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JP4592866B2 - Hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
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JP4592866B2 - Hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents

Hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device and manufacturing method thereof Download PDF

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JP4592866B2
JP4592866B2 JP2000082386A JP2000082386A JP4592866B2 JP 4592866 B2 JP4592866 B2 JP 4592866B2 JP 2000082386 A JP2000082386 A JP 2000082386A JP 2000082386 A JP2000082386 A JP 2000082386A JP 4592866 B2 JP4592866 B2 JP 4592866B2
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photoelectric conversion
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JP2001274429A (en
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昭彦 中島
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Kaneka Corp
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Kaneka Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は半導体薄膜光電変換装置に関し、特に、ハイブリッド型シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の信頼性向上に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
半導体薄膜光電変換装置は、一般に、少なくとも表面が絶縁性の基板上に順次積層された第1電極、1以上の半導体薄膜光電変換ユニット、および第2電極を含んでいる。そして、1つの光電変換ユニットは、p型層とn型層でサンドイッチされたi型層を含んでいる。光電変換ユニットの厚さの大部分を占めるi型層は実質的に真性の半導体層であって、光電変換作用は主としてこのi型層内で生じる。
【0003】
したがって、光電変換ユニットは、それに含まれるp型とn型の導電型層が非晶質か結晶質かにかかわらず、i型の光電変換層が非晶質のものは非晶質ユニットと称され、i型層が結晶質のものは結晶質ユニットと称される。なお、本願明細書内で、「結晶質」の用語は、薄膜光電変換装置の技術分野で一般に用いられているように、部分的に非晶質状態を含むものをも意味するものとする。
【0004】
他方、p型やn型の導電型層は光電変換ユニット内に拡散電位を生じさせる役割を果たし、その拡散電位の大きさによって光電変換装置の重要な特性の1つである開放端電圧の値も左右される。しかし、これらの導電型層は光電変換に直接寄与しない不活性な層であり、導電型層にドープされた不純物によって吸収される光は発電に寄与しない損失となる。したがって、導電型層は、必要な拡散電位を生じさせることを前提として、できるだけ薄い厚さにすることが望まれる。
【0005】
ここで、ガラス板のような透明絶縁基板上に薄膜光電変換装置が形成される場合、その基板は光電変換装置の表面保護用カバーガラスの役割を果たさせることができ、一般に、ガラス基板上には透明電極を介して比較的大きなバンドギャップのp型層、i型光電変換層、および比較的小さなバンドギャップのn型層の順に積層されることが多い。
【0006】
また、薄膜光電変換装置の変換効率を向上させる方法として、2以上の光電変換ユニットを積層してタンデム型にする方法がある。この方法においては、光電変換装置の光入射側に大きなバンドギャップを有する光電変換層を含む前方ユニットを配置し、その後ろに順に小さなバンドギャップを有する(たとえばSi−Ge合金の)光電変換層を含む後方ユニットを配置することにより、入射光の広い波長範囲にわたって光電変換を可能にし、これによって装置全体の変換効率の向上が図られる。タンデム型薄膜光電変換装置の中でも、非晶質光電変換ユニットと結晶質光電変換ユニットを積層したものはハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置と称される。
【0007】
たとえば、i型非晶質シリコンが光電変換し得る光の波長は長波長側において約800nm程度までであるが、i型結晶質シリコンはそれより長い約1100nm程度の波長の光までを光電変換することができる。したがって、ガラス基板上にハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置が形成される場合、通常は、そのガラス基板上に透明電極、非晶質ユニット、結晶質ユニット、および裏面電極がこの順に積層される。
【0008】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
このようなハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置は、単一の非晶質光電変換ユニットまたは単一の結晶質光電変換ユニットのいずれかを含むシングル型薄膜光電変換装置に比べて、顕著に高い光電変換効率を発揮し得るものである。
【0009】
しかし最近において、本発明者は、現時点において原因不明ではあるが、ハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置について測定して得られる光電変換特性値がその測定方法に依存して変動することを見出した。このことは、ある測定方法によって得られた光電変換特性値を公称性能として表示されたハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置がその実際の使用状態において公称どおりの性能を発揮し得るものかについて信頼し得ないことを意味する。このように測定方法に依存して得られる光電変換特性値が変動するということは、シングル型薄膜光電変換装置や複数の非晶質ユニットのみを含むタンデム型薄膜光電変換装置では起こらなかったことである。
