
(1) A photoelectric conversion element comprising a thin layer of oxide semiconductor fine particles carrying a methine dye represented by the general formula (1),
[0005]
[Formula 4]
[0006]
(Where A1, A2And AThreeEach independently represents an optionally substituted cyclic hydrocarbon residue, an optionally substituted amino group, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an optionally substituted alkyl group. X represents an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent or a heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent. m represents an integer of 2 to 5, and n represents an integer of 0 to 4. N is 2 or more and A1And A2If there is more than one, each A1And each A2Independently denote the above-mentioned groups which may be the same or different. A1Or A1If there is more than one, each A1, A2Or A2If there is more than one, each A2And AThreeTwo of them may combine to form a ring which may have a substituent. )
(2) The photoelectric conversion according to (1), wherein the methine dye represented by the general formula (1) described in (1) is supported on a thin layer of oxide semiconductor fine particles provided on the substrate. element,
(3) The photoelectric conversion element according to (1) or (2), wherein the methine dye is a dye represented by the general formula (2),
[0007]
[Chemical formula 5]
[0008]
(Where A1, A2, AThree, N and X have the same meanings as those in the general formula (1). )
(4) The photoelectric conversion element according to (1) or (2), wherein the methine dye is a dye represented by the general formula (3),
[0009]
[Chemical 6]
[0010]
(Where A1, A2, AThree, N and X have the same meanings as those in the general formula (1). )
(5) In the methine dyes of the general formulas (1) to (3) described in (1), (3) or (4), any one of (1) to (4), wherein n is 0 to 2. The photoelectric conversion element according to item,
(6) In the methine dyes of the general formulas (1) to (3) described in (1), (3) or (4), X is a heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent (1 ) To (5) The photoelectric conversion element according to any one of
(7) The photoelectric conversion device according to (1), which is a methine dye having a difference in maximum absorption wavelength (A) under acidic solution conditions and maximum absorption wavelength (B) under basic solution conditions,
(8) The photoelectric conversion element according to (7), wherein the difference between the maximum absorption wavelength (A) under acidic solution conditions and the maximum absorption wavelength (B) under basic solution conditions is 50 nm or more,
(9) The photoelectric conversion element according to (8), wherein the difference between the maximum absorption wavelength (A) under acidic solution conditions and the maximum absorption wavelength (B) under basic solution conditions is 100 nm or more,
(10) Sensitized with one or more selected from the group consisting of the methine dyes described in (1) to (9), a metal complex dye, and organic dyes other than these two, and a total of two or more dyes. The photoelectric conversion element according to (1), which is an oxide semiconductor fine particle,
(11) The photoelectric conversion element according to (10), which is oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized with three or more kinds of dyes,
(12) The photoelectric conversion element according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein the oxide semiconductor fine particles are fine particles containing titanium dioxide as an essential component.
(13) The photoelectric conversion element according to any one of (1) to (12), wherein a methine dye is supported in the presence of an inclusion compound on an oxide semiconductor fine particle or a thin layer thereof,
(14) A solar cell comprising the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of (1) to (13),
(15) Oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized with a methine dye represented by the general formulas (1) to (3) according to (1), (3) or (4),
About.
[0011]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is described in detail below.
The photoelectric conversion element of the present invention carries a methine dye having a specific structure and has a thin layer of sensitized oxide semiconductor fine particles. The specific structure is represented by the following general formula (1), and is characterized in that a methine residue and a plurality of hydroxyl groups form one benzene ring.
[0012]
[Chemical 7]
[0013]
(Where A1, A2, AThree, X, m, and n are as defined above. )
[0014]
Furthermore, as a preferable methine dye structure, a structure in which one methine residue is further substituted on a benzene ring in which two adjacent carbons are each substituted with a hydroxyl group is represented by the following general formula (2). ,
[0015]
[Chemical 8]
[0016]
(Where A1, A2, AThree, X and n are as defined above. )
[0017]
The following general formula (3) is more preferable.
