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JP4503117B2 - Hydrophilic porous membrane - Google Patents
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JP4503117B2 - Hydrophilic porous membrane - Google Patents

Hydrophilic porous membrane Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4503117B2
JP4503117B2 JP21983899A JP21983899A JP4503117B2 JP 4503117 B2 JP4503117 B2 JP 4503117B2 JP 21983899 A JP21983899 A JP 21983899A JP 21983899 A JP21983899 A JP 21983899A JP 4503117 B2 JP4503117 B2 JP 4503117B2
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membrane
inorganic salt
water
porous membrane
weight
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JP2001038166A (en
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譲 石橋
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Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp
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Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、河川水や地下水等の精密濾過プロセス等に用いられる多孔膜に関し、さらに詳しくは、使用に際して、膜内部に水を容易に含浸することができる多孔膜に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、河川水や地下水から飲料水を製造するに際し、有機高分子からなる精密濾過膜を用いることによって、濁質の除去やクリプトスポリジウム等の微生物の除去が行われている。該用途においては耐久性を要求されることから、主としてポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のオレフィン系樹脂やフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂から成る精密濾過膜が使用されている。これらの膜は、親水性が低いため膜の空孔部に水が浸入し難い性質を有しており、これらの膜を使用するに際して、膜中に水を浸入させるための親水化処理を行う必要があった。
【0003】
従来、親水化処理の方法としては、6kg/cm2 以上の高圧を印加して、膜中に水を強制的に進入させる方法や、予め、アルコール等の低表面張力の物質を膜中に含浸させた後、水で置換する方法等が採られていた。しかしながら、これらの親水化処理を濾過する現場で実施する場合、前者の方法では、本来の濾過に必要のない特殊な高圧設備を付帯設備として必要とするし、後者の方法では、使用したアルコール等の低表面張力物質の排水処理が必要になるという欠点を有していた。
【0004】
また、これらの膜を予め親水化する方法として、製膜後に親水性高分子で膜内の流路面をコーティングする方法や親水性高分子をブレンドして製膜する方法が提案されているが、製造工程が煩雑である欠点を有していたり、また、使用中、特に、薬品洗浄を行うことによって該親水性高分子が分解して溶出したりする問題があった。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、上記のような状況に鑑み、濾過を行う現場で特殊な設備を必要とすることなく、容易に原水を膜中に進入させて濾過を開始することができ、かつ、製造が容易で使用時に溶出物の懸念がない多孔膜を提供することを課題とする。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は上記の課題を解決するため、鋭意研究の結果、本発明を完成するに至った。
【0007】
すなわち、本発明は、
(1)オレフィン系樹脂又はフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂から成り、平均孔径が0.02μm〜1.0μmである多孔膜において、該膜中に無機塩を単位空孔体積当たり0.02g/ml〜0.9g/ml含有し、かつ、該膜中の含水量が単位空孔体積当たり0.8g/ml以下であることを特徴とする親水性多孔膜
(2)膜中の含水量が単位空孔体積当たり0.1g/ml〜0.8g/mlであることを特徴とする前記(1)に記載の親水性多孔膜
に関する。
【0008】
本発明の多孔膜は、その平均孔径が0.02μm〜1μmである。該孔径は、ASTM F316−70に記載されているハーフドライ法により、エタノールを用いて測定される値である。
本発明で用いられる無機塩としては、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、アルミニウム、鉄(III)のハロゲン化物、硝酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩、リン酸塩、チオシアン酸塩、チオ硫酸塩、ホウ酸塩が挙げられる。これらの内、25℃における溶解度が0.2mol/l以上である無機塩が好ましい。これらの無機塩は単独で用いても良く、また、複数種を混合して用いることもできる。
【0009】
