JP5040701B2 - Methane fermentation treatment method - Google Patents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Description
本発明は、有機性廃棄物をメタン発酵によって処理するメタン発酵方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a methane fermentation method for treating organic waste by methane fermentation.
メタン発酵処理は、有機性廃棄物を微生物により、バイオガスと水などに分解する処理方法であって、有機性廃棄物を大幅に減量することができると共に、副産物として生成するメタンガスをエネルギーとして回収できるメリットがある。また、嫌気性のため曝気動力が不要であるため省エネルギーな処理法である。 Methane fermentation treatment is a treatment method in which organic waste is decomposed into biogas and water by microorganisms. Organic waste can be greatly reduced, and methane gas produced as a by-product is recovered as energy. There is a merit that can be done. In addition, since it is anaerobic and does not require aeration power, it is an energy-saving treatment method.
上記のメタン発酵においては、効率よく有機性廃棄物を分解してメタンガスを取り出す必要があるため、メタン発酵槽内の発酵状態を最適に制御することが重要である。そこで、従来より、メタン発酵槽内の発酵液のpH、有機酸濃度、バイオガス発生量などを監視項目として常時監視し、最適な発酵状態を維持できるように有機性廃棄物の供給量などを調整してメタン発酵処理を行っている
また、メタン発酵槽内の菌数に着目し、これによって直接、メタン発酵槽の発酵状態を監視して発酵条件を制御する方法も知られている。
In the above methane fermentation, since it is necessary to efficiently decompose organic waste and take out methane gas, it is important to optimally control the fermentation state in the methane fermentation tank. Therefore, conventionally, the pH of the fermentation liquid in the methane fermenter, organic acid concentration, biogas generation amount, etc. are constantly monitored as monitoring items, and the supply amount of organic waste etc. is maintained so that the optimum fermentation state can be maintained. A methane fermentation treatment is performed by adjusting the number of bacteria in the methane fermentation tank, and a method for directly controlling the fermentation conditions by monitoring the fermentation state of the methane fermentation tank is also known.
菌数の測定方法としては、微生物の蛍光像を利用した蛍光顕微鏡観察法、生細胞内にて活性を保つエステラーゼ活性を指標にしたCFDA全菌数測定方法(例えば、下記特許文献1)、古細菌であるメタン生成菌の自家蛍光を指標にしたF420蛍光測定法(例えば、下記特許文献2)などが知られている。
メタン発酵槽内の菌数を測定することで、メタン発酵反応プロセスにおけるメタン生成段階と、メタン生成段階を含む全生成プロセスについて微生物群の概略を知ることができる。しかしながら、これまでの方法では、メタン発酵プロセスの各反応段階を担う微生物群の状態の詳細までは把握することはできず、メタン発酵の状態が不安定になった場合、その不安定要因がどのような微生物的な変化に由来するかを特定できなかった。 By measuring the number of bacteria in the methane fermentation tank, it is possible to know the outline of the microbial group in the methane production stage in the methane fermentation reaction process and the entire production process including the methane production stage. However, with the conventional methods, it is not possible to grasp the details of the state of the microorganism group responsible for each reaction stage of the methane fermentation process, and when the state of methane fermentation becomes unstable, which factor is unstable It was not possible to determine whether it originated from such microbial changes.
一方、メタン発酵に関わる微生物群の状態を把握する方法として、廃水処理分野にて導入が検討されている分子生物学的な手法であるPCR法、FISH法、RFLP法などの微生物のDNA、RNAなどの核酸の配列情報を指標にした微生物群集構造の分析手法が知られているが、これらの分析方法は、非常に煩雑であることから、連続してモニタリングすることは困難であった。このため、リアルタイムでの制御には使用できなかった。更には、測定結果の定量性は、信頼性に欠けるものであった。 On the other hand, as a method for grasping the state of the microorganism group related to methane fermentation, DNA, RNA of microorganisms such as PCR method, FISH method, and RFLP method, which are molecular biological methods studied in the field of wastewater treatment. Methods for analyzing microbial community structures using nucleic acid sequence information as an index are known, but these analysis methods are very complicated and difficult to continuously monitor. For this reason, it could not be used for real-time control. Furthermore, the quantitativeness of the measurement results is unreliable.