[0018]
[Chemical 9]
[0019]
(Where A1, A2, AThree, X and n are as defined above. )
The general formulas (1) to (3) may form a salt. Examples of the salt include, for example, a hydroxyl group moiety of the above general formula such as a metal salt such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, etc. Examples thereof include salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, and salts such as organic bases such as quaternary ammonium salts such as tetramethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, pyridinium, imidazolium.
A1, A2And AThreeAre each independently a cyclic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, an amino group which may have a substituent, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group which may be substituted. Represents. A1And A2If there is more than one, each A1And each A2Independently denote the above-mentioned groups which may be the same or different.
[0020]
The cyclic hydrocarbon group means a group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from a cyclic hydrocarbon. Examples of cyclic hydrocarbon groups include, for example, benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, indene ring, azulene ring, fluorene ring, cyclohexane ring, cyclopentane ring, cyclohexene ring, cyclopentene ring, cyclohexadiene. Ring, cyclopentadiene ring and the like.
[0021]
The substituent in the cyclic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent is not particularly limited, but is an alkyl group, aryl group, cyano group, isocyano group, thiocyanato group, isothiocyanato group, nitro group, nitrosyl group. Acyl group, halogen atom, hydroxyl group, phosphate group, phosphate ester group, substituted or unsubstituted mercapto group, substituted or unsubstituted amino group, substituted or unsubstituted amide group, alkoxyl group, alkoxyalkyl group, carboxyl group, An alkoxycarbonyl group, a sulfo group, etc. are mentioned. Examples of the alkyl group include saturated and unsaturated linear, branched and cyclic alkyl groups which may have a substituent. The number of carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 36, and more preferably a substituent. A saturated linear alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms can be mentioned. Examples of cyclic compounds include cycloalkyl having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. These alkyl groups may be further substituted with the above substituents (excluding alkyl groups). As an aryl group, the group etc. which took the hydrogen atom from the aromatic ring hydrocarbon mentioned by the term of an aromatic hydrocarbon group mentioned later are mentioned. The aryl group may be further substituted with the above groups. Examples of the acyl group include an alkylcarbonyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an arylcarbonyl group, preferably an alkylcarbonyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, specifically, an acetyl group and a propionyl group. Examples of the halogen atom include atoms such as chlorine, bromine and iodine. Examples of phosphoric acid esters include phosphoric acid (having 1 to 4 carbon atoms) alkyl ester groups. Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted mercapto group include a mercapto group and an alkyl mercapto group. Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted amino group include an amino group, a mono or dialkylamino group, a mono or diaromatic amino group, and the like, and a mono or dimethylamino group, a mono or diethylamino group, a mono or dipropylamino group, a mono or diphenyl An amino group, a benzylamino group, etc. are mentioned. Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted amide group include an amide group, an alkylamide group, and an aromatic amide group. Examples of the alkoxyl group include an alkoxyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of the alkoxyalkyl group include an alkoxy (having 1 to 10 carbons) alkoxy (having 1 to 10 carbons) alkyl group and the like. Examples of the alkoxycarbonyl group include an alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In addition, an acidic group such as a carboxyl group, a sulfo group, and a phosphoric acid group may form a salt. Examples of the salt include an alkali metal such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium or an alkaline earth metal. Salts or organic bases such as quaternary ammonium salts such as tetramethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, pyridinium, imidazolium and the like can be mentioned.
[0022]
A1, A2And AThreeMay use any two of them to form a ring which may have a substituent. Especially when n is 2 or more, A1, A2If there is more than one each, any A1, A2May be used to form a ring. Examples of the substituent in the case of having a substituent include the substituents described in the section of the cyclic hydrocarbon group which may have the above-described substituent. Examples of the ring to be formed include an unsaturated hydrocarbon ring or a heterocyclic ring. Examples of unsaturated hydrocarbon rings include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, indene, azulene, fluorene, cyclobutene, cyclohexene, cyclopentene, cyclohexadiene, cyclopentadiene, and the like. In some cases, a cyclic ketone or a cyclic thioketone may be formed. Examples of heterocyclic groups include pyridine ring, pyrazine ring, indoline ring, thiophene ring, furan ring, pyran ring, oxazole ring, thiazole ring, indole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzoxazole ring, pyrazine ring, quinoline ring, carbazole Ring, benzopyran ring and the like. Of these, preferred are a cyclobutene ring, a cyclopentene ring, a cyclohexene ring, and a pyran ring. Moreover, when it has a carbonyl group, a thiocarbonyl group, etc., you may form cyclic ketone or cyclic thioketone.