上記の無機塩のうち、塩化リチウム、塩化ナトリウム、塩化カリウム、塩化マグネシウム、塩化カルシウム、塩化アルミニウム、塩化鉄、硝酸リチウム、硝酸ナトリウム、硝酸カリウム、硝酸マグネシウム、硝酸カルシウム、硝酸アルミニウム、硝酸鉄、硫酸リチウム、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸水素ナトリウム、硫酸カリウム、硫酸水素カリウム、硫酸マグネシウム、チオシアン酸カリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウムが好ましい。中でも、使用時に洗浄した場合に、その洗浄液が地球環境に与える悪影響が少ないという点で、塩化ナトリウム、塩化マグネシウム、塩化カルシウム、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸水素ナトリウム、硫酸カリウム、硫酸水素カリウム、硫酸マグネシウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウムが好ましく用いられる。
【0010】
また、無機塩を含有した膜を保存している期間中に、保存条件によっては乾燥して含水量が低下し、空孔占有量が低下してしまう場合があるが、潮解性の無機塩を用いることによってこれを防止することができる。このような効果を期待できる無機塩として、塩化リチウム、塩化マグネシウム、塩化カルシウム、塩化アルミニウム、塩化鉄、硝酸リチウム、硝酸マグネシウム、硝酸カルシウム、硝酸アルミニウム、硝酸鉄、チオシアン酸カリウム、硫酸水素ナトリウム、炭酸カリウムが、好ましく用いられる。
【0011】
本発明の膜は、膜内の空孔中に上記無機塩を含有するが、該無機塩含有量が0.02g/ml〜0.9g/mlである必要がある。0.02g/ml未満では、親水化効果が低くなり、高圧を負荷しないと水が膜中に浸入し難くなるし、0.9g/mlを超える場合には、親水化効果の増大がなく膜重量が増加するデメリットが大きくなる。該無機塩含有量は、0.05g/ml〜0.8g/mlであることが好ましく、0.1g/ml〜0.8g/mlであることがより好ましい。なお、本発明の無機塩含有量とは、膜空孔部の単位体積当りの無機塩量であり、無機塩を溶出させた後の乾燥重量と溶出させる前の乾燥重量との差を無機塩量とし、その値を膜本来の空孔体積で除した値である。具体的な方法は、下記の「発明の実施の形態」で説明する。
【0012】
また、本発明の膜においては、膜内に水を含まないか、または、膜内の含水量が単位空孔体積あたり0.8g/ml以下である必要がある。該含水量が0.8g/mlを超える場合には、親水化効果の増大がなく膜重量が増加するデメリットが大きくなる。該含水量は、0.7g/ml以下が好ましく、0.6g/ml以下が特に好ましい。なお、本発明の含水量とは、膜空孔部の単位体積当りの水分量であり、該膜を105℃で乾燥させた後の膜重量と乾燥前の膜重量との差を水分量とし、その値を膜本来の空孔体積で除した値である。具体的な方法は、下記の「発明の実施の形態」で説明する。
【0013】
本発明の膜は、膜中の無機塩含有量と含水量とから計算される空孔占有量が0.1g/ml〜1.5g/mlであることが好ましい。空孔占有量が0.1g/ml未満では、親水化効果が低くなり、高圧を負荷しないと水が膜中に浸入し難くなる傾向がでてくる。該空孔占有量が0.2g/ml〜1.4g/mlであることがより好ましく、1.0g/ml〜1.4g/mlであることが特に好ましい。本発明でいう空孔占有量とは、膜空孔部の単位体積当りの無機塩と水の含有量(重量/空孔容積)である。具体的な計算方法は、下記の「発明の実施の形態」で説明する。
【0014】
本発明を適用し得る多孔膜の構成ポリマー成分としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のオレフィン系樹脂、ポリフッ化ビニリデンやフッ化ビニリデン−テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体等のフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂、ポリテトラフルオロエチレンやテトラフルオロエチレン−パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体等のフッ素系樹脂、ポリスルホンやポリエーテルスルホン等のスルホン系樹脂、ポリアクリロニトリルやアクリロニトリル−メタクリル酸エステル共重合体等のアクリロニトリル系樹脂等が挙げられるが、特に限定されるものではない。これらのポリマーの中でも、ポリオレフィン系樹脂やフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂では、顕著な効果が見られ好適である。
【0015】
本発明の多孔膜は、公知の方法によって製膜した膜を、予め所定濃度に調整した無機塩水溶液と接触させて、該膜中に該無機塩を含浸させ、必要により乾燥することによって、容易に調製することができる。
【0016】
含浸させる方法としては、製造工程上膜が湿潤状態にある場合には、湿潤状態の膜を無機塩水溶液中に浸漬する方法、該膜に無機塩水溶液を噴霧する方法、該膜上に無機塩水溶液を流下させる方法等を採ることができる。また、製造工程上湿潤状態がない場合には、製造工程の最終段階において圧力を印加して無機塩水溶液を含浸させることもできる。このような方法で含浸させるに際して、膜と接触させる無機塩水溶液の濃度や接触時間等を調整することによって、膜中の無機塩含有量を制御することができる。
【0017】
次いで、上記のようにして含浸させた後、乾燥処理を行なうことによって含水量を調整することができる。この場合、乾燥時の環境温度や湿度、および、乾燥環境への暴露時間を調整することによって、含水量を制御することができる。
本発明の多孔膜は、使用時に3kgf/cm2 以下の低圧を印加するだけで、容易に膜中に水が浸入し、本来の透水性能を発現する。一般に、精密濾過や限外濾過の装置においては、濾過差圧を維持するために通常3kgf/cm2 を印加することができるように設計されており、本発明の親水性多孔膜は、通常の濾過装置をそのまま使用することで、容易に親水化することができる。また、数時間水と接触させることによって、膜中の無機塩を容易に溶出・除去することができる。
