JP4832733B2 - Exhaust gas purification catalyst - Google Patents
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Description
本発明は、自動車等の内燃機関から排出される排ガスを浄化する排ガス浄化用触媒に関し、詳細には高温リーン雰囲気における触媒成分のシンタリングが顕著に抑制される、耐久性の高い排ガス浄化用触媒に関する。 The present invention relates to an exhaust gas purifying catalyst for purifying exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine such as an automobile, and more particularly, a highly durable exhaust gas purifying catalyst in which sintering of catalyst components in a high temperature lean atmosphere is remarkably suppressed. About.
自動車用エンジン等の内燃機関から排出される排ガスには、一酸化炭素(CO)、炭化水素(HC)、窒素酸化物(NOx)等が含まれ、これらの有害物質は、一般に、白金(Pt)、金(Au)、パラジウム(Pd)、ロジウム(Rh)等の貴金属を触媒成分とする排ガス浄化用触媒によって浄化される。 Exhaust gas discharged from internal combustion engines such as automobile engines includes carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), etc. These harmful substances are generally platinum (Pt ), Gold (Au), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh) and other precious metals, and the like, is purified by an exhaust gas purifying catalyst.
これらの排ガス浄化用触媒は、通常、金属酸化物の担体に上記の触媒成分を担持して構成されるが、これらの有害物質の浄化反応を効率的に促進するためには、触媒成分が排ガスとの高い接触面積を呈するように、担体上に触媒成分が高分散に担持されることが必要である。そして、この高分散の担持状態が、排ガス雰囲気下で経時的に維持されることが必要である。 These exhaust gas purification catalysts are usually configured by supporting the above catalyst components on a metal oxide support. However, in order to efficiently promote the purification reaction of these harmful substances, the catalyst components are exhaust gas. It is necessary that the catalyst component be supported in a highly dispersed manner on the support so as to exhibit a high contact area. And this highly dispersed supporting state needs to be maintained over time in an exhaust gas atmosphere.
例えば、自動車用エンジンの排ガス浄化用触媒の場合、常温と約1000℃の間で温度が繰り返して変動し、かつ比較的HCとCOの濃度が高くてO2濃度が低い還元性雰囲気と、比較的HCとCOの濃度が低くてO2濃度が高い酸化性雰囲気が繰り返される条件下で、触媒成分の高分散の担持状態が維持される必要がある。 For example, in the case of an exhaust gas purification catalyst for an automobile engine, a comparison is made with a reducing atmosphere in which the temperature repeatedly fluctuates between room temperature and about 1000 ° C., and the HC and CO concentrations are relatively high and the O 2 concentration is low It is necessary to maintain a highly dispersed support state of the catalyst component under conditions where an oxidizing atmosphere with a low concentration of HC and CO and a high O 2 concentration is repeated.
しかしながら、上記の貴金属の触媒成分には、こうした雰囲気に長期間曝されると、触媒成分が担体上を移動して肥大化した粒子を形成する、いわゆるシンタリングを生じる性質がある。このため、触媒成分は、排ガスとの高い接触面積を維持することができず、排ガスの浄化性能が経時的に低下するという問題があり、この問題を解決するため、様々な触媒が提案されている(例えば特許文献1参照)。 However, the above precious metal catalyst component has the property of causing so-called sintering, when the catalyst component is exposed to such an atmosphere for a long period of time, whereby the catalyst component moves on the support to form enlarged particles. For this reason, the catalyst component cannot maintain a high contact area with the exhaust gas, and there is a problem that the purification performance of the exhaust gas decreases with time, and various catalysts have been proposed to solve this problem. (For example, refer to Patent Document 1).
