JP4520587B2 - Mushroom artificial culture medium and mushroom artificial cultivation method using the same - Google Patents
Mushroom artificial culture medium and mushroom artificial cultivation method using the same Download PDFInfo
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- JP4520587B2 JP4520587B2 JP2000187415A JP2000187415A JP4520587B2 JP 4520587 B2 JP4520587 B2 JP 4520587B2 JP 2000187415 A JP2000187415 A JP 2000187415A JP 2000187415 A JP2000187415 A JP 2000187415A JP 4520587 B2 JP4520587 B2 JP 4520587B2
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Landscapes
- Mushroom Cultivation (AREA)
Description
【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、きのこの人工培養基及びそれを用いたきのこの人工栽培方法に関する。
なお、本発明でいう部や％は特に規定のないかぎり質量基準である。
【０００２】
【従来の技術とその課題】
従来、きのこの栽培は、くぬぎ、ぶな、及びなら等の原木を利用した、ほだ木栽培がほとんどであり、そのため、気象条件により収穫が左右されることが多いという課題があった。
【０００３】
また、最近では、ほだ木栽培用の原木切り出しのための労働力が不足していることなどによって、原木の入手が困難になりつつあるという課題があった。
さらに、ほだ木栽培では栽培期間が長いこと、即ち、種菌の接種からきのこの収穫までに１年半から２年も要することにより、生産コストが相当高くつくという課題があった。
【０００４】
近年、えのきたけ、ひらたけ、なめこ、まいたけ、及びしいたけなどは、鋸屑に米糠を配合した培養基を用い、瓶又は箱で栽培を行う菌床人工栽培方法が確立され、一年を通して、四季に関係なく安定してきのこが収穫できるようになっている。
【０００５】
即ち、従来は農家での副業的性格が強く、小規模生産に頼っていたきのこ栽培が、現在では大規模専業生産が可能となり、かつ、原料が入手しやすい菌床人工栽培方法に移りつつある。
しかしながら、菌床人工栽培方法においても、きのこを大量に連続栽培するには、いまだ収率も低く、かつ、栽培期間がかなり長いため、その生産コストは安価とはいえず、今後これら生産性の改善が切望されている。
例えば、(Al2O3) X (SiO2)（ただし、式中のX は１以上の数）で示される化合物を前記の人工培養基に含有させたものや、(MgO) W (Al2O3) X (SiO2)y （ただし、式中のW は１〜３の数、X は１〜５の数、y は０〜３の数）で示される化合物を前記の人工培養基に含有させたもの、あるいはケイ酸アルミニウム、ケイ酸カルシウム、酸化第一鉄、酸化第二鉄、及び四三酸化鉄から選ばれるいずれか一種類の化合物を人工培養基に添加したものがあるが、充分な収率できのこを生産することができていないのが現状である（特開平03−210126号公報、特開平03−058716号公報、及び特開平07−322754号公報）。
【０００６】
本発明者は、エトリンガイト、カルシウムアルミネート、アルミノケイ酸カルシウム、及びスラグ粉等の化合物を人工培養基に含有させることにより、きのこの収率が飛躍的に向上することを提案した（特開平11−155364号公報、特開平11−187762号公報、特開平11−243773号公報、特開平11−2993474号公報）。
本発明者は、さらに誠意検討を重ねた結果、特定の化合物を使用することにより、低価格で、しかも高収率できのこを栽培できることを見いだし、本発明を完成するに至った。
【０００７】
【課題を解決するための手段】