【0010】
一般に、光電変換装置の光電変換特性値は図3の簡略化された回路図で示されているような方法によって測定される。この図3において、薄膜光電変換装置11はそれに含まれるpin半導体接合に基づくダイオードとしての性質を有しており、光Lを受けたときにはそのダイオードの整流作用の方向である順方向に反する逆方向の出力電流を生じる。光電変換装置11は外部電圧源12および電流計13と直列接続されており、これらは閉ループを構成している。従来では、外部電圧源12はダイオード11に対して順方向に任意の値の電圧を印加し得る可変DC(直流)電圧源が用いられている。
【0011】
そして、一般に、光電変換装置11にソーラシミュレータからの光Lを照射した状態で外部DC電圧源12からダイオード11の順方向の電圧を0電位から正電位の方へスウィープしてDC電圧を印加するか、または予想される開放端出力電圧より大きな正電位から0電位の方へスウィープしてDC電圧を印加することによって、0電位のときの光電変換装置11の出力電流値を短絡電流値Jscとして測定し、開放端電圧値Vocは出力電流を0にするのに釣り合う外部印加電圧から測定される。ところが、本発明者は、ハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置に関しては、外部印加電圧をスウィープする方向、その電圧スウィープの速度、さらには電圧スウィープ開始前のプレバイアス電圧などに依存して、測定値として得られる光電変換特性値が変動することを見出したのである。
【0012】
そこで、本発明者は、外部DC電圧源12としてダイオード11に対して順方向と逆方向のいずれにおいても任意の電圧を印加し得るものを用い、系統的に測定方法を変化させることによって従来の1つのハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置における光電変換特性値の変動を調べた。その結果が、図4のグラフに示されている。
【0013】
図4のグラフにおいて、横軸は光電変換装置11の出力電圧(V)を表わし、縦軸は出力電流密度(mA/cm2)を表わしている。グラフ中の実線の曲線は、−2.5V(ダイオードに対する逆方向電圧)のプレバイアス電圧を5分以上印加した後に、100msec以内にソーラシミュレータからAM1.5のスペクトル分布と100mW/cm2のエネルギ密度を有する擬似太陽光の照射を開始するとともに、+2.5V(ダイオードに対する順方向電圧)から−2.5Vまで1.5secで外部印加電圧をスウィープしたときの測定結果を示している。
【0014】
同様に、点線の曲線は、−2.5Vのプレバイアス電圧を5分以上印加した後に+2.5Vから−2.5Vまで20secで電圧スウィープしたときの測定結果を示している。また、破線の曲線は、−2.5Vのプレバイアス電圧を5分以上印加した後に−2.5Vから+2.5Vまで20secで電圧スウィープしたときの測定結果を示している。さらに、一点鎖線の曲線は、+2.5Vのプレバイアス電圧を5分以上印加した後に+2.5Vから−2.5Vまで1.5secで電圧スウィープしたときの測定結果を示している。
【0015】
図4からわかるように、短絡電流密度値Jscとしては測定方法に依存することなくほぼ10mA/cm2が得られているが、開放端電圧値Vocは測定方法に依存して1.22Vから1.34Vまで変動している。これに伴って、最大出力時の光電変換効率値も、8.2%から9.1%まで変動している。
【0016】
本発明者が見出して確認したこのような課題に鑑み、本発明は、測定方法に依存することなくほぼ一定の光電変換特性値を示す信頼性の高いハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置を提供することを目的としている。
【0017】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明によれば、ハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置は、透明絶縁基板上に順次積層された透明電極、非晶質光電変換ユニット、結晶質光電変換ユニット、および裏面電極を含み、その結晶質ユニットはプラズマCVD法によって順次堆積されたp型層、結晶質i型光電変換層、およびn型層を含み、結晶質ユニットに含まれるp型層は結晶質i型光電変換層との界面において85%より大きな結晶化分率を有し、結晶質i型光電変換層はその厚さ方向に沿って延びる柱状晶を含む結晶構造を有し、その柱状晶は〈110〉優先結晶方向に沿って伸びていることを特徴としている。なお、結晶質ユニットに含まれるp型層は、結晶質i型光電変換層との界面において95%以上の結晶化分率を有していることがより好ましい。
【0018】
このようなハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法においては、結晶質ユニット含まれるp型層と結晶質i型層は少なくともシラン系原料ガスと水素希釈ガスを含む混合ガスを用いたプラズマCVDによって堆積され、結晶質ユニットに含まれるp型層は400Pa(3Torr)未満のガス圧のもとで堆積され、結晶質i型層は667Pa(5Torr)以上のガス圧のもとで堆積されることを特徴としている。なお、結晶質ユニットに含まれるp型層の堆積の間には、シラン系原料ガスに対する水素希釈ガスの混合比が100倍より大きくされることが好ましい。
【0019】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下の種々の実験例に基づいて、本発明の効果を発揮し得る実施の形態を明らかにする。
【0020】
まず、種々の実験を開始するに際してし、ハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置に含まれる結晶質光電変換ユニットの形成方法として参考になる特開平11−145499は、プラズマ反応室内の圧力が400Pa(3Torr)以上のもとで、シラン系ガスとその50倍以上の混合比の水素希釈ガスを用いることによって、高品質の結晶質シリコン系光電変換ユニットが高速度で堆積され得ることを開示している。そして、その反応室の圧力は667Pa(5Torr)以上であることがより好ましい旨を述べている。
【0021】
そこで、本発明者は、以下に述べる方法と条件のもとで、図1の模式的な断面図により示されているようなハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置を作製した。