ところで、排ガス浄化用触媒において触媒成分として用いられるRhは、酸化物よりも金属単体の状態のほうが高い活性を示し、またSiO2はRhを金属として安定させる。従ってSiO2にRhを担持させた触媒(以下Rh/SiO2とする)ではRhが金属として安定に存在し、他の担体にRhを担持させた触媒と比較して高い初期特性を示す。 By the way, Rh used as a catalyst component in the exhaust gas purifying catalyst exhibits higher activity in the state of a single metal than an oxide, and SiO 2 stabilizes Rh as a metal. Thus the catalyst supported the Rh on SiO 2 (hereinafter referred to as Rh / SiO 2) Rh is stably present as a metal, showing a high initial properties compared to catalysts obtained by supporting Rh on other carriers.
しかしながら、SiO2にRhを担持させると、他の担体と比較してRhの粒成長が促進されることが見出された。従って、Rh/SiO2は他の担体にRhを担持させた触媒と比較して、高温リーン雰囲気にさらされることによりシンタリングし、Rh2O3として粗大化しやすく、その結果、Rhの比表面積が低下し、触媒性能が低下しやすいという問題がある。 However, it has been found that loading Rh on SiO 2 promotes grain growth of Rh compared to other carriers. Therefore, Rh / SiO 2 is easily sintered by being exposed to a high-temperature lean atmosphere as compared with a catalyst in which Rh is supported on another support, and is thus coarsened as Rh 2 O 3. As a result, the specific surface area of Rh There is a problem that the catalyst performance tends to decrease.
本発明は、かかるRh/SiO2においてシンタリングを抑制し、高温雰囲気においても触媒性能が低下することのない耐久性に優れた排ガス浄化用触媒を提供することを目的とする。 An object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust gas purifying catalyst that suppresses sintering in such Rh / SiO 2 and has excellent durability without deteriorating catalyst performance even in a high-temperature atmosphere.
上記問題点を解決するために1番目の発明によれば、SiO2からなる担体上にRhと、Al、Ce、La及びアルカリ土類金属からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素とが担持されたことを特徴とする排ガス浄化用触媒を排ガス流路に配置し、排ガス流路中の前記触媒の上流及び下流側にそれぞれ開閉バルブを設置し、エンジン停止前に前記触媒を還元性雰囲気にしてRhを金属状態にした後、開閉バルブを閉じることを特徴とする、排ガス浄化装置が提供される。 In order to solve the above problems, according to a first invention, Rh and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ce, La and alkaline earth metals are formed on a support made of SiO 2. An exhaust gas purifying catalyst , which is supported, is disposed in the exhaust gas flow path, and on-off valves are installed on the upstream side and the downstream side of the catalyst in the exhaust gas flow path, respectively, and the catalyst is placed in a reducing atmosphere before the engine is stopped. Thus, an exhaust gas purifying apparatus is provided in which the open / close valve is closed after making Rh into a metallic state .
本発明の排ガス浄化用触媒は、SiO2にRhを担持させることによりRhが金属の状態で安定に存在し、またAl、Ce、La及びアルカリ土類金属からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素を添加することによりRhと添加元素の間に相互作用が生じてRhのシンタリングを防ぐ。また、初期のRhの粒径を2〜4nmとすることにより、シンタリングを低く抑制することができる。さらに、本発明の排ガス浄化用触媒を含む排ガス浄化装置において、エンジン停止前に還元性雰囲気にしてRhを金属状態に還元しておくことにより、始動時において高い暖気性能を発揮することができる。 The exhaust gas-purifying catalyst of the present invention has Rh supported on SiO 2 in a stable state in a metal state, and at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ce, La and alkaline earth metals. Is added, an interaction occurs between Rh and the added element to prevent Rh sintering. Moreover, sintering can be suppressed low by setting the initial Rh particle size to 2 to 4 nm. Further, in the exhaust gas purifying apparatus including the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention, high warm-up performance can be exhibited at start-up by reducing the Rh to a metallic state in a reducing atmosphere before stopping the engine.