即ち、本発明は、りん化合物を含有してなるきのこの人工培養基であって、前記りん化合物は、平均粒子径が8μｍ以下である熔成りん肥であり、前記熔成りん肥の使用量が、前記人工培養基100質量部中、1.0〜10質量部であることを特徴とするきのこの人工培養基であり、この人工培養基を用いてなるきのこの人工栽培方法である。
【０００８】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明をさらに詳しく説明する。
【０００９】
本発明で使用するりん化合物とは、きのこの収率を向上させる目的で人工培養基に含有させるもので、P2O5量換算で2〜60％含有しているりん化合物が好ましく、5〜50％含有しているものがより好ましい。P2O5量が２％未満、又は60％を超えたりん化合物を使用すると、きのこの収量が向上しない場合がある。具体的な、りん化合物としては、りん鉱石があり、りん鉱石のうち、有機質系りん鉱石、無機質系りん鉱石いずれも使用可能である。有機質系りん鉱石としては、糞化石、グアノりん鉱、及び結塊りん鉱等があり、無機質系りん鉱石としては、りん灰石（アパタイト）が挙げられる。さらに、肥料として一般的に使用されている、水溶性りん酸やく溶性りん酸が使用可能である。水溶性りん酸としては、過りん酸石灰や重過りん酸石灰などがあり、く溶性りん酸としては、熔成りん肥や焼成りん肥が挙げられる。さらに、水溶性とく溶性両方のりん酸分を有した、苦土過りん酸や重焼りん、よう過りん、ダブリン、及びリンスター等も使用可能である。これらのりん化合物のうちP2O5量15〜30％程度の熔成りん肥がきのこの収率向上のうえから最も好ましい。熔成りん肥は、一般的には、蛇紋岩とりん鉱石を電気炉又は平炉で、1,400℃程度で熔かした後、炉外に導き水や空気で急冷することによって非晶質のりん化合物として製造することが可能である。非晶質のりん化合物は、きのこの収率を向上させる面から好ましい。非晶質のりん化合物としては、りん酸質肥料として市販されている熔成りん肥を使用することが可能であるが、通常の市販品は粒子径が１mm程度と粗いため、これを粉砕したほうが、少量の添加量できのこの収率が向上することから好ましい。具体的には、平均粒子径100μｍ以下の熔成りん肥が好ましく、8μｍ以下の熔成りん肥がより好ましい。粉末の飛散を抑えるため、粉末をＰＶＡ等により造粒したものはこの限りではない。さらに、りん酸化物以外の成分として、CaO、SiO2、MgO、Na2O、Al2O3、SO3、K2O、TiO2、Fe2O3、及びMnO2等が存在するが、りん化合物のP2O5量が２〜60％の範囲内であれば特に問題はない。りん化合物の使用量は、人工培養基100部中、0.01〜20部が好ましく、1.0〜10部がより好ましい。この範囲外ではきのこの収率の向上が得られない場合がある。
【００１０】
本発明で使用する人工培養基としては、鋸屑、もみ殻、コーンコブ、バガス、パルプ廃材、ビート粕、及びデンプン粕等の基材に、米糠、もろこし粉砕物、及びフスマ等の栄養源の一種又は二種以上の混合物にりん化合物を含有させたものを使用することが可能である。
きのこの種類、栽培環境、及び条件等に応じて、基材や栄養源の種類、両者の配合割合は任意に変化するもので特に限定されるものではないが、栄養源の使用量は、例えば、鋸屑等の基材100部に対して、10〜150部混合したものが、きのこを高収率で得る面からより好ましい。
【００１１】
本発明の人工培養基を用いてきのこを栽培する方法は、各々の環境や状況などに応じて任意に変えることができるので特に限定されるものではないが、通常、りん化合物を含有した人工培養基に水を加えて、人工培養基の水分含有量を50〜70％に調整し、必要に応じて殺菌・冷却後、菌を接種し、各々のきのこについて通常採用されている培養工程や生育条件に従って行うことが好ましい。
例えば、ぶなしめじ栽培の場合は、菌を接種した人工培養基を22〜26℃で約30日間培養後、24〜28℃で40〜50日間熟成し、菌かき後に温度14〜17℃、湿度95〜100％で20〜25日間育成を行って、ぶなしめじを栽培し収穫する。
また、しいたけ栽培の場合は、菌を接種した人工培養基を20〜25℃で約30日間培養後、26〜30℃で40〜50日間熟成し、その後、温度13〜17℃で１〜３日間低温処理し、温度17〜20℃、湿度90〜95％で約10日間発生を行ってしいたけを収穫し、この際に第１回目の収穫後に再び発生にかけて第２回目のしいたけの収穫を行うことも可能である。
【００１２】
本発明では、前述の基材や栄養源の他にも、必要に応じて人工培養基において使用されている、例えば、炭酸カルシウム、卵殻粉末、貝殻粉末、及び消石灰等の成分を併用することも可能である。
