JP5035804B2 - Evaluation method and apparatus for evaluation of sliding and whispering - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for evaluating the slipperiness and curling property between a flooring and a shoe sole or between a flooring and a bare foot, and a test apparatus therefor.

  There have been many accidents in which people slip and fall during walking on bathrooms, wet floors such as entrances, streets, and stairs in rainy weather, and the number of accidents has been increasing in recent years as we have an aging society. . The development of shoes and floor materials to prevent and control slipping and falling accidents has been intensively conducted, but there are few products with excellent performance, and it cannot be said that the design, construction and operation methods have been established.

  In order to cope with such a situation, first, it is necessary to establish an evaluation means for “sliding” and “whipping” which is a premise for preventing and suppressing a fall accident due to slipping and whispering. Behind this is a deepening of scientific and technological considerations regarding the most practical and reasonable evaluation methods, as well as the fact that standardization of evaluation methods has not been realized globally as well as in Japan. There are circumstances that are not.

  For example, as a means of evaluation, a conventional tester used in the British (pendulum type) ASTM E303 is equipped with a sliding test piece at the tip of the pendulum, and slip resistance is calculated from the energy lost when sliding on the floor. However, specifications such as the trajectory and speed at which the test piece moves, the load applied to the test piece, and the material of the test piece correlate with the actual human movement and the load and material applied to the test piece during sliding. It was not taken into account, but focused on the slip resistance generated between the road surface and the tires for the purpose of measuring the slip of the car. For this reason, it must be said that it lacks the correspondence with the slip accompanying human movement.

On the other hand, as a typical slip tester for evaluating slipperiness in Japan, JIS
A Tokyo Institute of Technology slide tester (hereinafter referred to as OY PSM) defined in A 1454 is also known. According to this testing machine, it can be said that the study of slipping in human movement is objectively possible although it is one-sided. In fact, the present inventors have also developed a non-slip artificial stone based on the evaluation with this testing machine (Patent Document 1).

  However, according to further verification after that, this evaluation method by O-YPSM makes it possible to measure the maximum static friction coefficient. Although it is suitable for simulating the slipping when stepping from the state where the overall weight is applied, the phenomenon that actually happens when you step in one step and the weight does not transfer enough There is a point to be improved that cannot be properly evaluated. In other words, there is a problem that the dynamic friction coefficient at the time of sliding that occurs in a human walking motion cannot be measured and evaluated.

Therefore, taking into account that slipping and falling, and in the worst case, slipping to death is often caused by the foot on the side of the foot that is stepped on, not the side of the axle, before the weight is fully transferred, It is a very important issue to evaluate the situation in which the phenomenon is reproduced. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the floor stumbling on the plane caused by human walking, but there is no literature that discusses the evaluation method even internationally.
Japanese Patent No. 3975234

  From the background as described above, the present invention is not only based on the viewpoint of evaluating the slip when a person steps from a state in which the person is stationary and takes the entire weight, and as described above, To provide a new slip tester that enables continuous measurement of the coefficient of dynamic friction from the coefficient of static friction associated with walking motion, and enables the evaluation of the slip phenomenon when the weight is not fully transferred when stepping in one step. Is an issue. The purpose is to reproduce the phenomenon of actual sliding, to accurately evaluate the sliding property of the flooring, and to contribute to the development of an effective flooring as a countermeasure against the sliding. In addition, if the floor is extremely slippery, that is, if the coefficient of friction is too large, it may cause rolling overturning, so a new means for evaluating the floor slipping related to this flooring. Providing is also an issue.