本発明の第1の態様は、SiO2からなる担体上にRhと、Al、Ce、La及びアルカリ土類金属からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素Xとが担持されることを特徴とする排ガス浄化用触媒である。RhとAl、Ce、La及びアルカリ土類金属からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素Xのモル比Rh/Xは、好ましくは0.1〜50である。アルカリ土類金属としては、Mg、Ca、Sr、Baを用いることが好ましい。 The first aspect of the present invention is characterized in that Rh and at least one element X selected from the group consisting of Al, Ce, La and alkaline earth metals are supported on a support made of SiO 2. An exhaust gas purifying catalyst. The molar ratio Rh / X of at least one element X selected from the group consisting of Rh and Al, Ce, La, and alkaline earth metal is preferably 0.1-50. As the alkaline earth metal, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba are preferably used.
この触媒は、一般的な触媒担持法によって製造することができる。すなわち、例えば硝酸ロジウムRh(NO3)3、塩化ロジウムRhCl3・4H2O等のロジウム化合物を用い、蒸発乾固法、含浸法、沈殿法、イオン交換法、吸着法、還元析出法等によってSiO2にRhを担持させ、次いで硝酸セリウム、硝酸アルミニウム、硝酸ランタン、硝酸カルシウム、硝酸バリウム等の化合物を用いて、同様にして蒸発乾固法、含浸法、沈殿法、イオン交換法、吸着法、還元析出法等によってセリウム等を担持させることができる。先にセリウム等の担持させた後、ロジウムを担持させてもよい。 This catalyst can be produced by a general catalyst loading method. That is, for example, by using rhodium compounds such as rhodium nitrate Rh (NO 3 ) 3 , rhodium chloride RhCl 3 .4H 2 O, and the like by evaporation to dryness method, impregnation method, precipitation method, ion exchange method, adsorption method, reduction precipitation method, etc. Rh is supported on SiO 2 , and then using a compound such as cerium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, calcium nitrate, and barium nitrate, the evaporation to dryness method, impregnation method, precipitation method, ion exchange method, adsorption method are similarly performed. Further, cerium or the like can be supported by a reduction precipitation method or the like. After supporting cerium or the like first, rhodium may be supported.
SiO2上にRhを担持させた触媒(Rh/SiO2)では、高温の酸化雰囲気ではRhは酸化ロジウムRh2O3として存在し、それがSiO2担体上を移動してシンタリングする。本発明では、このRh/SiO2)にAl、Ce、La及びアルカリ土類金属からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種の元素Xを添加することにより、この元素XがRhの周囲に担持され、酸化ロジウムのSiO2担体上における移動を抑制し、シンタリングを抑制する。 In the catalyst (Rh / SiO 2 ) in which Rh is supported on SiO 2 , Rh exists as rhodium oxide Rh 2 O 3 in a high-temperature oxidizing atmosphere, which moves on the SiO 2 carrier and sinters. In the present invention, by adding at least one element X selected from the group consisting of Al, Ce, La and alkaline earth metals to this Rh / SiO 2 ), this element X is supported around Rh. In addition, the migration of rhodium oxide on the SiO 2 carrier is suppressed, and sintering is suppressed.
本発明の第2の態様は、SiO2からなる担体上にRhが担持され、前記Rhの粒径が2〜4nmであることを特徴とする排ガス浄化用触媒である。上記の第1の態様におけるように、通常の方法によって、すなわち、例えば硝酸ロジウムRh(NO3)3、塩化ロジウムRhCl3・4H2O等のロジウム化合物を用い、蒸発乾固法、含浸法、沈殿法、イオン交換法、吸着法、還元析出法等によってSiO2へRhを担持させると、得られる触媒の初期におけるRhの粒径は通常8nm程度である。本発明では、この初期におけるRhの粒径を2〜4nmと小さくすることにより、高温雰囲気におけるRhのシンタリングを抑制し、たとえシンタリングが起こったとしても初期の粒径が小さいため、耐久後の粒径を8nm程度に抑制することができる。 According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exhaust gas purifying catalyst characterized in that Rh is supported on a support made of SiO 2 and the particle size of the Rh is 2 to 4 nm. As in the first embodiment, by an ordinary method, for example, using a rhodium compound such as rhodium nitrate Rh (NO 3 ) 3 , rhodium chloride RhCl 3 .4H 2 O, evaporating to dryness, impregnation, When Rh is supported on SiO 2 by a precipitation method, an ion exchange method, an adsorption method, a reduction precipitation method or the like, the particle size of Rh in the initial stage of the obtained catalyst is usually about 8 nm. In the present invention, by reducing the initial Rh particle size to 2 to 4 nm, sintering of Rh in a high temperature atmosphere is suppressed, and even if sintering occurs, the initial particle size is small. Can be suppressed to about 8 nm.