【0018】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を詳細に説明する。
(1)親水化度の測定
下記の要領で計算した『親水化度』を膜の親水性を表す指標として用いた。本発明の親水性多孔膜とは、『親水化度』が70%以上である膜をいう。
多孔膜サンプルを25℃の純水中に浸漬して密閉し、3kgf/cm2 の圧力をかけて1分間保持した。次いで、該サンプルの片側表面側(中空糸の場合には、外表面側)の圧力を3kgf/cm2 とし、他の表面側(中空糸の場合には、内表面側)の圧力を2.5kgf/cm2 として3分間液を透過させた。
【0019】
その後、該サンプルの片側表面側(中空糸の場合には、外表面側)の圧力を1kgf/cm2 とし、他の表面側(中空糸の場合には、内表面側)の圧力を0kgf/cm2 として25℃の純水を透過させ、その透過液重量から単位表面積、単位時間、単位圧力(単位差圧)当りの透過量(以後、透過量1と記す)を測定した。(なお、中空糸の場合には、表面積として外表面積の値で表示した)
次ぎに、該サンプルをエタノール中に5分間浸漬して空孔中にエタノールを含浸させた後、大量の純水中に浸漬して空孔中を水で置換した。上記の透過量1を測定した時と同様にして透過量(以後、透過量2と記す)を測定した。
【0020】
上記の透過量2に対する透過量1の百分率を計算して、親水化度とした。
(2)膜中の無機塩含有量、含水量と空孔占有量の計算
無機塩を含有した多孔膜サンプル約20gを精秤(重量A)した後、105℃(相対湿度10%以下)で16時間乾燥した後に重量を精秤(重量B)した。次いで、エタノール(試薬特級)約200g中に1時間浸漬した。次いで、上記液中のサンプルを取り出し、純水200g中に1時間浸漬して洗浄した。この洗浄操作を5回行った後、105℃(相対湿度10%以下)で16時間乾燥し、乾燥後の重量を精秤してサンプルのポリマー重量(重量P)を求めた。
【0021】
該ポリマー重量から無機塩含有量、含水量および空孔占有量を各々数式(1)、(2)、(3)によって求めた。
x=(B−P)/(P×ε) (式1)
y=(A−B)/(P×ε) (式2)
S=(A−P)/(P×ε) (式3)
ここで、xは無機塩含有量(g/ml)、yは含水量(g/ml)、Sは空孔占有量(g/ml)、Aは多孔膜サンプルの乾燥前重量(g)、Bは多孔膜サンプルの乾燥後重量(g)、Pは該多孔膜サンプル洗浄・乾燥後重量(g)である。また、εは空孔係数(ml/g−ポリマー)であり、下記の液置換法で求めた値である。
【0022】
多孔膜サンプル約20gをエタノール(試薬特級)約200g中に1時間浸漬した後、200gの純水に1時間浸漬して洗浄する操作を5回行ない、25℃で純水中に16時間保存した。その後、該サンプルを取り出して、表面の付着水を濾紙で拭き取った。中空糸の場合には、さらに、中空部に窒素ガスを3秒間通気して、中空部の付着水を除去した。次いで、該サンプルの重量(重量A2)を精秤した後、105℃(相対湿度10%以下)で16時間乾燥して重量(重量P2)を精秤した。該重量A2と重量P2から次式(4)を用いてεを計算した。
ε=(A2−P2)/(ρW ×P2) (式4)
ここで、ρW は水の密度であり、0.997(g/ml)として計算した。
【0023】
【参考例1】
特開平3−215535号公報に記載の方法に準じて、外径1.25mm、内径0.7mmのポリフッ化ビニリデン製中空糸を製膜した。該膜を25℃の塩化メチレン中に1時間浸漬してフタル酸エステルを抽出した後、70℃で乾燥した。次いで、50%エタノール水溶液に30分間浸漬した後水中に移し、さらに、70℃の5wt%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液中に16時間浸漬して疎水性シリカを抽出した。次いで、充分水洗した後に乾燥して、ポリフッ化ビニリデン製中空糸膜を得た。該膜の平均孔径は、0.20μmであった。また、上記の親水化度の測定における透過量2は、2100g/m2 ・hr・atmであった。
【0024】
【実施例1〜7および比較例1、2】
該膜をエタノール(試薬特級)に30分間浸漬した後、純水中に浸漬してエタノールを洗浄した。この湿潤状態の膜を表1に示す各種無機塩水溶液に浸漬し、25℃において2時間静置した。次いで、該膜を水溶液中から取り出し、外表面と中空部に付着している液を除去した後、温度30℃、相対湿度45%の環境条件下に4時間暴露して乾燥した。なお、比較例1では、純水を含浸させた後、温度25℃、相対湿度55%の環境条件下に1時間保存した。
該膜の無機塩含有量と含水量、空孔占有量および親水化度を測定した。さらに、温度25℃、相対湿度55%の環境条件下に1ヶ月保存した後、親水化度を測定した。その結果を表1に示す。
【0025】
【参考例2】
配合組成を変えた他は参考例1と同様にして、外径1.20mm、内径0.65mmのポリフッ化ビニリデン製中空糸膜(乾燥状態)を作成した。該膜の平均孔径は、0.05μmであった。
【0026】
【実施例8】
参考例2の膜を用い、実施例2と同様に処理して塩化カルシウム水溶液を含有した膜を調製した。
該膜の無機塩含有量と含水量および空孔占有量は、各々0.10g/ml、0.15g/ml、0.25g/mlであった。また、透過量1が510g/m2 ・hr・atmであり、親水化度は92%であった。
【0027】
【比較例3】
無機塩水溶液の含浸・乾燥処理を行わなかった他は、実施例8と同様にした。
該膜は無機塩を含有せず、含水量および空孔占有量が各々0.02g/ml、0.02g/mlであった。また、該膜の透過量1が10g/m2 ・hr・atm未満であり、親水化度は2%未満であった。
【0028】
【参考例3】
配合組成を変えた他は参考例1と同様にして、外径1.25mm、内径0.65mmのポリフッ化ビニリデン製中空糸膜(乾燥状態)を作成した。該膜の平均孔径は、0.4μmであった。
【0029】
【実施例9】