【0022】
すなわち、まず最初の実験例において、厚さ約600nmのTCO(透明導電性酸化物)電極2が1主面上に形成されたガラス基板1が用意された。TCO電極2上には、厚さ約300nmの非晶質シリコン系光電変換ユニット3がプラズマCVDによって堆積された。非晶質光電変換ユニット3はp型層3p、非晶質光電変換層3i、およびn型層3nを含み、これらの層は非晶質ユニットを形成する場合の周知慣用的条件のもとで堆積された。
【0023】
非晶質ユニット3上には、150℃の基板温度、667Pa(5Torr)の反応室内圧力、および100mW/cm2のRF(高周波)パワーのもとで、結晶質光電変換ユニット4がプラズマCVDによって形成された。この結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pは、シランの20sccmと、水素の8000sccmと、5000ppmに水素希釈されたジボランを含むジボラン含有ガスの30sccmを用いて、20nmの厚さに堆積された。結晶質i型光電変換層4iは、シランの20sccmと、水素の1500sccmを用いて、2.5μmの厚さに堆積された。こうして形成された結晶質i型光電変換層4iは、その厚さ方向に沿って延びる柱状晶を含む結晶構造を有し、その柱状晶は〈110〉優先結晶方向に沿って伸びていた。そして、n型層4nは、シランの20sccmと、水素の6000sccmと、5000ppmに水素希釈されたホスフィンを含むホスフィン含有ガスの80sccmを用いて、30nmの厚さに堆積された。
【0024】
結晶質光電変換ユニット4上には、裏面電極5として、厚さ80nmのTCO層5tと厚さ400nmの銀層5mが、それぞれスパッタリングと蒸着によって堆積された。このTCO層5tは、銀層5mの光反射性を高く維持するとともに、銀原子が光電変換ユニット4,3内へ拡散することを防止するように作用し得るものである。
【0025】
こうして作製された最初の実験例によるハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置に関して、図4の場合と同様な測定において+2.5Vのプレバイアス電圧を10分以上印加した後に+2.5Vから−2.5Vまで1.5secの電圧スウィープを行なった場合に、1.22Vの開放端電圧値が得られた。他方、−2.5Vのプレバイアス電圧を10分以上印加した後に+2.5Vから−2.5Vまで1.5secで電圧スウィープした場合には、1.36Vの開放端電圧値が得られた。すなわち、この最初の実験例によるハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置は、測定方法に依存して0.14Vも変化する開放端電圧値を示し、信頼性に乏しいものと言わざるを得ない。
【0026】
そこで、本発明者は、図1に示されているようなハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置をさらに多数作製するに際して、非晶質光電変換ユニット3の厚さを0.2〜0.4μmの範囲で、結晶質光電変換ユニット4の厚さを1.0〜5.0μmの範囲で、さらに結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pの堆積時におけるプラズマ反応室の圧力を133〜1330Pa(1〜10Torr)の範囲で種々に変化させ、その他の条件は最初の実験例と同じにした多くの実験を行なった。
【0027】
これらの実験において得られたハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置について、図4の場合と同様にして光電変換特性値が測定された。その結果、ハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置に含まれる非晶質ユニット3と結晶質ユニット4との厚さの変化に関して、測定方法に依存する光電変換特性値の変動が系統的な関係を有することは観察されなかった。また、いずれの結晶質ユニット4に含まれるi型光電変換層4iも、その厚さ方向に沿った柱状晶の結晶構造を有していた。
【0028】
しかし、結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pの堆積時における反応室の圧力の変化に関しては、測定方法に依存する光電変換特性値の変動が系統的な関係を有することが見出された。この結果が、図2に示されている。
【0029】
図2のグラフにおいて、横軸は結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pの堆積時における反応室の圧力(×133Pa:Torr)を表わしている。他方、このグラフの縦軸は、+2.5Vのプレバイアス電圧を10分以上印加の後10秒経過する前に+2.5Vから−2.5Vまで1.5secで電圧スウィープした場合の測定Voc値から、−2.5Vのプレバイアス電圧印加後に+2.5Vから−2.5Vまで1.5secで電圧スウィープした場合の測定Voc値を差し引いた開放端電圧変動値ΔVoc(V)を表わしている。
【0030】
このグラフから明らかなように、結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pの成膜時の反応室圧力が400Pa(3Torr)以上の場合にハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置の開放端電圧変動値ΔVocの絶対値が大きくなり、その信頼性が低下することがわかる。他方、p型層4pの成膜圧力が400Pa(3Torr)未満の場合には、開放端電圧変動値ΔVocがほとんど0である0.002V以下(測定誤差範囲と考えられる)となり、信頼性の高いハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置が得られることがわかる。
【0031】
本発明者は、ハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置の開放端電圧変動値ΔVocに対して結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pが重大な影響を及ぼすことに鑑み、さらに以下のような実験を試みた。すなわち。結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pについての前述の堆積条件と同じ条件のもとで、直接ガラス基板上に厚さ20nmのp型層を堆積した。
【0032】