The sliding / testing apparatus of the present invention is characterized by the following in order to solve the above-mentioned problems.
<1> A method for evaluating the sliding and whirling of a test piece with respect to the floor surface with the addition of vertical force and horizontal force. The test piece is lifted from the floor surface until just before the start of the test. Set the vertical velocity to contact with the material surface, the vertical load velocity after contact and the horizontal velocity and acceleration, and the specimen surface is parallel to the floor surface from the preset incident angle. The test piece is incident on the floor surface to make contact with the ground, and the vertical force and horizontal force that the floor material receives from the test piece are measured. A method of evaluating slipping and whispering to determine the risk of whispering.
<2> The vertical loading range is 1 to 800 N (Newton), and the vertical loading speed is 0.1 to 20 N / ms (Newton / Milliseconds). Evaluation methods.
<3> The range of force by pressing or pulling in the horizontal direction is 10 to 2000 N (Newton), and the load speed in the horizontal direction is 0.1 to 20 N / ms (Newton / milliseconds). The evaluation method according to claim 1 or 2.
<4> The evaluation method according to any one of the above, wherein a liquid inclusion that causes a slip is applied in advance to the flooring surface when the slip is evaluated.
<5> A test device for evaluating the sliding and whirling of the test piece with respect to the floor surface with the addition of vertical force and horizontal force, with the test piece being separated from the floor material until immediately before the start of the test. , Test piece holding / incident means that allows the test piece to be grounded on the floor surface so that the test piece surface can be grounded in parallel with the floor surface from the incident angle set at the start of the test, and the test A vertical drive means for applying a vertical force to the piece, a horizontal drive means for applying a horizontal force, and a vertical force and a horizontal force measuring means that the flooring receives from the test piece are provided. The vertical speed until contact with the floor surface of the piece, the load speed applied to the floor material after contact, and the horizontal speed and acceleration by the horizontal drive means are set, and the floor material is tested by the measuring means. Measure vertical and horizontal forces from It is equipped with a mechanism that makes it possible to determine the degree of floor sliding and rolling risk from the transition of the friction coefficient obtained by dividing the horizontal force by the vertical force.
<6> In the above test apparatus alone, the vertical means depends on the weight, air pressure, hydraulic pressure, or servo motor driving force.
<7> The loading range in the vertical direction is 1 to 800 N (Newton) and the load speed range is 0.1 to 20 N / ms (Newton per millisecond).
<8> Horizontal driving means by horizontal pushing or pulling is based on program control using a servo motor or linear actuator.
<9> The horizontal force is in the range of 10 to 2000 N (Newton), and the horizontal load speed is in the range of 0.1 to 20 N / ms (Newton per millisecond).
<10> A mechanism is provided for absorbing and mitigating the impact when the test piece comes into contact with the floor surface by passing a damping material between the test piece and the weight (vertical force).
<11> A floor reaction force meter or a load cell is installed below or on the side of the floor material, and a reaction mechanism in a three-dimensional direction is provided.
<12> A load cell is installed between the weight (vertical load) and the test piece, and the reaction in the vertical direction is measured.
<13> The horizontal drive means is provided with a mechanism for controlling the action of the horizontal drive means according to the frictional force (horizontal resistance force) through a load cell at an intermediate portion connected to the test piece arrangement portion.
<14> The horizontal drive means is provided with a mechanism that varies the load speed of the horizontal drive by interposing a spring at an intermediate portion connected to the entire weight including the test piece.
<15> A mechanism capable of changing the action point of horizontal driving in the height direction according to the center of gravity of the entire weight including the test piece is provided.
15. A sliding / blowing test apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the sliding / blowing test apparatus is provided.
<16> The test piece holding / incident means has a guide plate having an incident adjustment means that can be set to an arbitrary incident angle and can be incident to be grounded in a state where the test piece surface is parallel to the floor surface. In addition, a mechanism is provided that makes the incident trajectory of the test piece on the floor surface along the shape of the guide plate by making the shape of the guide plate variable.
<17> A mechanism capable of arbitrarily changing the setting of the load speed in the vertical direction by adjusting the inclination angle of the guide plate is provided.
<18> A horizontal driving means having a force point, an action point, and a force direction on the same straight line is provided.

  In the present invention, as described above, the test piece against the floor material surface is a method for evaluating sliding and rolling with the addition of a vertical force and a horizontal force, and the test piece surface is the floor material surface until just before the start of the test. Set the vertical speed to the grounding of the test piece against the floor surface, the vertical load speed and the horizontal speed and acceleration after the grounding, and the vertical force that the flooring receives from the test piece, We have proposed an evaluation method for slipping and rolling, and a device for implementing it, which measures the horizontal force and determines the flooring slipping and rolling risk from the transition of the coefficient of friction obtained by dividing the horizontal force by the vertical force.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to evaluate the state and properties of the floor surface related to slipping and whirling during walking by measuring the static friction coefficient during actual human walking motion and the dynamic friction coefficient during constant speed movement. Yes.

  According to the apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to make a great progress in establishing an evaluation standard and a method for developing a flooring material capable of preventing and suppressing slipping and rolling.