参考例3の膜を用い、実施例2と同様に処理して塩化カルシウム水溶液を含有した膜を調製した。
該膜の無機塩含有量と含水量および空孔占有量は、各々0.11g/ml、0.14g/ml、0.25g/mlであった。また、透過量1が6300g/m2 ・hr・atmであり、親水化度は95%であった。
【0030】
【比較例4】
無機塩水溶液の含浸・乾燥処理を行わなかった他は、実施例9と同様にした。
該膜は無機塩を含有せず、含水量および空孔占有量が各々0.01g/ml、0.01g/mlであった。また、該膜の透過量1が10g/m2 ・hr・atmであり、親水化度は1%未満であった。。
【0031】
【参考例4】
特開平3−42025号公報に記載の方法に準じて、外径1.25mm、内径0.7mmのポリエチレン製中空糸を製膜した。該膜を25℃の塩化メチレン中に1時間浸漬してフタル酸エステルを抽出した後、50℃で乾燥した。次いで、50%エタノール水溶液に30分間浸漬した後水中に移し、さらに、70℃の20wt%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液中に1時間浸漬して疎水性シリカを抽出した。次いで、充分水洗した後に乾燥して、ポリエチレン製中空糸膜を得た。該膜の平均孔径は、0.25μmであった。また、上記の親水化度の測定における透過量2は、1900g/m2 ・hr・atmであった。
【0032】
【実施例10】
参考例4の膜を用い、実施例2と同様に処理して塩化カルシウム水溶液を含有した膜を調製した。
該膜の無機塩含有量と含水量および空孔占有量は、各々0.37g/ml、0.65g/ml、1.02g/mlであった。また、透過量1が1880g/m2 ・hr・atmであり、親水化度は99%であった。
【0033】
【比較例5】
無機塩水溶液の含浸・乾燥処理を行わなかった他は、実施例10と同様にした。
該膜は無機塩を含有せず、含水量および空孔占有量が各々0.01g/ml、0.01g/mlであった。また、該膜の透過量1が10g/m2 ・hr・atm未満であり、親水化度は1%未満であった。
【0034】
【参考例5】
450mm幅のTダイを取り付けたフィルム製造機を用いて平膜状に成形した他は参考例1と同様にして、ポリフッ化ビニリデン製平膜を得た。該膜の膜厚は90μmであり、平均孔径が0.14μmであった。
【0035】
【実施例11】
参考例5の膜をエタノール(試薬特級)に30分間浸漬した後、純水中に浸漬してエタノールを洗浄した。この湿潤状態の膜を1mol/lの硫酸ナトリウム水溶液に浸漬し、25℃において2時間静置した。次いで、該膜を水溶液中から取り出し、表面に付着している液を除去した後、温度30℃、相対湿度45%の環境条件下に4時間暴露して乾燥した。
【0036】
上記の処理を行った膜は、膜中の無機塩含有量および含水量が各々0.13g/ml、0.20g/mlであり、空孔占有量が0.33g/mlであった。また、透過量1は4450g/m2 ・hr・atmであり,親水化度は94%であった。さらに、温度25℃、相対湿度55%の環境条件下で1ヶ月間保存した後、親水化度を測定したところ、透過量1が4440g/m2 ・hr・atmであり、親水化度は94%であった。
【0037】
【比較例6】
無機塩水溶液の含浸・乾燥処理を行わなかった他は、実施例11と同様にした。
該膜は無機塩を含有せず、含水量および空孔占有量が各々0.02g/ml、0.02g/mlであった。また、該膜の透過量1が10g/m2 ・hr・atm未満であり、親水化度は1%未満であった。
【0038】
【表1】

Figure 0004503117
【0039】
【本発明の効果】
以上に述べたように、本発明の多孔膜は、低い圧力を印加するだけで容易に水を膜中に進入させて濾過を開始することができ、長期間の保存でもその性質を保持している。また、無機塩を容易に洗浄・除去できるので、使用時の溶出の懸念がなく、実用上極めて有用である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a porous membrane used in microfiltration processes such as river water and groundwater, and more particularly to a porous membrane that can be easily impregnated with water inside the membrane in use.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, when producing drinking water from river water or groundwater, removal of turbidity and microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium have been performed by using a microfiltration membrane made of organic polymer. Since such applications require durability, microfiltration membranes mainly composed of olefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, and vinylidene fluoride resins are used. Since these membranes have low hydrophilicity, they have the property that water does not easily enter the pores of the membrane, and when these membranes are used, a hydrophilic treatment is performed to allow water to enter the membrane. There was a need.