【００１３】
本発明で栽培されるきのこは人工栽培できるきのこであり、例えば、えのきたけ、ひらたけ、なめこ、ぶなしめじ、まいたけ、きくらげ、さるのこしかけ、及びしいたけ等が挙げられる。
【００１４】
【実施例】
以下、本発明の実験例を示し、本発明をさらに説明するが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
【００１５】
実験例1
コーンコブ５部、米糠４部、及びフスマ１部を混合し、含水率63％の混合物を調製した。
調製した混合物とりん化合物からなる人工培養基100部中、りん化合物が２部となるように、調製した混合物に表１に示すりん化合物を添加混合した人工培養基700gをプラスチック製1,100ml広口瓶に圧詰めした。
圧詰めした広口瓶の中央に直径約２cmの穴を開け、打栓後、120℃で90分間殺菌した。冷却後、えのきたけの種菌を植菌し、温度18℃にて30日間培養した。
次に、菌かきをした後、芽出しを温度15℃、湿度95％で10日間、ならし・抑制を温度５〜８℃、湿度90％で７日間、収穫までの生育を温度５℃、湿度80％で栽培管理を行い30日後に収穫した。結果を表１に併記する。
【００１６】
＜使用材料＞
コーンコブ：市販品
米糠 ：市販品
フスマ ：市販品
りん化合物ア：糞化石、P2O5量29.4％、平均粒子径8μｍ
りん化合物イ：りん灰石、P2O5量35.7％、平均粒子径8μｍ
りん化合物ウ：過りん酸石灰、P2O5量17.0％、平均粒子径8μｍ
りん化合物エ：重過りん酸石灰、P2O5量42.8％、平均粒子径8μｍ
りん化合物オ：熔成りん肥、P2O5量20.4％、平均粒子径8μｍ
りん化合物カ：焼成りん肥、P2O5量37.3％、平均粒子径8μｍ
りん化合物キ：苦土過りん酸、P2O5量14.2％、平均粒子径8μｍ
【００１７】
＜測定方法＞
コントロール対比：りん化合物添加の子実体収量(g)／りん化合物無添加の子実体収量(g)×100 (％)
【００１８】
【表１】
表１から明らかなように、人工培養基に、りん化合物を使用することにより、えのきたけの収率が向上した。
【００２０】
実験例２
表２に示すりん化合物オを用いたこと以外は実験例１と同様に行った。結果を表２に併記する。
【００２１】
【表２】
表２から明らかなように、人工培養基に対して、りん化合物の使用量が５部の場合、最もえのきたけの収率が向上した。
【００２３】
実験例３
表３に示すようにりん化合物オの平均粒子径を変えたこと以外は実験例１と同様に行った。結果を表３に併記する。
【００２４】
【表３】
表３から明らかなように、りん化合物の平均粒子径が小さくなるほど、えのきたけの収率が向上した。
【００２６】
実験例４
広葉樹鋸屑250g、針葉樹鋸屑250g、米糠500g、及び水140mlをビニール袋に入れ充分に混合し、水分含水率65％の混合物を調製した。
調製した混合物とりん化合物からなる人工培養基100部中、りん化合物が２部となるように、調製した混合物に表４に示すりん化合物を添加混合した人工培養基500gをプラスチック製850mlの広口瓶に圧詰めした。
広口瓶の中央に直径約２cmの穴を開け、打栓後、120℃で90分間殺菌した。冷却後、ひらたけの種菌を植菌し、暗所、温度25℃、湿度55％の条件下で30日間培養した。
次に、栓を外して培養基の上部から約１cm菌かきして菌糸層を除いた後、水道水20mlを添加して充分に吸水させた。４時間放置後、上部に残った水を取り除いて、温度15℃、湿度95％、照度20ルックスの条件下で、７日間培養して子実体原基を形成させ、さらに照度を200ルックスに上げて、10日間培養を続け、りん化合物の組成が子実体収量におよぼす影響について検討した。結果を表４に示す。
【００２７】
＜使用材料＞
広葉樹鋸屑：ぶな材の鋸屑
針葉樹鋸屑：すぎ材の鋸屑
米糠 ：市販品
【００２８】
【表４】
表４から明らかなように、人工培養基に、りん化合物を添加することにより、ひらたけの収率が向上した。
【００３０】
【発明の効果】
以上、詳細に説明したとおり、本発明による栽培方法によれば、きのこを高収率で得ることが可能となった。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an artificial culture medium for mushrooms and an artificial cultivation method for mushrooms using the same.