An embodiment of the present invention having the above features will be described. Here, the terms relating to the present invention and their definitions will be briefly described as follows.
1) Vertical force The force in the vertical direction (90 degrees) the floor material surface receives from the test piece 2) Horizontal force The force in the same direction (0 degree) as the floor material surface receives from the test piece 3 ) Friction coefficient Value obtained by dividing horizontal force by vertical force 4) Specimen Substitute for bare feet, bottom material for shoes or its substitute used for evaluation test.
5) Vertical load speed Vertical force per unit time applied to the floor material surface In the slip / swing evaluation method of the present invention, the procedure is as follows.
<A> The test piece is brought into a standby state where it floats from the floor surface.
<B> From the incident angle set in advance, the test piece is incident-grounded on the floor material surface so that the test piece surface is in parallel with the floor material surface.

At the time of this incident grounding, with respect to the floor material surface of the test piece,
(B-1) Vertical speed to ground,
(B-2) Vertical load speed after contact,
(B-3) horizontal speed,
(B-4) horizontal acceleration,
Set in advance.
<C> The degree of flooring slipping and rolling is determined from the transition of the friction coefficient obtained by dividing the horizontal force by the vertical force.

  In the above-mentioned <B>, the incident angle of the test piece and the requirements of (B-1), (B-2), (B-3), and (B-4), the movement of the person (walking) and the floor surface It can be arbitrarily set according to the actual state of the ground contact state, for example, the sole of the foot or what kind of shoe sole, as in the specific example described later.

  As the loading range in the vertical direction related to the vertical force, normally, 1 to 800 N and a load speed of 0.1 to 20 N / ms are preferably considered. On the other hand, the range of the force by pushing or pulling related to the horizontal force is preferably 10 to 200 N, and the load speed is preferably 0.1 to 20 N / ms.

  In addition, you may apply | coat liquid inclusions, such as water, oil, or soapy water which become a factor of a slip, to a flooring surface beforehand. Evaluation of the flooring surface in the presence of these inclusions becomes possible.

Therefore, a description will be given below with a specific example.
<Slip evaluation>
The operation of the test piece can be outlined in FIG. 1 and Table 1, for example.

  The conditions specifically exemplified in Table 1, that is, the conditions related to the vertical force, horizontal force, operation speed / acceleration, and load speed are actually measured on the floor material surface that is slippery for 15 subjects 65 years or older. The value derived from each continuous measurement data from the time when the foot is stepped on to the moment of slipping is used.

  From the continuous measurement data at the time of sliding by the test subject, the sliding motion is set to the conditions shown in Table 1 corresponding to FIG. The subject's movement (average) in which slip actually occurred changed in 5 steps from 1 to 5 in FIG. 1, and the speed became 0 (stops) between the time of stepping on the foot and the moment of slipping. The operation is connected. Then, for example, a slip test piece (silicon rubber having a hardness of 50) having the shape shown in FIG. 2 as an alternative to the sole of the bare foot is attached to the slip test apparatus of one embodiment whose outline is shown in FIG. Then, the operation under the conditions shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1 is faithfully reproduced, and floor material A (Example 1) and floor material B (with an alternative soap (25 wt% polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution) applied from the start to the end of the operation) Example 2) and the continuous vertical force and horizontal force that the floor material C (Example 3) sprayed with water receives from the test piece are measured. Thereby, the friction coefficients (α) X1 and Y1 at the points X and Y shown in FIG. 4 can be calculated as shown in Table 2.

  More specifically, the friction coefficient is X1 when the horizontal moving speed (sliding speed) of the test piece is 100 mm / s, and the friction coefficient is Y1 when the sliding speed is 500 mm / s.

  In the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) of safety shoes, those having a friction resistance (dynamic friction coefficient) of 0.2 or more are considered to be non-slip safety shoes, and from this, if the dynamic friction coefficient is around 0.15 The risk of slip is slightly high, and if it is 0.1 or less, the risk is very high.

  In the present invention, this criterion can be followed in the risk assessment of slipping. From the results in Table 2, the floor material A (Example 1) having a very low coefficient of friction of about 0.01 to 0.02 regardless of the sliding speed is a floor material with a very high risk level. It can be evaluated that there is a little higher risk of slipping when the sliding starts (when the sliding speed is 100 mm / s) and the sliding friction coefficient is 0.13, which is slightly higher, but when the acceleration is applied and the sliding speed reaches 500 mm / s, the dynamic friction coefficient is Since it becomes as high as 0.23, it can be evaluated that the flooring material B (Example 2) is a flooring material having a considerably low risk of slipping.