[0003]
Conventionally, as a hydrophilic treatment method, a high pressure of 6 kg / cm 2 or more is applied to force water to enter the membrane, or a low surface tension substance such as alcohol is impregnated into the membrane in advance. Then, a method of replacing with water has been adopted. However, when these hydrophilization treatments are carried out at the site of filtration, the former method requires special high-pressure equipment that is not necessary for the original filtration as ancillary equipment, and the latter method uses alcohol, etc. However, it has a drawback that it is necessary to treat the low surface tension material.
[0004]
In addition, as a method of hydrophilizing these membranes in advance, a method of coating a flow path surface in the membrane with a hydrophilic polymer after film formation or a method of forming a membrane by blending a hydrophilic polymer has been proposed. There is a problem that the manufacturing process is complicated, and there is a problem that the hydrophilic polymer is decomposed and eluted during use, particularly by chemical cleaning.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In view of the situation as described above, the present invention can easily start raw water by allowing raw water to enter the membrane without requiring special equipment at the site where the filtration is performed, and is easy to manufacture. It is an object of the present invention to provide a porous membrane that is free from concerns about eluate during use.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above problems, the present inventor has completed the present invention as a result of intensive studies.
[0007]
That is, the present invention
(1) In a porous membrane composed of an olefin resin or a vinylidene fluoride resin and having an average pore diameter of 0.02 μm to 1.0 μm, inorganic salts are contained in the membrane in an amount of 0.02 g / ml to 0 per unit pore volume. 1.9 g / ml, and the water content in the membrane is 0.8 g / ml or less per unit pore volume ,
(2) The hydrophilic porous membrane according to the above (1), wherein the water content in the membrane is 0.1 g / ml to 0.8 g / ml per unit pore volume ,
About.
[0008]
The porous membrane of the present invention has an average pore size of 0.02 μm to 1 μm. The pore diameter is a value measured using ethanol by the half dry method described in ASTM F316-70.
Examples of the inorganic salt used in the present invention include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, iron (III) halide, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, and boric acid. Salt. Of these, inorganic salts having a solubility at 25 ° C. of 0.2 mol / l or more are preferred. These inorganic salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
[0009]
Among the above inorganic salts, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, aluminum chloride, iron chloride, lithium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, calcium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, iron nitrate, lithium sulfate Sodium sulfate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium hydrogen sulfate, magnesium sulfate, potassium thiocyanate, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate are preferred. Above all, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium hydrogen sulfate, magnesium sulfate, Sodium and potassium carbonate are preferably used.
[0010]
In addition, during the period of storage of the membrane containing the inorganic salt, depending on the storage conditions, the moisture content may decrease and the occupancy of the pores may decrease. This can be prevented by using it. Inorganic salts that can be expected to have such effects include lithium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, aluminum chloride, iron chloride, lithium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, calcium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, iron nitrate, potassium thiocyanate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, carbonate Potassium is preferably used.
[0011]
The membrane of the present invention contains the inorganic salt in the pores in the membrane, but the inorganic salt content needs to be 0.02 g / ml to 0.9 g / ml. If it is less than 0.02 g / ml, the hydrophilic effect is low, and it is difficult for water to enter the membrane unless high pressure is applied. If it exceeds 0.9 g / ml, the hydrophilic effect is not increased and the membrane is not increased. The disadvantage of increasing weight increases. The inorganic salt content is preferably 0.05 g / ml to 0.8 g / ml, and more preferably 0.1 g / ml to 0.8 g / ml. The inorganic salt content of the present invention is the amount of inorganic salt per unit volume of membrane pores, and the difference between the dry weight after eluting the inorganic salt and the dry weight before eluting the inorganic salt It is a value obtained by dividing the value by the original pore volume of the membrane. A specific method will be described in “Embodiments of the Invention” below.
[0012]
Further, in the membrane of the present invention, it is necessary that the membrane does not contain water or that the moisture content in the membrane is 0.8 g / ml or less per unit pore volume. When the water content exceeds 0.8 g / ml, the demerit of increasing the membrane weight without increasing the hydrophilic effect is increased. The water content is preferably 0.7 g / ml or less, particularly preferably 0.6 g / ml or less. The water content of the present invention is the moisture content per unit volume of the membrane pores, and the difference between the membrane weight after drying the membrane at 105 ° C. and the membrane weight before drying is the moisture content. , The value divided by the original pore volume of the membrane. A specific method will be described in “Embodiments of the Invention” below.