このガラス基板上のp型層について、250〜1200μmの波長範囲で分光エリプソメータを用いて非晶質シリコンと結晶質シリコンの成分比、すなわち結晶化分率(結晶化度ともいう)を測定した。その結果、p型層は、ガラス基板側10nmの厚さ部分と成長表面側10nmの厚さ部分とで結晶化度が種々に異なることが判明した。このような結果が、表1に示されている。
【0033】
【表1】

Figure 0004592866
【0034】
表1からわかるように、p型層の成膜圧力が1.0〜13.0(×133Pa:Torr)の範囲で変化しても、そのp型層のガラス基板側における結晶化度は65〜80%の比較的狭い範囲内で変動しているが、成長表面側の結晶化度は遥かに大きな範囲で変動している。すなわち、p型層の成長面側において、その成膜圧力が約400Pa(3Torr)以下の場合には結晶化度が約95%以上であり、667Pa(5Torr)前後では結晶化度が70〜80%程度であり、そして約1333Pa(10Torr)以上では結晶化度が約40%以下になっている。
【0035】
このような事実と図2の結果とを照らし合わせて考えれば、測定方法に依存する開放端電圧変動値ΔVocが小さくて信頼性の高いハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置を得るためには、結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pが結晶質i型光電変換層4iとの界面において85%より大きな結晶化度を有することが望まれ、95%以上の結晶化度を有することがより好ましいと考えられる。
【0036】
なお、一般に、プラズマCVDで堆積されたシリコン層の結晶化度はその下地の影響をも受けるので、結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pの結晶化度は、その下地となる非晶質ユニット3に含まれるn型層3nの結晶化度の影響をも受けると考えられる。しかし、一般に、非晶質ユニット3に含まれるn型層3nの結晶化度がそんなに高いとは考えられないので、結晶質ユニット4に含まれるp型層4pにおける成膜圧力とその結晶化度の関係も、ガラス基板上に堆積されたp型層におけるのと同様な傾向にあるものと推定される。
【0037】
【発明の効果】
以上のように、本発明によれば、測定方法に依存することなくほぼ一定の光電変換特性値を示す信頼性の高いハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明の実施の形態によるハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置の一例を示す模式的な断面図である。
【図2】 ハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置において、結晶質ユニットに含まれるp型層の成膜圧力と測定方法に依存する開放端電圧変動値との関係を示すグラフである。
【図3】 光電変換装置の光電変換特性値を測定する方法を説明するための簡略化された回路図である。
【図4】 先行技術によるハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置における光電変換特性値の測定方法依存性を示すグラフである。
【符号の説明】
1 ガラス基板、2 TCO電極、3 非晶質光電変換ユニット、3p p型層、3i 非晶質i型光電変換層、3n n型層、4 結晶質光電変換ユニット、4p p型層、4i 結晶質i型光電変換層、4n n型層、5 裏面電極、5t TCO層、5m 金属層。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a semiconductor thin film photoelectric conversion device, and more particularly to improving the reliability of a hybrid silicon thin film photoelectric conversion device.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A semiconductor thin film photoelectric conversion device generally includes a first electrode, one or more semiconductor thin film photoelectric conversion units, and a second electrode that are sequentially stacked on a substrate having an insulating surface at least. One photoelectric conversion unit includes an i-type layer sandwiched between a p-type layer and an n-type layer. The i-type layer that occupies most of the thickness of the photoelectric conversion unit is a substantially intrinsic semiconductor layer, and the photoelectric conversion action mainly occurs in the i-type layer.
[0003]
Accordingly, a photoelectric conversion unit is called an amorphous unit when the i-type photoelectric conversion layer is amorphous, regardless of whether the p-type and n-type conductive layers contained therein are amorphous or crystalline. The i-type layer is crystalline and is called a crystalline unit. In the specification of the present application, the term “crystalline” means a material partially including an amorphous state as commonly used in the technical field of thin film photoelectric conversion devices.