In the present invention, “parts” and “%” are based on mass unless otherwise specified.
[0002]
[Prior art and its problems]
Conventionally, the cultivation of mushrooms has mostly been cultivating cypress trees using raw wood such as kunugi, beech, and nara. Therefore, there has been a problem that the harvest is often influenced by weather conditions.
[0003]
In addition, recently, there has been a problem that it is becoming difficult to obtain raw wood due to a lack of labor for cutting out raw wood for cultivating wood.
Furthermore, in the case of cultivating wood, since the cultivation period is long, that is, it takes one and a half years to two years from the inoculation of the inoculum to the harvest of the mushroom, there is a problem that the production cost is considerably high.
[0004]
In recent years, enokitake, hiratake, nameko, maitake, shiitake, etc. have been established using a culture medium in which rice bran is mixed with sawdust and cultivated in a bottle or box, and are related to the four seasons throughout the year. The mushrooms can be harvested stably.
[0005]
In other words, mushroom cultivation, which used to be a farmer's sideline character and relied on small-scale production, is now shifting to a fungus bed artificial cultivation method that enables large-scale full-scale production and easy access to raw materials. .
However, even with the fungus bed artificial cultivation method, the yield is still low and the cultivation period is quite long to cultivate a large amount of mushrooms continuously. Improvement is eagerly desired.
For example, a compound represented by (Al 2 O 3 ) X (SiO 2 ) (where X is a number of 1 or more) is added to the artificial culture medium, or (MgO) W (Al 2 O 3 ) X (SiO 2 ) y (wherein W is a number of 1 to 3, X is a number of 1 to 5, and y is a number of 0 to 3) is contained in the artificial culture medium. Or an artificial culture medium to which any one compound selected from aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, ferrous oxide, ferric oxide, and triiron tetroxide is added. The current situation is that no mushrooms can be produced (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 03-210126, 03-058716, and 07-322754).
[0006]
The present inventor has proposed that the yield of mushrooms is drastically improved by incorporating compounds such as ettringite, calcium aluminate, calcium aluminosilicate, and slag powder into an artificial culture medium (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-155364). JP, 11-187762, JP 11-243773, JP 11-2993474).
As a result of further sincerity studies, the present inventor has found that by using a specific compound, mushrooms can be cultivated at a low price and in a high yield, and the present invention has been completed.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
That is, the present invention is a mushroom artificial culture medium comprising a phosphorus compound, wherein the phosphorus compound is a molten manure having an average particle size of 8 μm or less , and the amount of the molten manure used. Is an artificial culture medium for mushrooms characterized in that it is 1.0 to 10 parts by mass in 100 mass parts of the artificial culture medium, and is an artificial cultivation method for mushrooms using this artificial culture medium.
[0008]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.