[0013]
In the membrane of the present invention, the pore occupation amount calculated from the inorganic salt content and the water content in the membrane is preferably from 0.1 g / ml to 1.5 g / ml. If the pore occupancy is less than 0.1 g / ml, the hydrophilization effect is low, and water does not easily enter the membrane unless high pressure is applied. The hole occupation amount is more preferably 0.2 g / ml to 1.4 g / ml, and particularly preferably 1.0 g / ml to 1.4 g / ml. The pore occupation amount in the present invention is the content of inorganic salt and water per unit volume of the membrane pores (weight / pore volume). A specific calculation method will be described in “Embodiments of the Invention” below.
[0014]
Examples of the constituent polymer component of the porous film to which the present invention can be applied include olefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and the like. Vinylidene fluoride resin, fluorine resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, sulfone resin such as polysulfone and polyethersulfone, polyacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile-methacrylic acid ester copolymer Examples thereof include acrylonitrile resins such as coalescence, but are not particularly limited. Among these polymers, polyolefin-based resins and vinylidene fluoride-based resins are preferable because remarkable effects are seen.
[0015]
The porous membrane of the present invention can be easily obtained by bringing a membrane formed by a known method into contact with an aqueous inorganic salt solution adjusted to a predetermined concentration in advance, impregnating the membrane with the inorganic salt, and drying if necessary. Can be prepared.
[0016]
As the impregnation method, when the membrane is in a wet state in the manufacturing process, a method of immersing the wet membrane in an inorganic salt aqueous solution, a method of spraying an inorganic salt aqueous solution on the membrane, and an inorganic salt on the membrane A method of causing the aqueous solution to flow down can be employed. Further, when there is no wet state in the manufacturing process, it is possible to impregnate the aqueous inorganic salt solution by applying pressure at the final stage of the manufacturing process. When impregnating by such a method, the inorganic salt content in the film can be controlled by adjusting the concentration, contact time, etc. of the inorganic salt aqueous solution to be brought into contact with the film.
[0017]
Next, after impregnation as described above, the water content can be adjusted by performing a drying treatment. In this case, the water content can be controlled by adjusting the environmental temperature and humidity during drying and the exposure time to the dry environment.
In the porous membrane of the present invention, when a low pressure of 3 kgf / cm 2 or less is applied at the time of use, water easily enters the membrane and expresses the original water permeability. In general, in a microfiltration or ultrafiltration apparatus, it is designed so that 3 kgf / cm 2 can be normally applied in order to maintain the filtration differential pressure. By using the filtration device as it is, it can be easily hydrophilized. Moreover, the inorganic salt in a film | membrane can be easily eluted and removed by making it contact with water for several hours.
[0018]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
(1) Measurement of degree of hydrophilicity “Hydrophilicity” calculated in the following manner was used as an index representing the hydrophilicity of the membrane. The hydrophilic porous membrane of the present invention refers to a membrane having a “hydrophilization degree” of 70% or more.
The porous membrane sample was immersed in 25 ° C. pure water and sealed, and held for 1 minute under a pressure of 3 kgf / cm 2 . Next, the pressure on one side surface (outer surface side in the case of hollow fibers) of the sample is 3 kgf / cm 2, and the pressure on the other surface side (inner surface side in the case of hollow fibers) is 2. The solution was allowed to permeate for 3 minutes at 5 kgf / cm 2 .
[0019]
Thereafter, the pressure on the one surface side (outer surface side in the case of hollow fibers) of the sample is 1 kgf / cm 2, and the pressure on the other surface side (inner surface side in the case of hollow fibers) is 0 kgf / cm 2. Pure water at 25 ° C. was permeated as cm 2 , and permeation amount (hereinafter referred to as permeation amount 1) per unit surface area, unit time, and unit pressure (unit differential pressure) was measured from the permeate weight. (In the case of hollow fibers, the surface area is indicated by the value of the outer surface area)
Next, the sample was immersed in ethanol for 5 minutes to impregnate the pores with ethanol, and then immersed in a large amount of pure water to replace the pores with water. The transmission amount (hereinafter referred to as transmission amount 2) was measured in the same manner as when the transmission amount 1 was measured.
[0020]
The percentage of the permeation amount 1 with respect to the permeation amount 2 was calculated as the degree of hydrophilicity.
(2) Calculation of inorganic salt content, moisture content and pore occupancy in the membrane After weighing approximately 20 g of porous membrane sample containing inorganic salt (weight A), at 105 ° C. (relative humidity 10% or less) After drying for 16 hours, the weight was precisely weighed (weight B). Then, it was immersed in about 200 g of ethanol (special reagent grade) for 1 hour. Subsequently, the sample in the said liquid was taken out, and it immersed in 200 g of pure water for 1 hour, and wash | cleaned. After performing this washing operation 5 times, it was dried at 105 ° C. (relative humidity 10% or less) for 16 hours, and the weight after drying was precisely weighed to determine the polymer weight (weight P) of the sample.