  Further, when the inclusion on the floor material surface is the water floor material C (Example 3), the static friction coefficient is 0.27 (sliding risk is low), whereas at the beginning of sliding (sliding speed 100 mm / s) ) When the friction coefficient is 0.14, the risk of slipping is slightly higher, acceleration is further applied, and when the sliding speed reaches 500 mm / s, the dynamic friction coefficient is extremely reduced to 0.05, so it landed at high speed. In this case, it can be evaluated that the flooring material has a considerably high slip risk. In the case of such a flooring material, if the sliding risk is evaluated only with a coefficient of static friction of 0.27, it will be a flooring material that is difficult to slip (the sliding risk is low), so the risk of actual walking motion (dynamic friction) is overlooked. It will end up.

  In the present invention, for example, also from the above viewpoint, the slip risk evaluation standard and the risk comprehensive evaluation standard can be suitably determined as shown in Table 3, for example.

<Evaluation of thatching>
Continuous footing, vertical force and horizontal force applied to the floor from the time of stepping on the floor when the subject walks with bare feet on the easy-to-spray floor sprayed with water by the subject. From the measured data, it is understood that the speed of the foot just before it is about 100-1500 mm / s (average of about 850 mm / s) and the vertical force applied to the floor is 100-500 N (average of about 300 N). Yes.

  Therefore, as an example, a slip test piece (silicon rubber having a hardness of 50) having the shape shown in FIG. 5 is attached to the slip test apparatus of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 and the test piece speed is 0 to 850 mm / s. The vertical force and the horizontal force that the floor material D (Example 4) and the floor material E (Example 5) to which water is sprinkled receive from the test piece under the operation combination condition that the vertical force received by the surface is 100 to 300N. Measure the force and calculate the coefficient of friction. As a result, the results of FIGS. 6 and 7 are obtained.

  Here, in a walking experiment in which water was sprayed by the subject, flooring D was a flooring that was evaluated as `` easy to trip '' and flooring E was a flooring that was evaluated as `` slippery but not stumbling '' is there.

  As shown in FIG. 6, in the case of floor material D sprayed with water, the friction coefficient is 0.5, the test piece speed is 100 mm / s, and the vertical force is 100 N when the test piece speed is 0 mm / s and the vertical force is 100 N. The friction coefficient in the combined operation was 0.44, but all the other combined conditions (especially when the operation is fast or a heavy load is applied to the floor) are all about 0.3 apart. Yes. This means that the friction coefficient changes greatly while the operating speed and the load on the floor change, such as actual sliding foot walking, and the friction coefficient suddenly increases while walking unconsciously, It is speculated that only the feet were stopped by the flooring material and could not cope with the movement of the center of gravity of the whole body, leading to a “crawl” result.

  On the other hand, as for the flooring E, as shown in the results shown in FIG. 7, the friction coefficient was almost constant at 0.6 for any combination of conditions.

  That is, it can be evaluated that a flooring material having a large friction coefficient due to a change (combination) of the operating speed and the load applied to the floor is a flooring material having a high “wrinkle” risk.

  Further, a slip test piece (silicon rubber having a hardness of 50) having the shape shown in FIG. 5 is attached to the slip test apparatus of the embodiment whose outline is shown in FIG. 8, and the test piece speed and the vertical force applied to the floor surface are expressed. 4 and FIG. 9 are programmed and operated so as to be a continuous operation, and the floor material D (Example 6) and the floor material E (Example 7) to which water is dispersed are received from the test piece. Measure the force and horizontal force and calculate the coefficient of friction. That is, in Examples 4 and 5 of FIGS. 6 and 7, the measurement of combinations of conditions was performed, but in Examples 6 and 7 whose results are shown in Table 5, all combinations were performed in one continuous operation. This is the result of the measurement.

  From Table 5, floor material D showed a friction coefficient maximum value of 0.52 and a minimum value of 0.25, which was twice or more, whereas floor material E was around 0.6 in all combination conditions.

Therefore, almost the same results as in Example 4 and Example 5 in which each condition combination was operated independently were obtained, and the floor material tripping risk evaluation was also the same evaluation.
<Test equipment>
Next, an embodiment of an apparatus for carrying out the evaluation method of the present invention having the above features will be described.