[0009]
The phosphorus compound used in the present invention is contained in an artificial culture medium for the purpose of improving the yield of mushrooms, and is preferably a phosphorus compound containing 2 to 60% in terms of P 2 O 5 amount, 5 to 50 % Content is more preferable. If a phosphorus compound having a P 2 O 5 content of less than 2% or more than 60% is used, the yield of mushrooms may not be improved. As a specific phosphorus compound, there is a phosphate ore. Among the phosphate ores, either an organic phosphate or an inorganic phosphate can be used. Examples of organic phosphate rocks include dung fossil, guanophosphate, and lump phosphate, and examples of inorganic phosphate rocks include apatite. Furthermore, water-soluble phosphoric acid and soluble phosphoric acid generally used as fertilizers can be used. Examples of water-soluble phosphoric acid include superphosphate lime and heavy superphosphate lime, and examples of soluble phosphoric acid include molten manure and calcined phosphorus manure. Furthermore, it is also possible to use bituminous phosphoric acid, heavy burned phosphorous, yogurin phosphorous, Dublin, Linster, etc. having both water-soluble and soluble phosphoric acid contents. Of these phosphorus compounds, P 2 O 5 content of about 15-30% is most preferable from the viewpoint of improving the yield of molten fertilizer. In general, molten fertilizer is an amorphous phosphorus compound by melting serpentine and phosphate ore in an electric furnace or flat furnace at about 1,400 ° C and then rapidly cooling with water or air. It is possible to manufacture as. Amorphous phosphorus compounds are preferred from the standpoint of improving the yield of mushrooms. As the amorphous phosphorus compound, it is possible to use the molten fertilizer marketed as phosphate fertilizer, but since the usual commercial product is coarse with a particle size of about 1 mm, it was crushed. It is more preferable because this yield can be improved by adding a small amount. Specifically, molten fertilizer having an average particle size of 100 μm or less is preferable, and molten fertilizer having an average particle size of 8 μm or less is more preferable. This is not the case when the powder is granulated with PVA or the like in order to suppress powder scattering. Furthermore, there are CaO, SiO 2 , MgO, Na 2 O, Al 2 O 3 , SO 3 , K 2 O, TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , and MnO 2 as components other than the phosphorous oxide, There is no particular problem if the amount of P 2 O 5 in the phosphorus compound is in the range of 2 to 60%. The amount of the phosphorus compound used is preferably 0.01 to 20 parts, more preferably 1.0 to 10 parts, in 100 parts of the artificial culture medium. Outside this range, the yield of mushrooms may not be improved.
[0010]
Examples of the artificial culture medium used in the present invention include sawdust, rice husk, corn cob, bagasse, pulp waste, beet lees, starch lees, and other base materials such as rice bran, corn grind, and bran. It is possible to use a mixture of a seed or more containing a phosphorus compound.
Depending on the type of mushrooms, the cultivation environment, conditions, etc., the type of base material and nutrient source, the mixing ratio of both are not particularly limited and are not particularly limited. From the standpoint of obtaining mushrooms in a high yield, a mixture of 10 to 150 parts with respect to 100 parts of a base material such as sawdust is preferred.
[0011]
The method for cultivating mushrooms using the artificial culture medium of the present invention is not particularly limited because it can be arbitrarily changed according to each environment and situation, etc., but it is usually an artificial culture medium containing a phosphorus compound. Add water to adjust the moisture content of the artificial culture medium to 50-70%, sterilize and cool as necessary, inoculate the fungus, and follow the culture process and growth conditions normally used for each mushroom It is preferable.
For example, in the case of Bunjimeji cultivation, the artificial culture medium inoculated with the fungus is cultured at 22-26 ° C. for about 30 days and then aged at 24-28 ° C. for 40-50 days. Growing at ~ 100% for 20-25 days, cultivating and harvesting bamboo shoots.
In the case of Shiitake cultivation, the artificial culture medium inoculated with the fungus is cultured at 20-25 ° C. for about 30 days, then aged at 26-30 ° C. for 40-50 days, and then at a temperature of 13-17 ° C. for 1-3 days. Harvest shiitake mushrooms that have been treated at a low temperature for about 10 days at a temperature of 17 to 20 ° C and a humidity of 90 to 95%. Is also possible.
[0012]
In the present invention, in addition to the above-mentioned base materials and nutrient sources, components such as calcium carbonate, eggshell powder, shellfish powder, and slaked lime that are used in an artificial culture medium as necessary can be used in combination. It is.
[0013]
The mushrooms cultivated in the present invention are mushrooms that can be artificially cultivated, and examples thereof include enokitake mushrooms, octopus mushrooms, nameko mushrooms, bean mushrooms, maitake mushrooms, jellyfish mushrooms, and mushrooms.
[0014]
【Example】
Hereinafter, although the experiment example of this invention is shown and this invention is demonstrated further, this invention is not limited to these.
[0015]
Example 1
5 parts of corn cob, 4 parts of rice bran, and 1 part of bran were mixed to prepare a mixture having a moisture content of 63%.