[0004]
On the other hand, the p-type or n-type conductive layer plays a role of generating a diffusion potential in the photoelectric conversion unit, and the value of the open end voltage, which is one of the important characteristics of the photoelectric conversion device, depending on the magnitude of the diffusion potential. Also depends. However, these conductive layers are inactive layers that do not directly contribute to photoelectric conversion, and light absorbed by impurities doped in the conductive layer results in a loss that does not contribute to power generation. Therefore, it is desirable that the conductive type layer be as thin as possible on the assumption that a necessary diffusion potential is generated.
[0005]
Here, when a thin film photoelectric conversion device is formed on a transparent insulating substrate such as a glass plate, the substrate can serve as a cover glass for surface protection of the photoelectric conversion device. In many cases, a p-type layer having a relatively large band gap, an i-type photoelectric conversion layer, and an n-type layer having a relatively small band gap are stacked in this order via a transparent electrode.
[0006]
As a method for improving the conversion efficiency of the thin film photoelectric conversion device, there is a method of stacking two or more photoelectric conversion units into a tandem type. In this method, a front unit including a photoelectric conversion layer having a large band gap is arranged on the light incident side of the photoelectric conversion device, and a photoelectric conversion layer having a small band gap (for example, Si-Ge alloy) is sequentially arranged behind the unit. By disposing the rear unit including the photoelectric conversion, it is possible to perform photoelectric conversion over a wide wavelength range of incident light, thereby improving the conversion efficiency of the entire apparatus. Among tandem-type thin film photoelectric conversion devices, a stack of an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit and a crystalline photoelectric conversion unit is called a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device.
[0007]
For example, the wavelength of light that can be photoelectrically converted by i-type amorphous silicon is up to about 800 nm on the long wavelength side, but i-type crystalline silicon photoelectrically converts light having a longer wavelength of about 1100 nm. be able to. Therefore, when a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device is formed on a glass substrate, a transparent electrode, an amorphous unit, a crystalline unit, and a back electrode are usually laminated on the glass substrate in this order.
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Such a hybrid type thin film photoelectric conversion device has a significantly higher photoelectric conversion efficiency than a single type thin film photoelectric conversion device including either a single amorphous photoelectric conversion unit or a single crystalline photoelectric conversion unit. Can be exhibited.
[0009]
Recently, however, the present inventor has found that, although the cause is unknown at this time, the photoelectric conversion characteristic value obtained by measuring the hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device varies depending on the measurement method. This is unreliable as to whether the hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion device, in which the photoelectric conversion characteristic value obtained by a certain measuring method is displayed as the nominal performance, can exhibit the performance as nominal in its actual use state. Means that. The fluctuation of the photoelectric conversion characteristic value obtained depending on the measurement method in this way did not occur in single type thin film photoelectric conversion devices or tandem type thin film photoelectric conversion devices including only a plurality of amorphous units. is there.
[0010]
In general, the photoelectric conversion characteristic value of the photoelectric conversion device is measured by a method as shown in the simplified circuit diagram of FIG. In FIG. 3, the thin film photoelectric conversion device 11 has a property as a diode based on a pin semiconductor junction included in the thin film photoelectric conversion device 11. Output current. The photoelectric conversion device 11 is connected in series with an external voltage source 12 and an ammeter 13, and these constitute a closed loop. Conventionally, a variable DC (direct current) voltage source that can apply a voltage of an arbitrary value to the diode 11 in the forward direction is used as the external voltage source 12.
[0011]
In general, with the light L from the solar simulator irradiated onto the photoelectric conversion device 11, the forward voltage of the diode 11 from the external DC voltage source 12 is swept from the zero potential to the positive potential to apply the DC voltage. Alternatively, the output current value of the photoelectric conversion device 11 at the zero potential is set as the short-circuit current value Jsc by sweeping from a positive potential larger than the expected open-ended output voltage to the zero potential and applying the DC voltage. The open-circuit voltage value Voc is measured from an externally applied voltage that is commensurate with setting the output current to zero. However, the present inventor has obtained a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device as a measured value depending on the direction of sweeping the externally applied voltage, the speed of the voltage sweep, and the pre-bias voltage before the start of the voltage sweep. It was found that the photoelectric conversion characteristic value fluctuated.
[0012]
Therefore, the present inventor uses an external DC voltage source 12 that can apply an arbitrary voltage to the diode 11 in either the forward direction or the reverse direction, and systematically changes the measurement method, thereby changing the conventional method. The fluctuation of the photoelectric conversion characteristic value in one hybrid type thin film photoelectric conversion device was examined. The result is shown in the graph of FIG.