したがって、本発明の目的は、メタン発酵槽内の発酵状態を常時最適な状態に制御、維持することができるメタン発酵処理方法を提供することにある。 Therefore, the objective of this invention is providing the methane fermentation processing method which can control and maintain the fermentation state in a methane fermenter in the optimal state always.
本発明者らは、種々の検討の結果、微生物中のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成は、微生物の分類群(属、種)に対応して異なっており、また、メタン発酵などの嫌気性処理の場合、活性汚泥法などの好気的処理と違い、安定運転している場合には優占的に存在するイソプレノイドキノンの分子種は特に存在せず、その分子種組成はほとんど変動しないことに着目し、発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成からメタン発酵槽内の微生物の質的・量的変化が推定できることを見出して、本発明に至った。 As a result of various studies, the present inventors have found that the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinones in microorganisms differs depending on the taxonomic group (genus, species) of microorganisms, and that of anaerobic treatment such as methane fermentation. In particular, unlike the aerobic treatment such as the activated sludge method, there is no particular species of isoprenoid quinone that predominates in stable operation, and the molecular species composition hardly fluctuates. The present inventors have found that the qualitative and quantitative changes of microorganisms in the methane fermentation tank can be estimated from the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone in the fermentation broth.
すなわち、本発明のメタン発酵処理方法の第1は、有機性廃棄物をメタン発酵槽内に投入し、嫌気性微生物によりメタン発酵させるメタン発酵処理方法において、前記メタン発酵槽内の発酵液の一部を取り出して、該発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を測定し、前記発酵液中のユビキノンUQ−9の存在比が所定値を超えたら、前記メタン発酵槽への有機物負荷を調整する、及び/又は、前記メタン発酵槽の発酵液のpHを調整して、ユビキノンUQ−9の存在比を所定値以下にすることを特徴とする。
また、本発明のメタン発酵処理方法の第2は、有機性廃棄物をメタン発酵槽内に投入し、嫌気性微生物によりメタン発酵させるメタン発酵処理方法において、前記メタン発酵槽内の発酵液の一部を取り出して、該発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を測定し、前記発酵液中のメナキノンMK−7の存在比が所定値を下回ったら、前記メタン発酵槽への有機物負荷を調整する、及び/又は、前記メタン発酵槽の発酵液のpHを調整して、メナキノンMK−7の存在比を所定値以上にすることを特徴とする。
また、本発明のメタン発酵処理方法の第3は、有機性廃棄物をメタン発酵槽内に投入し、嫌気性微生物によりメタン発酵させるメタン発酵処理方法において、前記メタン発酵槽内の発酵液の一部を取り出して、該発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を測定し、前記発酵液中のメナキノン分子種の総量(MK total )とユビキノン分子種の総量(UQ total )との比率((MK total )/(UQ total ))が所定値を下回ったら、前記メタン発酵槽への有機物負荷を調整して、前記比率を所定値以上にすることを特徴とする。
That is, the first of the methane fermentation treatment methods of the present invention is a methane fermentation treatment method in which organic waste is introduced into a methane fermentation tank and subjected to methane fermentation by anaerobic microorganisms. Part is taken, the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone in the fermentation broth is measured, and when the abundance ratio of ubiquinone UQ-9 in the fermentation broth exceeds a predetermined value, the organic matter load on the methane fermenter is adjusted, And / or pH of the fermentation liquid of the said methane fermenter is adjusted, The abundance ratio of ubiquinone UQ-9 is made into a predetermined value or less, It is characterized by the above-mentioned.
The second methane fermentation treatment method of the present invention is a methane fermentation treatment method in which organic waste is introduced into a methane fermentation tank and subjected to methane fermentation by anaerobic microorganisms. Part is taken, the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone of the fermentation broth is measured, and when the abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7 in the fermentation broth falls below a predetermined value, the organic matter load on the methane fermenter is adjusted, And / or adjusting the pH of the fermentation liquid of the said methane fermenter, The abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7 is made more than predetermined value, It is characterized by the above-mentioned.