[0021]
From the weight of the polymer, the inorganic salt content, water content and pore occupancy were determined by equations (1), (2) and (3), respectively.
x = (B−P) / (P × ε) (Formula 1)
y = (A−B) / (P × ε) (Formula 2)
S = (AP) / (P × ε) (Formula 3)
Here, x is inorganic salt content (g / ml), y is water content (g / ml), S is pore occupancy (g / ml), A is weight before drying of porous membrane sample (g), B is the weight (g) after drying the porous membrane sample, and P is the weight (g) after washing and drying the porous membrane sample. Further, ε is a porosity coefficient (ml / g-polymer), which is a value obtained by the following liquid replacement method.
[0022]
About 20 g of porous membrane sample was immersed in about 200 g of ethanol (special grade reagent) for 1 hour, then immersed in 200 g of pure water for 1 hour and washed five times, and stored in pure water at 25 ° C. for 16 hours. . Then, this sample was taken out and the surface adhering water was wiped off with the filter paper. In the case of the hollow fiber, nitrogen gas was further passed through the hollow portion for 3 seconds to remove the adhering water in the hollow portion. Next, after precisely weighing the weight (weight A2) of the sample, it was dried at 105 ° C. (relative humidity of 10% or less) for 16 hours, and the weight (weight P2) was precisely weighed. Ε was calculated from the weight A2 and the weight P2 using the following equation (4).
ε = (A2−P2) / (ρ W × P2) (Formula 4)
Here, ρ W is the density of water and was calculated as 0.997 (g / ml).
[0023]
[Reference Example 1]
According to the method described in JP-A-3-215535, a hollow fiber made of polyvinylidene fluoride having an outer diameter of 1.25 mm and an inner diameter of 0.7 mm was formed. The membrane was immersed in methylene chloride at 25 ° C. for 1 hour to extract the phthalate ester, and then dried at 70 ° C. Subsequently, it was immersed in a 50% ethanol aqueous solution for 30 minutes and then transferred to water, and further immersed in a 5 wt% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution at 70 ° C. for 16 hours to extract hydrophobic silica. Next, after sufficiently washing with water, it was dried to obtain a hollow fiber membrane made of polyvinylidene fluoride. The average pore diameter of the membrane was 0.20 μm. The permeation amount 2 in the measurement of the degree of hydrophilicity was 2100 g / m 2 · hr · atm.
[0024]
Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2
The membrane was immersed in ethanol (special reagent grade) for 30 minutes and then immersed in pure water to wash the ethanol. This wet film was immersed in various inorganic salt aqueous solutions shown in Table 1 and allowed to stand at 25 ° C. for 2 hours. Next, the membrane was taken out from the aqueous solution, the liquid adhering to the outer surface and the hollow portion was removed, and then exposed to environmental conditions of a temperature of 30 ° C. and a relative humidity of 45% for 4 hours to dry. In Comparative Example 1, after impregnation with pure water, the sample was stored for 1 hour under environmental conditions of a temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 55%.
The inorganic salt content and water content, pore occupancy and hydrophilicity of the membrane were measured. Furthermore, after storing for 1 month under environmental conditions of a temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 55%, the degree of hydrophilization was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0025]
[Reference Example 2]
A polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membrane (dry state) having an outer diameter of 1.20 mm and an inner diameter of 0.65 mm was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the blending composition was changed. The average pore diameter of the membrane was 0.05 μm.
[0026]
[Example 8]
Using the membrane of Reference Example 2, a membrane containing an aqueous calcium chloride solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2.
The inorganic salt content, water content, and pore occupation amount of the membrane were 0.10 g / ml, 0.15 g / ml, and 0.25 g / ml, respectively. Further, the permeation amount 1 was 510 g / m 2 · hr · atm, and the degree of hydrophilicity was 92%.
[0027]
[Comparative Example 3]
The same procedure as in Example 8 was performed except that the impregnation / drying treatment with the inorganic salt aqueous solution was not performed.
The membrane did not contain inorganic salt, and the water content and pore occupancy were 0.02 g / ml and 0.02 g / ml, respectively. Further, the permeation amount 1 of the membrane was less than 10 g / m 2 · hr · atm, and the degree of hydrophilicity was less than 2%.
[0028]
[Reference Example 3]
A polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membrane (dry state) having an outer diameter of 1.25 mm and an inner diameter of 0.65 mm was prepared in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that the blending composition was changed. The average pore diameter of the membrane was 0.4 μm.
[0029]
[Example 9]
Using the membrane of Reference Example 3, a membrane containing an aqueous calcium chloride solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2.
The inorganic salt content, water content and pore occupancy of the membrane were 0.11 g / ml, 0.14 g / ml and 0.25 g / ml, respectively. Further, the permeation amount 1 was 6300 g / m 2 · hr · atm, and the degree of hydrophilicity was 95%.
[0030]
[Comparative Example 4]
The same procedure as in Example 9 was performed except that the impregnation and drying treatment with the inorganic salt aqueous solution was not performed.