[0013]
In the graph of FIG. 4, the horizontal axis represents the output voltage (V) of the photoelectric conversion device 11, and the vertical axis represents the output current density (mA / cm 2 ). The solid curve in the graph shows the AM1.5 spectral distribution and the energy of 100 mW / cm 2 from the solar simulator within 100 msec after applying a pre-bias voltage of −2.5 V (reverse voltage with respect to the diode) for 5 minutes or more. The measurement results are shown when the application of pseudo-sunlight having a density is started and the externally applied voltage is swept from +2.5 V (forward voltage with respect to the diode) to -2.5 V in 1.5 sec.
[0014]
Similarly, a dotted curve shows a measurement result when a voltage sweep is performed in 20 seconds from +2.5 V to −2.5 V after applying a pre-bias voltage of −2.5 V for 5 minutes or more. A broken line curve shows a measurement result when a voltage sweep is performed in 20 seconds from −2.5 V to +2.5 V after applying a pre-bias voltage of −2.5 V for 5 minutes or more. Furthermore, the alternate long and short dash line curve shows a measurement result when a voltage sweep is performed in 1.5 sec from +2.5 V to −2.5 V after applying a pre-bias voltage of +2.5 V for 5 minutes or more.
[0015]
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the short-circuit current density value Jsc is approximately 10 mA / cm 2 without depending on the measurement method, but the open-circuit voltage value Voc varies from 1.22 V to 1 depending on the measurement method. .Varies up to 34V. Along with this, the photoelectric conversion efficiency value at the maximum output also varies from 8.2% to 9.1%.
[0016]
In view of such problems that the present inventors have found and confirmed, the present invention provides a highly reliable hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion device that exhibits a substantially constant photoelectric conversion characteristic value without depending on a measurement method. It is aimed.
[0017]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, the hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device includes a transparent electrode, an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit, a crystalline photoelectric conversion unit, and a back electrode sequentially stacked on a transparent insulating substrate, and the crystalline unit is Including a p-type layer, a crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer, and an n-type layer sequentially deposited by the plasma CVD method, the p-type layer included in the crystalline unit is 85% at the interface with the crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer. The crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer has a crystal structure including a columnar crystal extending along the thickness direction, and the columnar crystal extends along the <110> preferred crystal direction. It is characterized by having. In addition, it is more preferable that the p-type layer included in the crystalline unit has a crystallization fraction of 95% or more at the interface with the crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer.
[0018]
In such a method of manufacturing a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device, the p-type layer and the crystalline i-type layer included in the crystalline unit are deposited by plasma CVD using a mixed gas containing at least a silane-based source gas and a hydrogen dilution gas. The p-type layer included in the crystalline unit is deposited under a gas pressure of less than 400 Pa (3 Torr), and the crystalline i-type layer is deposited under a gas pressure of 667 Pa (5 Torr) or more. It is a feature. During the deposition of the p-type layer included in the crystalline unit, it is preferable that the mixing ratio of the hydrogen dilution gas to the silane-based source gas is greater than 100 times.
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Based on the following various experimental examples, embodiments capable of exhibiting the effects of the present invention will be clarified.
[0020]
First, when various experiments are started, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-145499, which serves as a reference for forming a crystalline photoelectric conversion unit included in a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device, has a pressure of 400 Pa (3 Torr) or more in a plasma reaction chamber. Therefore, it is disclosed that a high-quality crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion unit can be deposited at a high speed by using a silane-based gas and a hydrogen dilution gas having a mixing ratio of 50 times or more. The pressure in the reaction chamber is more preferably 667 Pa (5 Torr) or more.
[0021]
Therefore, the present inventor manufactured a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device as shown in the schematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 under the method and conditions described below.
[0022]
That is, in the first experimental example, a glass substrate 1 having a TCO (transparent conductive oxide) electrode 2 having a thickness of about 600 nm formed on one main surface was prepared. On the TCO electrode 2, an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3 having a thickness of about 300 nm was deposited by plasma CVD. The amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 3 includes a p-type layer 3p, an amorphous photoelectric conversion layer 3i, and an n-type layer 3n, and these layers are under well-known and usual conditions when forming an amorphous unit. Deposited.