The third methane fermentation treatment method of the present invention is a methane fermentation treatment method in which organic waste is introduced into a methane fermentation tank and subjected to methane fermentation by anaerobic microorganisms. Remove the parts, the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinones of the fermentation liquid was measured, the ratio of the menaquinone molecular species of the total amount of the fermentation liquor (MK total) and ubiquinone species of the total amount (UQ total) ((MK total ) / (UQ total )) is less than a predetermined value, the organic substance load on the methane fermenter is adjusted to make the ratio equal to or higher than the predetermined value.
本発明のメタン発酵処理方法によれば、イソプレノイドキノンをバイオマーカとして用い、イソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成に基づいてメタン発酵処理条件を決定するので、微生物群集構造の変化に対応した発酵条件を決定でき、メタン発酵状態を常時最適な状態に維持することができる。ここで、イソプレノイドキノンとは、微生物の電子伝達鎖に存在し、水素キャリアーとして機能する補酵素であって、ユビキノンとメナキノンに区分される。そして、その骨格型およびイソプレン側鎖の長さにより構造が異なり、ユビキノンUQ−n(Hx)、メナキノンMK−n(Hx)が存在する(n=イソプレン側鎖数、x=水素飽和度)。 According to the methane fermentation treatment method of the present invention, since isoprenoid quinone is used as a biomarker and methane fermentation treatment conditions are determined based on the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone, fermentation conditions corresponding to changes in the microbial community structure can be determined. The methane fermentation state can always be maintained in an optimum state. Here, the isoprenoid quinone is a coenzyme that exists in the electron transport chain of a microorganism and functions as a hydrogen carrier, and is classified into ubiquinone and menaquinone. The structure varies depending on the skeleton type and the length of isoprene side chains, and ubiquinone UQ-n (Hx) and menaquinone MK-n (Hx) exist (n = number of isoprene side chains, x = hydrogen saturation).
メタン発酵状態に異常が生じると、特定のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種の存在割合が大きく変動するので、上記各態様のようにメタン発酵処理することで、常時最適な発酵状態を維持することができる。 When an abnormality occurs in the methane fermentation state, the abundance ratio of the molecular species of the specific isoprenoid quinone largely fluctuates, so that the optimum fermentation state can be always maintained by performing the methane fermentation treatment as in the above embodiments.
本発明によれば、発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成に基づいてメタン発酵処理条件を決定するので、微生物群集構造の変化に対応した最適な発酵条件を決定でき、メタン発酵状態を常時良好な状態に維持することができる。 According to the present invention, the methane fermentation treatment conditions are determined based on the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone in the fermentation broth, so that optimal fermentation conditions corresponding to changes in the microbial community structure can be determined, and the methane fermentation state is always good. Can be maintained in a state.
以下、本発明について図面を用いて更に詳細に説明する。図1には、発酵液中のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成の測定方法の概略工程図が示されている。図2には、本発明のメタン発酵処理方法に用いることができるメタン発酵処理装置の概略構成図が示されている。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a schematic process diagram of a method for measuring the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone in the fermentation broth. The schematic block diagram of the methane fermentation processing apparatus which can be used for the methane fermentation processing method of this invention is shown by FIG.
まず、発酵液中のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成の測定方法について説明する。本発明において、発酵液中のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成は、メタン発酵槽内から取出した発酵液を前処理する前処理工程S1と、前処理工程S1後の発酵液から水溶性成分を除去する抽出工程S2と、抽出工程S2後の発酵液からメナキノンとユビキノンとに分画する粗分画工程S3と、分画したメナキノンとユビキノンを定量・定性する分析工程S4と、から構成されている。なお、粗分画工程S3は省略することもできる。 First, a method for measuring the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone in the fermentation broth will be described. In the present invention, the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone in the fermentation broth removes water-soluble components from the pretreatment step S1 for pretreating the fermentation broth taken out from the methane fermentation tank and the fermentation broth after the pretreatment step S1. It comprises an extraction step S2, a rough fractionation step S3 for fractionating menaquinone and ubiquinone from the fermentation broth after the extraction step S2, and an analysis step S4 for quantitatively and qualifying the fractionated menaquinone and ubiquinone. The coarse fractionation step S3 can be omitted.