The membrane did not contain an inorganic salt, and the water content and pore occupancy were 0.01 g / ml and 0.01 g / ml, respectively. Further, the permeation amount 1 of the membrane was 10 g / m 2 · hr · atm, and the degree of hydrophilicity was less than 1%. .
[0031]
[Reference Example 4]
According to the method described in JP-A-3-42025, a polyethylene hollow fiber having an outer diameter of 1.25 mm and an inner diameter of 0.7 mm was formed. The membrane was immersed in methylene chloride at 25 ° C. for 1 hour to extract the phthalate ester, and then dried at 50 ° C. Subsequently, it was immersed in 50% ethanol aqueous solution for 30 minutes and then transferred to water, and further immersed in 20 wt% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution at 70 ° C. for 1 hour to extract hydrophobic silica. Subsequently, after sufficiently washing with water, it was dried to obtain a polyethylene hollow fiber membrane. The average pore diameter of the membrane was 0.25 μm. The permeation amount 2 in the measurement of the degree of hydrophilicity was 1900 g / m 2 · hr · atm.
[0032]
[Example 10]
Using the membrane of Reference Example 4, a membrane containing an aqueous calcium chloride solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2.
The inorganic salt content, water content and pore occupancy of the membrane were 0.37 g / ml, 0.65 g / ml and 1.02 g / ml, respectively. Further, the permeation amount 1 was 1880 g / m 2 · hr · atm, and the degree of hydrophilicity was 99%.
[0033]
[Comparative Example 5]
The same procedure as in Example 10 was performed except that the impregnation / drying treatment with the inorganic salt aqueous solution was not performed.
The membrane did not contain an inorganic salt, and the water content and pore occupancy were 0.01 g / ml and 0.01 g / ml, respectively. Further, the permeation amount 1 of the membrane was less than 10 g / m 2 · hr · atm, and the degree of hydrophilicity was less than 1%.
[0034]
[Reference Example 5]
A flat film made of polyvinylidene fluoride was obtained in the same manner as in Reference Example 1 except that it was formed into a flat film using a film production machine equipped with a 450-mm wide T-die. The film thickness was 90 μm and the average pore diameter was 0.14 μm.
[0035]
Example 11
The membrane of Reference Example 5 was immersed in ethanol (reagent special grade) for 30 minutes, and then immersed in pure water to wash the ethanol. This wet film was immersed in a 1 mol / l aqueous sodium sulfate solution and allowed to stand at 25 ° C. for 2 hours. Next, the film was taken out from the aqueous solution, and the liquid adhering to the surface was removed. Then, the film was exposed to environmental conditions of a temperature of 30 ° C. and a relative humidity of 45% for 4 hours and dried.
[0036]
In the membrane subjected to the above treatment, the inorganic salt content and water content in the membrane were 0.13 g / ml and 0.20 g / ml, respectively, and the hole occupation amount was 0.33 g / ml. Further, the permeation amount 1 was 4450 g / m 2 · hr · atm, and the degree of hydrophilicity was 94%. Moreover, the temperature 25 ° C., after storage for one month under environmental conditions of relative humidity of 55% was measured hydrophilic degree, permeation 1 is 4440g / m 2 · hr · atm , the hydrophilic degree of 94 %Met.
[0037]
[Comparative Example 6]
The same procedure as in Example 11 was performed except that the impregnation / drying treatment with the inorganic salt aqueous solution was not performed.
The membrane did not contain inorganic salt, and the water content and pore occupancy were 0.02 g / ml and 0.02 g / ml, respectively. Further, the permeation amount 1 of the membrane was less than 10 g / m 2 · hr · atm, and the degree of hydrophilicity was less than 1%.
[0038]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004503117
[0039]
[Effect of the present invention]
As described above, the porous membrane of the present invention can easily start filtration by allowing water to enter the membrane simply by applying a low pressure, and retains its properties even during long-term storage. Yes. In addition, since the inorganic salt can be easily washed and removed, there is no fear of elution during use, which is extremely useful in practice.

Claims (2)

オレフィン系樹脂又はフッ化ビニリデン系樹脂から成り、平均孔径が0.02μm〜1.0μmである多孔膜において、該膜中に無機塩を単位空孔体積当たり0.02g/ml〜0.9g/ml含有し、かつ、該膜中の含水量が単位空孔体積当たり0.8g/ml以下であることを特徴とする親水性多孔膜。In a porous membrane comprising an olefin resin or a vinylidene fluoride resin and having an average pore diameter of 0.02 μm to 1.0 μm, inorganic salts are contained in the membrane in an amount of 0.02 g / ml to 0.9 g / unit per pore volume. A hydrophilic porous membrane comprising ml, and having a water content of 0.8 g / ml or less per unit pore volume. 膜中の含水量が単位空孔体積当たり0.1g/ml〜0.8g/mlであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の親水性多孔膜。The hydrophilic porous membrane according to claim 1, wherein the water content in the membrane is 0.1 g / ml to 0.8 g / ml per unit pore volume.
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