[0023]
A crystalline photoelectric conversion unit 4 is formed on the amorphous unit 3 by plasma CVD under a substrate temperature of 150 ° C., a reaction chamber pressure of 667 Pa (5 Torr), and an RF (radio frequency) power of 100 mW / cm 2 . Been formed. The p-type layer 4p included in the crystalline unit 4 was deposited to a thickness of 20 nm using 20 sccm of silane, 8000 sccm of hydrogen, and 30 sccm of diborane-containing gas containing hydrogen diluted to 5000 ppm. . The crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer 4i was deposited to a thickness of 2.5 μm using 20 sccm of silane and 1500 sccm of hydrogen. The crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer 4i thus formed had a crystal structure including columnar crystals extending along the thickness direction, and the columnar crystals extended along the <110> preferred crystal direction. The n-type layer 4n was deposited to a thickness of 30 nm using 20 sccm of silane, 6000 sccm of hydrogen, and 80 sccm of a phosphine-containing gas containing phosphine diluted with hydrogen to 5000 ppm.
[0024]
On the crystalline photoelectric conversion unit 4, as the back electrode 5, a TCO layer 5t having a thickness of 80 nm and a silver layer 5m having a thickness of 400 nm were deposited by sputtering and vapor deposition, respectively. The TCO layer 5t can act to keep the light reflectivity of the silver layer 5m high and prevent silver atoms from diffusing into the photoelectric conversion units 4 and 3.
[0025]
With respect to the hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion device according to the first experimental example thus manufactured, in the same measurement as in FIG. 4, after applying a pre-bias voltage of +2.5 V for 10 minutes or more, 1 from +2.5 V to −2.5 V When a voltage sweep of .5 sec was performed, an open-circuit voltage value of 1.22 V was obtained. On the other hand, when a voltage sweep was performed for 1.5 seconds from +2.5 V to −2.5 V after applying a pre-bias voltage of −2.5 V for 10 minutes or more, an open-circuit voltage value of 1.36 V was obtained. That is, the hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion device according to the first experimental example has an open-ended voltage value that varies by 0.14 V depending on the measurement method, and must be said to have poor reliability.
[0026]
Accordingly, the present inventor has made the thickness of the amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 3 in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 μm when manufacturing a large number of hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion devices as shown in FIG. The thickness of the crystalline photoelectric conversion unit 4 is in the range of 1.0 to 5.0 μm, and the pressure in the plasma reaction chamber during deposition of the p-type layer 4p included in the crystalline unit 4 is 133 to 1330 Pa (1 to 1). Various experiments were carried out with various changes in the range of 10 Torr) and the other conditions being the same as in the first experimental example.
[0027]
For the hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion devices obtained in these experiments, photoelectric conversion characteristic values were measured in the same manner as in FIG. As a result, regarding the change in thickness between the amorphous unit 3 and the crystalline unit 4 included in the hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion device, the variation in photoelectric conversion characteristic value depending on the measurement method has a systematic relationship. Not observed. Further, the i-type photoelectric conversion layer 4i included in any crystalline unit 4 also had a columnar crystal structure along the thickness direction.
[0028]
However, regarding the change in the pressure in the reaction chamber during the deposition of the p-type layer 4p included in the crystalline unit 4, it has been found that the variation in photoelectric conversion characteristic values depending on the measurement method has a systematic relationship. . The result is shown in FIG.
[0029]
In the graph of FIG. 2, the horizontal axis represents the reaction chamber pressure (× 133 Pa: Torr) when the p-type layer 4 p included in the crystalline unit 4 is deposited. On the other hand, the vertical axis of this graph shows the measured Voc value when a voltage sweep is performed from +2.5 V to -2.5 V in 1.5 seconds before 10 seconds have elapsed after applying a pre-bias voltage of +2.5 V for 10 minutes or more. Represents the open-circuit voltage fluctuation value ΔVoc (V) obtained by subtracting the measured Voc value when a voltage sweep is performed in 1.5 sec from +2.5 V to −2.5 V after applying a pre-bias voltage of −2.5 V.
[0030]
As is apparent from this graph, when the reaction chamber pressure during the formation of the p-type layer 4p included in the crystalline unit 4 is 400 Pa (3 Torr) or more, the open-circuit voltage fluctuation value ΔVoc of the hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion device It can be seen that the absolute value increases and the reliability decreases. On the other hand, when the deposition pressure of the p-type layer 4p is less than 400 Pa (3 Torr), the open-circuit voltage fluctuation value ΔVoc is almost 0, which is 0.002 V or less (considered as a measurement error range), and is highly reliable. It can be seen that a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device can be obtained.
[0031]
In view of the fact that the p-type layer 4p included in the crystalline unit 4 has a significant influence on the open-circuit voltage fluctuation value ΔVoc of the hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion device, the inventors further attempted the following experiment. It was. That is. A p-type layer having a thickness of 20 nm was directly deposited on the glass substrate under the same conditions as those described above for the p-type layer 4p included in the crystalline unit 4.