  FIG. 3 and FIG. 10 show an embodiment in which the direction of the acting force by the horizontal driving means having a linear actuator is opposite to each other as an example when the floor pressure gauge is grounded below the floor surface. It is a thing.

  In this apparatus, the test piece is mounted and fixed by a weight as an example of a vertical drive means for applying a vertical force, and a test piece holding jig constituting a part of the input means, and an incident adjustment means. As the rollers, etc., placed on the fixing jig move along the guide plate, the test piece attached to the fixing jig descends together with the entire weight so that it comes into contact with the floor surface. I have to. As shown in the figure, the horizontal driving force by the linear actuator that is the horizontal driving means is such that the force point, the action point, and the direction of the force are aligned.

  As shown in FIG. 11 as a schematic partial view of FIG. 3, the test piece surface is in a state of floating from the floor material surface 2 until immediately before the start of the test. The incident angle α until contact is gradually reduced, and the specimen surface 1 is in contact with the floor surface 2 in a parallel state.

  In the guide plate, the test piece and its fixing jig may be lowered together with the weight by a roller, a ball, or other appropriate means. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 10, the guide plate is plate-shaped, and by changing the inclination angle, the degree of decrease in the incident angle α of the test piece can be set, and the load speed by the weight can be arbitrarily set. It can be settable.

  Of course, the incident adjustment means in the apparatus of the present invention is not limited to the guide plate as in the above example. There may be a hanging mechanism by wire movement and other various types.

  In such an apparatus of the present invention, in the horizontal drive means having a power source such as a linear actuator, the speed of action, acceleration, and horizontal load speed can be arbitrarily set in order to make it possible to reproduce a human walking motion. .

  With the above-described system of the incident grounding and horizontal driving means of the test piece, it becomes possible to appropriately evaluate the slipping and tripping modes in the actual walking motion of the person that has not been realized so far.

  In the example of FIG. 13, a load cell is installed between the weight and the test piece so that the reaction in the vertical direction can be measured. As the horizontal driving means, a wire and pulley means are adopted instead of the link mechanism shown in FIGS. FIG. 14 shows an example in which the shape of the guide plate is changed in this example.

  FIG. 15 shows an example in which, in the case of FIG. 3, in the horizontal drive means, a load cell is interposed in the intermediate connection portion with the entire weight including the test piece so that the slip resistance is variable. FIG. 16 shows an example in which the horizontal load speed is variable by interposing a spring.

  In the examples of the apparatus of the present invention, in these examples, the horizontal driving means may be capable of variable / combined operation of speed, acceleration, and load speed by performing program control using a servo motor. In addition, a vibration damping material such as rubber, sponge, or spring may be interposed between the test piece and the weight to absorb and reduce the impact when the test piece contacts the floor surface. You may enable it to change the action point of the whole weight containing a piece to a height direction according to the gravity center of a horizontal direction.

  FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of an embodiment of the test apparatus. In this apparatus, the horizontal drive means uses a servo motor and adjusts the vertical drive and the vertical load speed with air pressure. ing. In addition, the vertical force under test is measured with three load cells arranged under the flooring, and the horizontal force is measured with a load cell arranged next to the flooring.

It is the schematic diagram illustrated about the test piece operation | movement in a slip test. It is the figure which illustrated the plane shape of the test piece. It is an outline sectional view showing an example of an embodiment of a test device. It is the schematic which illustrated the relationship between temporal transition and a friction coefficient. It is the figure which illustrated the plane shape of the test piece. It is the figure which showed an example of the result of the rolling test. It is the figure which showed another example of the result of the rolling test. It is an outline sectional view showing an example of an embodiment of a test device. It is the schematic which showed about operation | movement of the test piece about a rolling test. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view in the case where the acting direction of the horizontal force is reversed. It is the figure which showed typically the relationship between the test piece in the case of FIG. 3, and a flooring surface. It is a schematic sectional drawing of the example which has distribute | arranged the load cell between the weight and the test piece. It is a schematic sectional drawing of the example which changed the shape of the guide plate. It is a schematic sectional drawing of the example which has arrange | positioned the load cell to the connection intermediate part. It is a schematic sectional drawing of the example which has arrange | positioned the load cell and the spring to the connection intermediate part.