以下、上記各工程について説明する。 Hereafter, each said process is demonstrated.
(前処理工程)
まず、測定試料となる発酵液をメタン発酵槽内から取出し、遠心分離を行って、上澄液を取り除く。そして、上澄液を取り除いた試料を冷凍し、完全に冷凍した後、真空凍結乾燥処理を行う。
(Pretreatment process)
First, the fermentation broth as a measurement sample is taken out from the methane fermentation tank, centrifuged, and the supernatant is removed. Then, the sample from which the supernatant has been removed is frozen, completely frozen, and then subjected to vacuum freeze-drying.
(抽出工程)
抽出工程S2では、前処理後の試料中に含まれる菌体からイソプレノイドキノンを抽出する。抽出方法としては、溶媒抽出法、超臨界流体を用いた抽出方法等が挙げられる。超臨界流体を用いた抽出方法は、比較的短時間でイソプレノイドキノンを抽出することができるので特に好ましい。超臨界流体としては、超臨界二酸化炭素が好ましく用いられる。
(Extraction process)
In the extraction step S2, isoprenoid quinone is extracted from the cells contained in the pretreated sample. Examples of the extraction method include a solvent extraction method and an extraction method using a supercritical fluid. An extraction method using a supercritical fluid is particularly preferable because isoprenoid quinone can be extracted in a relatively short time. As the supercritical fluid, supercritical carbon dioxide is preferably used.
(粗分画工程)
粗分画工程S3では、抽出工程S2後の試料をユビキノンとメナキノンとに粗分画する。微生物中のイソプレノイドキノンは、ユビキノンとメナキノンに区分され、その骨格型およびイソプレン側鎖の長さにより構造が異なり、ユビキノンUQ−n(Hx)、メナキノンMK−n(Hx)と表される(n=イソプレン側鎖数、x=水素飽和度)。
ユビキノンとメナキノンとを粗分画する方法としては、例えば、固相抽出カートリッジに抽出工程後の試料通し、固相抽出カートリッジに通液する溶媒の濃度や種類を変えて、メナキノンとユビキノンとを粗分画する方法が一例として挙げられる。具体的な一例としては、抽出処理後の試料を固相抽出カートリッジ(商品名「Sep‐Pak Plus Silica」 Watesr社製)に通し、まず2%ジエチルエーテル・ヘキサン溶液に通すことでメナキノンを溶出分離させ、次に、10%ジエチレンエーテル・ヘキサン溶液を通して、ユビキノンを溶出させて、メナキノンとユビキノンとを粗画分する方法が挙げられる。
(Coarse fractionation process)
In the coarse fractionation step S3, the sample after the extraction step S2 is roughly fractionated into ubiquinone and menaquinone. The isoprenoid quinone in the microorganism is classified into ubiquinone and menaquinone, and the structure varies depending on the skeleton and the length of the isoprene side chain, and is expressed as ubiquinone UQ-n (Hx) and menaquinone MK-n (Hx) (n = Number of isoprene side chains, x = hydrogen saturation).
As a method of roughly fractionating ubiquinone and menaquinone, for example, the sample after the extraction step is passed through a solid-phase extraction cartridge, and the concentration and type of the solvent that is passed through the solid-phase extraction cartridge are changed to roughen menaquinone and ubiquinone. An example is a method of fractionation. As a specific example, menaquinone is eluted and separated by passing the extracted sample through a solid-phase extraction cartridge (trade name “Sep-Pak Plus Silica” manufactured by Wattsr) and first through a 2% diethyl ether / hexane solution. Next, a method of eluting ubiquinone through a 10% diethylene ether / hexane solution to roughly fractionate menaquinone and ubiquinone can be mentioned.