[0023]
X represents an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent or a heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent. The aromatic hydrocarbon residue means a group bonded by removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic hydrocarbon. Specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon residue include, for example, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, indene, azulene, fluorene and the like, and any of these may have a substituent as described above. Usually, it is an aromatic hydrocarbon residue having an aromatic ring having 6 to 16 carbon atoms (such as an aromatic ring and a condensed ring containing an aromatic ring). The heterocyclic residue means a group bonded by removing a hydrogen atom from a heterocyclic compound. Specific examples of the heterocyclic residue include, for example, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrazole, pyrazolidine, thiazolidine, oxazolidine, pyran, chromene, pyrrole, benzimidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, triazine, diazole, morpholine. , Indoline, thiophene, furan, oxazole, thiazine, thiazole, indole, benzothiazole, naphthothiazole, benzoxazole, naphthoxazole, indolenine, benzoindolenine, pyrazine, quinoline, quinazoline, carbazole and the like, preferably benzene, Naphthalene, indene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, quinoline, thiophene, indolenine, benzoindolenine, pyrazole, Lazolidine, thiazole, thiazolidine, benzothiazole, oxazole, oxazolidine, benzoxazole, pyran, chromene, thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, benzimidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, indole, carbazole and the like, more preferably benzene, indene, pyridine Quinoline, pyran, chromene, pyrimidine, pyrrole, indolenine, thiazole, benzothiazole, oxazole, benzoxazole, selenazole, benzoselenazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, pyrazole, thiophene. It may be a ring or hydrogenated, and these may have a substituent.
[0024]
Further, the substituent of X at this time may be the same as the substituent described in the section of the cyclic hydrocarbon group, or may form a cyclic ketone or thioketone. Preferred examples include an amino group, an alkyl group, an alkoxyl group, an acetyl group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a ketone, and a thioketone that may be substituted. More preferably, an amino group, an alkyl group, an alkoxyl group, a ketone, and a thioketone which may be substituted are exemplified. Examples of the amino group which may have a substituent include monoalkyl substitution, dialkyl substitution, monoalkyl monoaryl substitution, diaryl substitution, monoalkylene substitution, dialkylene substitution, etc., but dialkyl substitution and diaryl substitution derivatives Is preferred. Examples of the alkyl group which may be substituted include aryl substitution, halogen atom substitution, alkoxyl substitution and the like. Examples of the alkoxyl group which may be substituted include alkoxy substitution, halogen substitution and aryl substitution.
Combined with these substituents, cyclic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic rings such as rhodanine ring, thiooxazolidone ring, hydantoin ring, thiohydantoin ring, indandione ring, thianaphthene ring, pyrazolone ring, barbitur ring, thiobarbitur ring, pyridone ring, etc. A structure that forms is preferred. These compounds can take structural isomers such as a cis isomer and a trans isomer, but are not particularly limited and give good results.
[0025]
Further, when X is a heterocyclic ring, the heterocyclic ring may be quaternized, and at that time, it may have a counter ion. Although it does not specifically limit specifically, a normal anion may be sufficient. As a specific example, F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, ClOFour -, BFFour -, PF6 -, OH-, SOFour -, CHThreeSOFour -, Toluenesulfonic acid and the like, Br-, I-, ClOFour -, BFFour -, PF6 -, CHThreeSOFour -Toluene sulfonic acid is preferred. Moreover, you may neutralize by acidic groups, such as a carboxyl group within a molecule | numerator or between molecules instead of a counter ion.
[0026]
The methine dyes represented by the general formulas (1) to (3) have a maximum absorption wavelength under acidic solution conditions (for example, a state in which an arbitrary acid is added to a solution obtained by dissolving a dye in an organic solvent). There is a difference in the maximum absorption wavelength (B, λmax) between (A, λmax) and basic solution conditions (for example, a state in which an arbitrary base is added to a solution in which a dye is dissolved in an organic solvent), preferably 50 nm or more More preferably, there is a case where there is a difference of 100 nm or more.