Rhの粒径をこのような小さな粒径にするためには、粒径が2nm程度のコロイド薬液を用いてSiO2に担持させる。上記の従来の方法では、ロジウム化合物の溶液を用いているため、ロジウムはイオンの形態で凝集し、その結果大きな粒径のRhとして担体上に担持される。これに対して、ロジウムのコロイド溶液を用いると、このコロイド溶液中においてロジウムは粒径2nm程度の大きさで存在し、このコロイド溶液にSiO2を投入して担持させる際に、Rhが凝集することなく、もとのRhがそのまま担持されるため、小さな粒径とすることができる。 In order to reduce the Rh particle size to such a small particle size, a colloidal chemical solution having a particle size of about 2 nm is supported on SiO 2 . In the above conventional method, since a solution of a rhodium compound is used, rhodium aggregates in the form of ions, and as a result, it is supported on the carrier as Rh having a large particle size. On the other hand, when a colloidal solution of rhodium is used, rhodium is present in the colloidal solution with a particle size of about 2 nm, and Rh aggregates when SiO 2 is loaded and supported in this colloidal solution. Since the original Rh is supported as it is, the particle size can be reduced.
上記の第1の態様及び第2の態様の触媒において、ジルコニアZrO2に担持されたRh(Rh/ZrO2)をさらに含むことが好ましい。Rh/ZrO2は、排ガス中の炭化水素HCを水素に還元する能力が高く、従って本発明の排ガス浄化用触媒を還元性雰囲気にし、Rhの酸化を抑制し、結果としてRhのシンタリングを抑制する。 In the catalysts of the first and second embodiments, it is preferable that the catalyst further contains Rh (Rh / ZrO 2 ) supported on zirconia ZrO 2 . Rh / ZrO 2 has a high ability to reduce hydrocarbon HC in the exhaust gas to hydrogen, so the exhaust gas purifying catalyst of the present invention is made into a reducing atmosphere and suppresses oxidation of Rh and consequently suppresses sintering of Rh. To do.
このRh/ZrO2の添加量は、第1の態様及び第2の態様の触媒に対してRh含有量で0.1〜1とすることが好ましい。 The amount of Rh / ZrO 2 added is preferably 0.1 to 1 in terms of Rh content with respect to the catalysts of the first and second embodiments.