[0032]
About the p-type layer on this glass substrate, the component ratio of amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon, that is, the crystallization fraction (also referred to as crystallinity) was measured using a spectroscopic ellipsometer in the wavelength range of 250 to 1200 μm. As a result, it was found that the crystallinity of the p-type layer was different between the thickness portion of 10 nm on the glass substrate side and the thickness portion of 10 nm on the growth surface side. Such results are shown in Table 1.
[0033]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004592866
[0034]
As can be seen from Table 1, even if the deposition pressure of the p-type layer changes in the range of 1.0 to 13.0 (× 133 Pa: Torr), the crystallinity on the glass substrate side of the p-type layer is 65. Although it fluctuates within a relatively narrow range of ˜80%, the crystallinity on the growth surface side fluctuates in a much larger range. That is, on the growth surface side of the p-type layer, when the deposition pressure is about 400 Pa (3 Torr) or less, the crystallinity is about 95% or more, and at around 667 Pa (5 Torr), the crystallinity is 70-80. The degree of crystallinity is about 40% or less at about 1333 Pa (10 Torr) or more.
[0035]
In view of such facts and the results of FIG. 2, in order to obtain a highly reliable hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device having a small open-ended voltage fluctuation value ΔVoc depending on the measurement method, a crystalline unit 4 p-type layer 4p is desired to have a crystallinity greater than 85% at the interface with crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer 4i, and more preferably 95% or higher. It is done.
[0036]
In general, the crystallinity of a silicon layer deposited by plasma CVD is also affected by the underlying layer. Therefore, the crystallinity of the p-type layer 4p included in the crystalline unit 4 is amorphous. It is considered that the crystallinity of the n-type layer 3n included in the unit 3 is also affected. However, in general, since the crystallinity of the n-type layer 3n included in the amorphous unit 3 is not considered to be so high, the film formation pressure in the p-type layer 4p included in the crystalline unit 4 and the crystallinity thereof. This relationship is also presumed to have the same tendency as in the p-type layer deposited on the glass substrate.
[0037]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a highly reliable hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device that exhibits a substantially constant photoelectric conversion characteristic value without depending on a measurement method.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the deposition pressure of the p-type layer included in the crystalline unit and the open-circuit voltage fluctuation value depending on the measurement method in the hybrid thin-film photoelectric conversion device.
FIG. 3 is a simplified circuit diagram for explaining a method of measuring a photoelectric conversion characteristic value of a photoelectric conversion device.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the dependence of photoelectric conversion characteristic values on the measurement method in a hybrid thin film photoelectric conversion device according to the prior art.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 glass substrate, 2 TCO electrode, 3 amorphous photoelectric conversion unit, 3p p-type layer, 3i amorphous i-type photoelectric conversion layer, 3n n-type layer, 4 crystalline photoelectric conversion unit, 4p p-type layer, 4i crystal Quality i-type photoelectric conversion layer, 4n n-type layer, 5 back electrode, 5t TCO layer, 5m metal layer.

Claims (2)

透明絶縁基板上に順次積層された透明電極、非晶質光電変換ユニット、結晶質光電変換ユニット、および裏面電極を含み、
前記結晶質光電変換ユニットはプラズマCVD法によって順次堆積されたp型層、結晶質i型光電変換層、およびn型層を含み、
前記結晶質ユニットに含まれるp型層は前記結晶質i型光電変換層との界面において85%より大きな結晶化分率を有し、
前記結晶質i型光電変換層はその厚さ方向に沿って延びる柱状晶を含む結晶構造を有し、前記柱状晶は〈110〉優先結晶方向に沿って伸びていることを特徴とする、ハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置。
Including a transparent electrode, an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit, a crystalline photoelectric conversion unit, and a back electrode sequentially laminated on a transparent insulating substrate,
The crystalline photoelectric conversion unit includes a p-type layer, a crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer, and an n-type layer sequentially deposited by a plasma CVD method,
The p-type layer contained in the crystalline unit has a crystallization fraction greater than 85% at the interface with the crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer;
The crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer has a crystal structure including columnar crystals extending along a thickness direction thereof, and the columnar crystals extend along a <110> preferential crystal direction. Type thin film photoelectric conversion device.
前記結晶質ユニットに含まれるp型層は前記結晶質i型光電変換層との界面において95%以上の結晶化分率を有していることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のハイブリッド型薄膜光電変換装置。  The hybrid type according to claim 1, wherein the p-type layer included in the crystalline unit has a crystallization fraction of 95% or more at an interface with the crystalline i-type photoelectric conversion layer. Thin film photoelectric conversion device.
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JP2000174309A (en) * 1998-12-09 2000-06-23 Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd Tandem type thin film photoelectric conversion device and method of manufacturing the same

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