Also preferred are those in which the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) is changed by adding water, an acidic aqueous solution, a basic aqueous solution or the like and changing the pH of the dye solution.
[0027]
The compound of the general formula (1) is, for example, a cyclic compound having the general formula (4) and an active methylene, if necessary in the presence of a basic catalyst such as sodium ethoxide, piperidine, piperazine, alcohol such as ethanol, N, It can be obtained by condensation in an aprotic polar solvent such as N-dimethylformamide and a solvent such as acetic anhydride, usually at 20 to 120 ° C., preferably 50 to 80 ° C.
[0028]
[Chemical Formula 10]
[0029]
Examples of compounds are given below.
First, A1~ AThreeTable 1 shows examples of compounds in which X is hydrogen and X is a 5-membered ring (general formula (5)). In Table 1, Ph represents a phenyl group.
[0030]
Embedded image
[0031]
[Table 1]
[0032]
Table 2 shows compounds in which A is hydrogen and X is a six-membered ring (general formula (6)).
[0033]
Embedded image
[0034]
[Table 2]
[0035]
Table 3 shows examples of compounds in which A is hydrogen and X is a 5-membered ring (general formula (7)). In Table 3, Ph-Cl represents a 4-chlorophenyl group.
[0036]
Embedded image
[0037]
[Table 3]
[0038]
Table 4 shows examples of compounds in which A is hydrogen and X is a six-membered ring (general formula (8)).
[0039]
Embedded image
[0040]
[Table 4]
[0041]
Table 5 shows examples of compounds in which A is hydrogen and X is a 5-membered ring (general formula (9)).
[0042]
Embedded image
[0043]
[Table 5]
[0044]
Other specific examples include the following methine dyes.
[0045]
Embedded image
[0046]
Embedded image
[0047]
Embedded image
[0048]
Embedded image
[0049]
In the dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element of the present invention, for example, an oxide semiconductor thin film is produced on a substrate using oxide semiconductor fine particles, and then the dye is supported on the thin film. The oxide semiconductor fine particles are preferably metal oxides, and specific examples thereof include oxides of titanium, tin, zinc, tungsten, zirconium, gallium, indium, yttrium, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, and the like. Of these, oxides such as titanium, tin, zinc, niobium, and tungsten are preferable, and among these, titanium oxide is most preferable. These oxide semiconductors can be used alone or in combination. The average particle diameter of the oxide semiconductor fine particles is usually 1 to 500 nm, preferably 5 to 100 nm. The oxide semiconductor fine particles having a large particle size and those having a small particle size can be mixed and used.
[0050]
The oxide semiconductor thin film is a method in which oxide semiconductor fine particles are directly formed on the substrate by spray spraying, a method in which the semiconductor fine particle thin film is electrically deposited using the substrate as an electrode, and a slurry of semiconductor fine particles is applied on the substrate. It can be produced by drying, curing or baking. In view of the performance of the oxide semiconductor electrode, a method using slurry is preferable. In the case of this method, the slurry is obtained by dispersing the oxide semiconductor fine particles, which are secondarily aggregated, in a dispersion medium so as to have an average primary particle diameter of 1 to 200 nm by a conventional method.
[0051]
The dispersion medium for dispersing the slurry may be anything as long as it can disperse the semiconductor fine particles. Water, alcohols such as ethanol, ketones such as acetone or acetylacetone, and organic solvents such as hydrocarbons such as hexane are used. A mixture may be used, and the use of water is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing the viscosity change of the slurry.
[0052]
The firing temperature of the substrate coated with the slurry is usually 300 ° C. or higher, preferably 400 ° C. or higher, and the upper limit is generally lower than the melting point (softening point) of the substrate, and the upper limit is usually 900 ° C., preferably 600 ° C. or lower. It is. The firing time is not particularly limited but is preferably within 4 hours. The thickness of the thin film on the substrate is usually 1 to 200 μm, preferably 5 to 50 μm.