本発明の他の態様は、上記の排ガス浄化用触媒を用いた排ガス浄化装置である。この排ガス浄化装置の構成を図1に示す。すなわち、本発明の排ガス浄化装置1は、エンジン2からの排ガス流路3に上記の排ガス浄化用触媒4を配置し、排ガス流路中の前記触媒の上流及び下流側にそれぞれ開閉バルブ5及び6を設置し、エンジン停止前に前記触媒4を還元性雰囲気にしてRhを金属状態にした後、開閉バルブ5及び6を閉じることを特徴とする。エンジン停止前に触媒を還元性雰囲気にすることにより、排ガス浄化用触媒上のRhのすべてもしくは一部を金属状態に還元することができる。そして、この状態で開閉バルブを閉じることにより、触媒を封入して大気にさらすことを防ぎ、次回の始動時までRhを金属状態で保持することができる。そして始動時においてRhが金属状態にあるため、高い暖気性能を示すことができる。
Another aspect of the present invention is an exhaust gas purification apparatus using the exhaust gas purification catalyst. The configuration of this exhaust gas purification apparatus is shown in FIG. That is, in the exhaust
実施例1
市販のSiO2を所定量秤量し、イオン交換水に分散させた。この分散液にCe含有量がCe:Siのモル比で1:9になるように硝酸セリウム水溶液を添加した。スターラーで攪拌しながら加熱し、水分を除去した。120℃で一昼夜乾燥後、500℃において2時間焼成し、Ce(10%)/SiO2を得た。
Example 1
A predetermined amount of commercially available SiO 2 was weighed and dispersed in ion exchange water. A cerium nitrate aqueous solution was added to the dispersion so that the Ce content was 1: 9 in the molar ratio of Ce: Si. The mixture was heated with stirring with a stirrer to remove moisture. After drying at 120 ° C. for a whole day and night, baking was performed at 500 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain Ce (10%) / SiO 2 .
このCe(10%)/SiO2を所定量秤量し、イオン交換水に分散させた。この分散液にRh担持量が0.5wt%になるように硝酸ロジウム水溶液を添加した。スターラーで攪拌しながら加熱し、水分を除去した。120℃で一昼夜乾燥後、500℃において2時間焼成し、実施例1の触媒を得た。 A predetermined amount of this Ce (10%) / SiO 2 was weighed and dispersed in ion-exchanged water. An aqueous rhodium nitrate solution was added to this dispersion so that the amount of Rh supported was 0.5 wt%. The mixture was heated with stirring with a stirrer to remove moisture. After drying at 120 ° C. for a whole day and night, the catalyst of Example 1 was obtained by calcination at 500 ° C. for 2 hours.
実施例2
硝酸セリウム水溶液の代わりに硝酸アルミニウム水溶液を用いることを除き、実施例1と同様にして触媒を得た。
Example 2
A catalyst was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an aqueous aluminum nitrate solution was used instead of the aqueous cerium nitrate solution.
実施例3
硝酸セリウム水溶液の代わりに硝酸ランタン水溶液を用いることを除き、実施例1と同様にして触媒を得た。
Example 3
A catalyst was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a lanthanum nitrate aqueous solution was used instead of the cerium nitrate aqueous solution.
実施例4
硝酸セリウム水溶液の代わりに硝酸カルシウム水溶液を用いることを除き、実施例1と同様にして触媒を得た。
Example 4
A catalyst was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a calcium nitrate aqueous solution was used instead of the cerium nitrate aqueous solution.
実施例5
硝酸セリウム水溶液の代わりに硝酸バリウム水溶液を用いることを除き、実施例1と同様にして触媒を得た。
Example 5
A catalyst was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a barium nitrate aqueous solution was used instead of the cerium nitrate aqueous solution.
比較例1
市販のSiO2を所定量秤量し、イオン交換水に分散させた。この分散液にRh担持量が0.5wt%になるように硝酸ロジウム水溶液を添加した。スターラーで攪拌しながら加熱し、水分を除去した。120℃で一昼夜乾燥後、500℃において2時間焼成し、比較例1の触媒を得た。
Comparative Example 1
A predetermined amount of commercially available SiO 2 was weighed and dispersed in ion exchange water. An aqueous rhodium nitrate solution was added to this dispersion so that the amount of Rh supported was 0.5 wt%. The mixture was heated with stirring with a stirrer to remove moisture. After drying at 120 ° C. for a whole day and night, the catalyst was calcined at 500 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a catalyst of Comparative Example 1.
比較例2
SiO2に代えてAl2O3を用いることを除き、比較例1と同様にして触媒を得た。
Comparative Example 2
A catalyst was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that Al 2 O 3 was used instead of SiO 2 .