(分析工程)
分析工程S4では、イソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を定性・定量解析して分析する。定性・定量解析方法としては、例えば、HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography)などの液体クロマトグラフィーを用い、標準物質の保持時間とピーク面積を基準にしてイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を分析する方法が一例として挙げられる。なお、液体クロマトグラフィーとして、「ULPC」(商品名 Waters社製)を用いて分析を行う場合は、粗分画工程S3を省略することもできる。
(Analysis process)
In the analysis step S4, the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone is analyzed by qualitative and quantitative analysis. As an example of the qualitative / quantitative analysis method, for example, a method of analyzing the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone based on the retention time and peak area of a standard substance using liquid chromatography such as HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is an example. Can be mentioned. In addition, when performing an analysis using “ULPC” (trade name, manufactured by Waters) as liquid chromatography, the rough fractionation step S3 can be omitted.
以上の方法により、発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を測定することができる。イソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成の測定に要する時間は、およそ、15〜45分程度であり、また、特に複雑な操作は不要であるので、簡便で、短時間に測定を行なうことができる。 By the above method, the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone in the fermentation broth can be measured. The time required for measuring the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone is about 15 to 45 minutes, and since no particularly complicated operation is required, the measurement can be performed easily and in a short time.
次に、上記のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成の測定方法を用いた、本発明のメタン発酵処理方法について説明する。 Next, the methane fermentation treatment method of the present invention using the method for measuring the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone will be described.
図2において、有機性廃棄物1は、粉砕機2で粗砕してペースト状にされ、スラリー調整槽3に投入される。スラリー調整槽3において、ペースト化された有機性廃棄物は、希釈水により適当な固形物濃度に調整されてスラリー化され、スラリー投入ポンプ4によりメタン発酵槽7に送られる。 In FIG. 2, the organic waste 1 is roughly crushed by a pulverizer 2 to be paste-like, and is put into a slurry adjustment tank 3. In the slurry adjustment tank 3, the pasted organic waste is adjusted to an appropriate solid concentration with dilution water to be slurried, and sent to the methane fermentation tank 7 by the slurry charging pump 4.
メタン発酵槽7では、槽内に供給された有機性廃棄物が攪拌器8で攪拌され、槽内に存在する嫌気性微生物によって分解され、発酵により生成したバイオガスは、ガス量計10を介してガスホルダー11に回収され、エネルギー源として利用される。そして、メタン発酵槽7内で発酵処理された有機性廃棄物の消化液は、廃液ポンプ9により、メタン発酵槽7の底部に設けられた消化液排出口から排出され、必要に応じて更に活性汚泥処理等の後処理が行なわれる。 In the methane fermentation tank 7, the organic waste supplied into the tank is stirred by the stirrer 8, decomposed by anaerobic microorganisms present in the tank, and biogas generated by fermentation passes through the gas meter 10. Then, it is collected in the gas holder 11 and used as an energy source. And the digestive liquid of the organic waste fermented in the methane fermentation tank 7 is discharged | emitted from the digestive liquid discharge port provided in the bottom part of the methane fermentation tank 7 with the waste liquid pump 9, and is further activated as needed. Post-treatment such as sludge treatment is performed.
メタン発酵槽内7の発酵液のサンプルの採集は、メタン発酵槽7に設けられたサンプリング口12から定期的に採水してサンプリングする。そして、サンプリングした発酵液を上記方法によってイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を測定し、測定結果を制御装置15に入力する。 The collection of the sample of the fermented liquid in the methane fermentation tank 7 is periodically sampled by sampling water from the sampling port 12 provided in the methane fermentation tank 7. Then, the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone is measured for the sampled fermentation broth by the above method, and the measurement result is input to the control device 15.
ところで、メタン発酵などの嫌気性処理の場合、活性汚泥法などの好気的処理と違い、安定運転している場合には優占的に存在するイソプレノイドキノンの分子種は特に存在せず、その分子種組成はほとんど変動しない。しかしながら、発酵状態に異常が生じると、特定の分子種の存在割合が大きく変動する。 By the way, in the case of anaerobic treatment such as methane fermentation, unlike the aerobic treatment such as activated sludge method, there is no molecular species of isoprenoid quinone that predominately exists during stable operation. The molecular species composition hardly fluctuates. However, when an abnormality occurs in the fermentation state, the existence ratio of a specific molecular species varies greatly.