In 100 parts of the artificial culture medium consisting of the prepared mixture and phosphorus compound, 700 g of the artificial culture medium prepared by adding and mixing the phosphorus compound shown in Table 1 to the prepared mixture was added to a plastic 1,100 ml jar so that the phosphorus compound would be 2 parts. Stuffed.
A hole with a diameter of about 2 cm was made in the center of the capped wide-mouth bottle, and after sterilization, sterilized at 120 ° C. for 90 minutes. After cooling, inoculum of Enokitake was inoculated and cultured at a temperature of 18 ° C. for 30 days.
Next, after mushrooming, germination is 15 ° C and humidity is 95% for 10 days. Cultivation was controlled at 80% and harvested 30 days later. The results are also shown in Table 1.
[0016]
<Materials used>
Corn Cob: Commercially available rice bran: Commercially available bran: Commercially available phosphorus compound A: Fecal fossil, P 2 O 5 content 29.4%, average particle size 8μm
Phosphorus Compound A: Apatite, P 2 O 5 content 35.7%, average particle size 8μm
Phosphorus compound C: superphosphate lime, P 2 O 5 content 17.0%, average particle size 8μm
Phosphorus compound d: heavy superphosphate lime, P 2 O 5 content 42.8%, average particle size 8μm
Phosphorus compound o: molten fertilizer, P 2 O 5 content 20.4%, average particle size 8μm
Phosphorus compound: calcined phosphorus manure, P 2 O 5 content 37.3%, average particle size 8μm
Phosphorus compound key: Binder perphosphoric acid, P 2 O 5 content 14.2%, average particle size 8μm
[0017]
<Measurement method>
Control contrast: fruiting body yield with phosphorus compound (g) / fruiting body yield without adding phosphorus compound (g) x 100 (%)
[0018]
[Table 1]
As is apparent from Table 1, the yield of enokitake was improved by using a phosphorus compound in the artificial culture medium.
[0020]
Experimental example 2
The experiment was conducted in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that the phosphorus compound o shown in Table 2 was used. The results are also shown in Table 2.
[0021]
[Table 2]
As is apparent from Table 2, when the amount of the phosphorus compound used was 5 parts with respect to the artificial culture medium, the yield of bamboo shoots was most improved.
[0023]
Experimental example 3
As shown in Table 3, the experiment was performed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1 except that the average particle size of the phosphorus compound was changed. The results are also shown in Table 3.
[0024]
[Table 3]
As is clear from Table 3, the yield of enoki mushroom was improved as the average particle size of the phosphorus compound was reduced.
[0026]
Experimental Example 4
250 g of hardwood sawdust, 250 g of softwood sawdust, 500 g of rice bran, and 140 ml of water were placed in a plastic bag and mixed thoroughly to prepare a mixture having a moisture content of 65%.
In 100 parts of the artificial culture medium consisting of the prepared mixture and phosphorus compound, 500 g of the artificial culture medium prepared by adding and mixing the phosphorus compound shown in Table 4 to the prepared mixture was added to a 850 ml wide-mouthed bottle. Stuffed.
A hole with a diameter of about 2 cm was made in the center of the wide-mouthed bottle, sterilized at 120 ° C. for 90 minutes after stoppering. After cooling, inoculum of octopus was inoculated and cultured for 30 days in the dark, at a temperature of 25 ° C. and a humidity of 55%.
Next, after removing the stopper and scraping about 1 cm of bacteria from the top of the culture medium to remove the mycelium layer, 20 ml of tap water was added to absorb water sufficiently. After standing for 4 hours, remove the water remaining in the upper part and incubate for 7 days under the conditions of temperature 15 ° C, humidity 95%, illuminance 20 lux to form a fruiting body primordium, and further increase the illuminance to 200 lux Then, the culture was continued for 10 days, and the effect of the composition of the phosphorus compound on the fruit body yield was examined. The results are shown in Table 4.
[0027]
<Materials used>
Hardwood sawdust: Sawdust of beech coniferous sawdust: Sawdust of surplus wood rice cake: Commercial product [0028]
[Table 4]
As is apparent from Table 4, the yield of octopus was improved by adding a phosphorus compound to the artificial culture medium.
[0030]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail, according to the cultivation method of the present invention, mushrooms can be obtained in high yield.
Claims (2)
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