[0053]
A secondary treatment may be performed on the oxide semiconductor thin film. That is, for example, the performance of the semiconductor thin film can be improved by immersing the thin film together with the substrate directly in a solution of the same metal alkoxide, chloride, nitride, sulfide, etc. as the semiconductor, followed by drying or refiring. Examples of the metal alkoxide include titanium ethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium tert-butoxide, n-dibutyl-diacetyltin, and the alcohol solution thereof is used. Examples of the chloride include titanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, zinc chloride and the like, and an aqueous solution thereof is used. The oxide semiconductor thin film thus obtained is composed of fine particles of an oxide semiconductor.
[0054]
Next, a method for supporting a dye on an oxide semiconductor thin film will be described. As a method for supporting the methine dye of the general formula (1), a solution obtained by dissolving a methine dye in a solvent capable of dissolving the dye, or methine for a methine dye having low solubility is used. The method of immersing the board | substrate with which the said oxide semiconductor thin film was provided in the dispersion liquid obtained by disperse | distributing a system dye is mentioned. The concentration in the solution or dispersion is appropriately determined depending on the methine dye. The semiconductor thin film prepared on the substrate is immersed in the solution. The immersion temperature is generally from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent, and the immersion time is about 1 to 48 hours. Specific examples of the solvent that can be used for dissolving the dye include methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and the like. The dye concentration of the solution is usually 1 × 10-6M to 1M is good, preferably 1 × 10-Five M ~ 1x10-11M. In this way, a photoelectric conversion element of an oxide semiconductor fine particle thin film sensitized with a methine dye is obtained.
[0055]
The methine dye of the general formula (1) to be carried may be one kind or a mixture of several kinds. When mixing, other dyes or metal complex dyes may be mixed in addition to methine dyes. In particular, by mixing dyes having different absorption wavelengths, a wide absorption wavelength can be used, and a solar cell with high conversion efficiency can be obtained. Examples of metal complex dyes to be mixed are not particularly limited, but ruthenium complexes, phthalocyanines, porphyrins and the like disclosed in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 6382 (1993) and JP 2000-26487 are preferable. Examples of organic dyes that can be used in combination include metal-free phthalocyanine, porphyrin, cyanine, merocyanine, oxonol, triphenylmethane, and other methine dyes, and xanthene, azo, and anthraquinone dyes. Preferable examples include methine dyes such as ruthenium complexes and merocyanines. The ratio of the dyes to be mixed is not particularly limited and is selected from the respective dyes. Generally, it is preferable to use about 10% mol or more per one dye from the mixing of equimolar amounts. When the dye is adsorbed to the oxide semiconductor fine particle thin film using a solution in which the mixed dye is mixed and dissolved or dispersed, the total concentration of the dye in the solution may be the same as when only one kind is supported. As the solvent in the case of using a mixture of dyes, the above-mentioned solvents can be used, and the solvents for the respective dyes to be used may be the same or different.
[0056]
As the substrate on which the thin film of oxide semiconductor fine particles is provided in the present invention, a substrate having a conductive surface is preferable, but such a substrate is commercially available. Specifically, for example, a conductive metal oxide such as tin oxide doped with indium, fluorine or antimony on the surface of a glass material or a polymer material such as polyethylene terephthalate or polyether sulfone, or a metal such as copper, silver or gold. A thin film provided with a thin film can be used. The conductivity is usually 1000Ω or less, and particularly preferably 100Ω or less.
[0057]
When the dye is supported on the thin film of oxide semiconductor fine particles, it is effective to support the dye in the coexistence of the inclusion compound in order to prevent association between the dyes. Examples of the inclusion compound include steroidal compounds such as cholic acid, crown ether, cyclodextrin, calixarene, polyethylene oxide, and the like, with preference given to cholic acid and polyethylene oxide. Alternatively, after the dye is supported, the surface of the semiconductor electrode may be treated with an amine compound such as 4-t-butylpyridine. As a treatment method, for example, a method in which a substrate provided with a semiconductor fine particle thin film carrying a dye in an ethanol solution of amine is immersed.