比較例3
SiO2に代えてCeO2を用いることを除き、比較例1と同様にして触媒を得た。
Comparative Example 3
A catalyst was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that CeO 2 was used instead of SiO 2 .
以上のようにして製造した触媒を、それぞれ圧縮・解砕し、直径1〜2mmのペレット状の触媒に成形した。これらの触媒各4.0gを、実験室用の排ガス浄化性能評価装置の反応管内部に設置し、下記に示す組成のモデルガスを流通させ、触媒床温度を1000℃に高め、5時間保持する耐久処理を行った。 The catalysts produced as described above were each compressed and crushed and formed into pellet-shaped catalysts having a diameter of 1 to 2 mm. Each of these catalysts (4.0 g) is installed inside a reaction tube of an exhaust gas purification performance evaluation apparatus for a laboratory, a model gas having the following composition is circulated, the catalyst bed temperature is increased to 1000 ° C., and the durability is maintained for 5 hours. Processed.
次いで、上記触媒のうち1.5gを反応管内部に充填し、下記に示す組成のモデルガスを流通させ、500℃×5分間の前処理の後、10℃/分の速度で100℃まで降温させながら、C3H6の50%浄化温度(T50)を測定した。 Next, 1.5 g of the above catalyst is filled inside the reaction tube, a model gas having the composition shown below is circulated, and after pretreatment at 500 ° C. for 5 minutes, the temperature is lowered to 100 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C./min. Then, the 50% purification temperature (T50) of C 3 H 6 was measured.
また、耐久試験後の触媒のRh粒子径を測定した。これらの結果を図2に示す。 Further, the Rh particle size of the catalyst after the durability test was measured. These results are shown in FIG.
実施例6
1%Rhコロイド薬液(Rh粒子径2nm)にSiO2をRh担持量が0.5wt%となるように添加し、スターラーで攪拌しながら加熱し、水分を除去した。120℃で一昼夜乾燥後、500℃において2時間焼成し、実施例6の触媒を得た。Rh粒子径は2.5nmであった。この触媒について上記と同様にして耐久試験を行い、耐久後のRh粒子径及びC3H6の50%浄化温度(T50)を測定した。この結果を図3に示す。なお、比較例1の触媒の初期Rh粒子径は8nmであった。
Example 6
SiO2 was added to a 1% Rh colloid chemical solution (
実施例7
SiO2に代えてZrO2を用いることを除き、比較例1と同様にして触媒(Rh/ZrO2)を得た。比較例1と同様にして得た触媒(Rh/SiO2)と上記の触媒(Rh/ZrO2)を、質量比で2:1になるように混合し、実施例7の触媒を得た。この触媒について上記と同様にして耐久試験を行い、次いで下記に示す組成のモデルガスを流通させ、400℃×5分間の前処理の後、10℃/分の速度で100℃まで降温させながら、C3H6の50%浄化温度(T50)を測定した。
Example 7
A catalyst (Rh / ZrO 2 ) was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that ZrO 2 was used instead of SiO 2 . The catalyst (Rh / SiO 2 ) obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 and the above catalyst (Rh / ZrO 2 ) were mixed at a mass ratio of 2: 1 to obtain the catalyst of Example 7. This catalyst was subjected to an endurance test in the same manner as described above, and then a model gas having the composition shown below was circulated. The 50% purification temperature (T50) of C 3 H 6 was measured.
また、参考として、400℃においてH2前処理を行った後、T50を測定した。これらの結果を図4に示す。 As a reference, T50 was measured after H 2 pretreatment at 400 ° C. These results are shown in FIG.
以上の結果より明らかなように、本発明の触媒は耐久試験後においてもRh粒子径の粗大化が抑制され、触媒性能に優れている。 As is clear from the above results, the catalyst of the present invention is excellent in catalyst performance since the Rh particle diameter is prevented from becoming coarse even after the durability test.
1 排ガス浄化装置
2 エンジン
3 排気管
4 排ガス浄化用触媒
5、6 バルブ
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