Explanation of symbols

1 Test specimen surface 2 Floor material surface 10 Weight 11 Test specimen

Claims (18)

  This is a method for evaluating the sliding and whirling of the test piece against the floor surface with the addition of vertical and horizontal forces. The test piece is lifted from the floor surface until just before the start of the test. Set the vertical speed to the ground contact, the vertical load speed after the ground contact and the horizontal speed and acceleration, and ground the test specimen in parallel with the floor surface from the preset incident angle. Therefore, the test piece is incident on the floor surface, the vertical force and horizontal force that the floor material receives from the test piece are measured, and the risk of slipping and burning of the floor material from the transition of the friction coefficient obtained by dividing the horizontal force by the vertical force. A method for evaluating sliding and whispering, characterized by determining the degree.   2. The evaluation method according to claim 1, wherein a vertical loading range is 1 to 800 N (Newton) and a vertical loading speed is 0.1 to 20 N / ms (Newton / Milliseconds).   2. The range of force by pushing or pulling in the horizontal direction is 10 to 2000 N (Newton), and the load speed in the horizontal direction is 0.1 to 20 N / ms (Newton / Milliseconds). Or the evaluation method according to 2.   The evaluation method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a liquid inclusion that causes a slip is applied in advance to the floor surface when the slip is evaluated.   This test equipment is used to evaluate the sliding and whirling of the test piece against the floor surface with the addition of vertical force and horizontal force. The test piece is separated from the floor surface until just before the start of the test, and the test is started. Sometimes, from a pre-set incident angle, the test piece holding / injecting means that can ground the test piece on the floor surface so that the test piece surface is parallel to the floor surface, and the test piece Vertical driving means for applying all vertical force, horizontal driving means for applying horizontal force, and measuring means for measuring the vertical force and horizontal force received by the floor material from the test piece. The vertical speed until contact with the material surface, the load speed applied to the floor material after touching, and the horizontal speed and acceleration by the horizontal drive means are set, and the vertical force that the floor material receives from the test piece by the measuring means Measuring force and horizontal force, Testing apparatus of the sliding-stumbling a flat force from a change of the vibration friction coefficient in the vertical force, characterized in that to enable the determination of risk of slipping and stumbling of flooring.   6. A sliding and rolling test apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the vertical means is based on a weight, air pressure, hydraulic pressure, or servo motor driving force.   4. A sliding and rolling test apparatus according to claim 3, wherein a vertical loading range is 1 to 800 N (Newton) and a load speed range is 0.1 to 20 N / ms (Newton per millisecond).   8. The sliding / shearing test apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the horizontal driving means by pushing or pulling is based on a program control using a servo motor or a linear actuator.   The horizontal force is in the range of 10 to 2000 N (Newton), and the range of the horizontal load speed is 0.1 to 20 N / ms (Newton per millisecond). Sliding and whirling test equipment.   10. The mechanism according to claim 6, further comprising a mechanism that absorbs and relaxes an impact when the test piece comes into contact with the floor surface by passing a damping material between the test piece and the weight (vertical force). The slip and whispering test apparatus according to claim 1.   The floor reaction force meter or load cell is installed on the lower side or the side surface of the floor material, and the reaction in the three-dimensional direction can be measured. Test equipment.   11. A sliding / blowing test apparatus according to claim 6, wherein a load cell is installed between the weight (vertical load) and the test piece, and the reaction in the vertical direction can be measured.   13. The horizontal driving means can control the action of the horizontal driving means in accordance with the frictional force (horizontal resistance force) by passing a load cell at an intermediate portion connected to the test piece arrangement portion. The sliding / blowing test apparatus according to any one of the above.   14. The sliding according to claim 5, wherein in the horizontal driving means, the load speed of the horizontal driving can be varied by providing a spring at the intermediate portion connecting to the entire weight including the test piece.・ A testing device.   15. The sliding / blowing test apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a mechanism capable of changing an action point of horizontal driving in a height direction in accordance with the center of gravity of the entire weight including the test piece.   The test piece holding / injecting means has a guide plate having an incident adjusting means capable of entering the ground so that the incident angle can be arbitrarily set and the test piece surface is parallel to the floor surface. 16. The sliding / blowing test apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the shape of the test piece is variable so that the locus of incidence of the test piece on the floor surface is along the shape of the guide plate.   The sliding / blow test apparatus according to claim 16, wherein a vertical load speed can be arbitrarily set by adjusting an inclination angle of the guide plate.   18. A sliding / swinging test apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising a horizontal driving means having a force point, an action point, and a force direction on the same straight line.