[0058]
The solar cell of the present invention comprises a photoelectric conversion element electrode having a dye supported on the oxide semiconductor thin film, a counter electrode, and a redox electrolyte or hole transport material. The redox electrolyte may be a solution in which a redox couple is dissolved in a solvent, a gel electrolyte impregnated in a polymer matrix, or a solid electrolyte such as a molten salt. Examples of the hole transport material include amine derivatives, conductive polymers such as polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene, and materials using a discotic liquid crystal phase such as polyphenylene. The counter electrode to be used is preferably one having conductivity and acting catalytically on the reduction reaction of the redox electrolyte. For example, glass, a polymer film deposited with platinum, carbon, rhodium, ruthenium or the like, or coated with conductive fine particles can be used.
[0059]
As the redox electrolyte used in the solar cell of the present invention, a halogen redox electrolyte comprising a halogen compound and a halogen molecule as a counter ion, a metal complex such as ferrocyanate-ferricyanate or ferrocene-ferricinium ion Metal redox electrolytes such as alkyl thiol-alkyl disulfides, viologen dyes, and organic redox electrolytes such as hydroquinone-quinone, and the like. Halogen redox electrolytes are preferred. Examples of the halogen molecule in the halogen redox electrolyte comprising a halogen compound-halogen molecule include iodine molecule and bromine molecule, and iodine molecule is preferable. Examples of halogen compounds having halogen ions as counter ions include LiI, NaI, KI, CsI, and CaI.2And halogenated organic quaternary ammonium salts such as tetraalkylammonium iodide, imidazolium iodide, pyridinium iodide and the like, and salt compounds having iodine ions as counter ions are preferred. Examples of the salt compound having iodine ion as a counter ion include lithium iodide, sodium iodide, trimethylammonium iodide salt and the like.
[0060]
When the redox electrolyte is formed in the form of a solution containing the redox electrolyte, an electrochemically inert solvent is used as the solvent. For example, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, 3-methoxypropionitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, γ-butyrolactone, dimethoxyethane, diethyl carbonate, diethyl ether, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, methyl formate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 3-methoxyoxaziridin-2-one, sulfolane, tetrahydrofuran, water, etc. Among these, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, 3-methoxypropylene are particularly preferable. Nitrile, methoxy acetonitrile, ethylene glycol, 3-methoxy oxaziridine-2-one and the like are preferable. You may use these individually or in combination of 2 or more types. In the case of a gel electrolyte, a matrix using polyacrylate or polymethacrylate resin can be used. The concentration of the redox electrolyte is usually 0.01 to 99% by weight, preferably about 0.1 to 90% by weight.
[0061]
In the solar cell of the present invention, a counter electrode is disposed between electrodes of a photoelectric conversion element in which a dye is supported on an oxide semiconductor thin film on a substrate so as to sandwich the electrode. In the meantime, it is obtained by filling a solution containing a redox electrolyte.
[0062]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail based on examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. In Examples, “part” means “part by weight” unless otherwise specified, and “%” means “% by weight”.
[0063]
Synthesis example 1
6.8 parts of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 5 parts of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid are dissolved in 100 parts of ethanol, and 1 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting for 1 hour under reflux, the cooled solid was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 10.5 parts of compound (36).
Absorption maximum (methanol): 404nm
[0064]
Synthesis example 2
6.8 parts of 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 5 parts of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid are dissolved in 100 parts of ethanol, and 1 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting for 1 hour under reflux, the cooled solid was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 10.1 parts of Compound (108).
Absorption maximum (methanol): 363 nm
[0065]
Synthesis example 3
6.8 parts of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 5 parts of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid are dissolved in 100 parts of ethanol, and 1 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting for 1 hour under reflux, the cooled solid was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 9.8 parts of Compound (107).
Absorption maximum (methanol): 417 nm
[0066]
Synthesis example 4
1.38 parts of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 1.7 parts of N-ethylrhodanine are dissolved in 20 parts of ethanol, and 0.5 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting for 1 hour under reflux, the cooled solid was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 2.5 parts of compound (3).
Absorption maximum (methanol): 414 nm
[0067]
Synthesis example 5
1.38 parts of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2.5 parts of the following formula (135) are dissolved in 20 parts of ethanol, and 0.5 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting for 1 hour under reflux, the cooled solid was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 3.5 parts of compound (132).
Absorption maximum (methanol): 632 nm
[0068]
Embedded image
[0069]
Synthesis Example 6
1.38 parts of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 1.7 parts of the following formula (136) are dissolved in 20 parts of ethanol, and 0.5 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting for 1 hour under reflux, the cooled solid was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 2.8 parts of compound (134).
Absorption maximum (methanol): 503 nm
[0070]
Embedded image
[0071]
Synthesis example 7
1.38 parts of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2.4 parts of the following formula (137) are dissolved in 20 parts of ethanol, and 0.5 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting under reflux condition for 1 hour, the cooled solid was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 2.8 parts of compound (112).
Absorption maximum (methanol): 496 nm
[0072]
Embedded image
[0073]
Example 1
3 × 10 dye-FourDissolved in EtOH to M. A porous substrate (semiconductor thin film electrode obtained by sintering porous titanium oxide on a transparent conductive glass electrode for 30 minutes at 450 ° C. for 30 minutes) is immersed in this solution at room temperature for 3 hours to overnight to support the dye. The semiconductor thin film photoelectric conversion element washed and dried and dye-sensitized was obtained. For Example 9, the two dyes were each 1.5 × 10-FourEtOH solution was prepared so that it might become M, and the photoelectric conversion element was similarly obtained by carrying | supporting 2 types of pigment | dyes. In Examples 3, 4 and 5, 0.2M titanium tetrachloride aqueous solution was dropped onto the titanium oxide thin film portion of the semiconductor thin film electrode, left standing at room temperature for 24 hours, washed with water, and again at 450 ° C. for 30 minutes. A dye was similarly supported using a titanium tetrachloride-treated semiconductor thin film electrode obtained by firing. Further, in Examples 2 and 4, cholic acid was used as an inclusion compound at the time of supporting the dye at 3 × 10-2In addition to the M, the above dye solution was prepared and supported on the semiconductor thin film to obtain a cholic acid-treated dye-sensitized semiconductor thin film. A conductive glass whose surface was sputtered with platinum was fixed so as to sandwich it, and a solution containing an electrolyte was injected into the gap. This electrolytic solution was obtained by dissolving iodine / tetra-n-propylammonium iodide in a 6 to 4 solution of ethylene carbonate and acetonitrile to 0.02M / 0.5M. For Example 11, the electrolyte was 3-methoxypropionitrile, iodine / lithium iodide / 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-propylimidazolium iodide / t-butylpyridine, 0.1 M / 0.1 M / 0.00%, respectively. What was melt | dissolved so that it might become 6M / 1M was used. The size of the battery to be measured is 0.25 cm in the effective part.2It was. The light source was a 500 W xenon lamp and was set to 100 mW / cm through an AM1.5 filter. Short-circuit current, release voltage, and conversion efficiency were measured using a potentio galvanostat. In each table, the organic dye or the dye number means the compound number.
[0074]
Embedded image
[0075]
[Table 6]
[0076]
Measurement of maximum absorption wavelength difference
Each dye is 3 × 10-FourDissolved in EtOH to M. 0.1 ml of 0.1N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to 1 ml of this solution, and ethanol was further added to make 10 ml. Similarly, 0.1 ml of 0.1N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution was added to 1 ml of the above solution, and ethanol was further added to make 10 ml. B was prepared, the maximum absorption wavelength of each solution was measured, and the difference was calculated. The maximum absorption wavelength in the EtOH solution was also measured. The results are shown in Table 7.
[0077]
[Table 7]
[0078]
【The invention's effect】
In the dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element, by using the methine dye represented by the general formula (1) as the dye, a solar cell having high conversion efficiency could be provided.
Claims (14)
のいずれかを表す。mは2〜5の整数を、nは0〜4の整数を示す。)A photoelectric conversion element comprising a thin layer of oxide semiconductor fine particles carrying a methine dye represented by the general formula (1) .
It represents either. m is an integer of 2~5, n is shows the integer of 0 to 4. )
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| US20090242027A1 (en) | 2006-07-05 | 2009-10-01 | Teruhisa Inoue | Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell |
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