本発明者らの研究によれば、発酵状態が悪化すると、ユビキノンUQ−9の存在比が増加する傾向にあった。また、メナキノン分子種の総量(MKtotal)とユビキノン分子種の総量(UQtotal)との比率(MKtotal)/(UQtotal)が減少する傾向にあった。 According to the study by the present inventors, when the fermentation state deteriorated, the abundance ratio of ubiquinone UQ-9 tended to increase. Moreover, the ratio (MK total ) / (UQ total ) of the total amount of menaquinone molecular species (MK total ) and the total amount of ubiquinone molecular species (UQ total ) tended to decrease.
したがって、ユビキノンUQ−9の存在比が増加する傾向にあったり、(MKtotal)/(UQtotal)の比率が減少する傾向にあったら、発酵状態は悪化の傾向にあると推測される。 Therefore, if the abundance ratio of ubiquinone UQ-9 tends to increase or the ratio of (MK total ) / (UQ total ) tends to decrease, it is presumed that the fermentation state tends to deteriorate.
また、発酵状態に異常が生じると、特定のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種の存在割合が大きく変動するので、イソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成の変化を客観的に定量化することでも発酵状態を推測できる。イソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成変化の定量化を客観的に示す指標としては、下式(1)で算出した非類似度がある。非類似度が増加すると、それぞれのサンプリングした発酵液中の微生物群の間に生態的見地から有意な微生物群集構造の違いが起こり、発酵状態が悪化している推測される。 In addition, when an abnormality occurs in the fermentation state, the existence ratio of the molecular species of the specific isoprenoid quinone varies greatly, so that the fermentation state can be estimated by objectively quantifying the change in the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone. As an index that objectively shows the quantification of the molecular species composition change of isoprenoid quinone, there is dissimilarity calculated by the following equation (1). When the dissimilarity increases, it is presumed that a significant difference in microbial community structure occurs from an ecological point of view among the microbial groups in each sampled fermentation broth, and the fermentation state deteriorates.
非類似度=0.5×Σ|fki−fkj|・・・(1)
(式中fkiは、発酵液iのイソプレノイドキノンの分子種kの存在比であり、fkj は、発酵液jのイソプレノイドキノンの分子種kの存在比である)
Dissimilarity = 0.5 × Σ | f ki −f kj | (1)
( Where f ki is the abundance ratio of isoprenoid quinone molecular species k in fermentation broth i, and f k j is the abundance ratio of isoprenoid quinone molecular species k in fermentation broth j)
また、メタン発酵が不安定になる場合、発酵液の水質に大きな変化が表れる。水質変化としては、特に有機酸濃度には注意する必要があり、酢酸濃度とプロピオン酸濃度の大きな増加は、メタン生成菌の生育に影響を及ぼし、バイオガスの発生量の低減をもたらす。有機酸濃度の変化は、その有機酸を生成する微生物の代謝経路の変化による結果であるため、この代謝経路の微生物の持つイソプレノイドキノンの分子種が変化する。 Moreover, when methane fermentation becomes unstable, a big change appears in the water quality of a fermented liquor. As a change in water quality, it is necessary to pay particular attention to the organic acid concentration, and large increases in acetic acid concentration and propionic acid concentration affect the growth of methanogens, leading to a reduction in the amount of biogas generated. Since the change in the organic acid concentration is a result of a change in the metabolic pathway of the microorganism that produces the organic acid, the molecular species of the isoprenoid quinone possessed by the microorganism in this metabolic pathway changes.
本発明者らの研究によれば、有機酸の代謝に関与する微生物の増加に起因して、メナキノンMK−7が減少する傾向にあった。よって、メナキノンMK−7の存在比が減少していると、発酵状態が悪化しており、発酵液のpHが低下していると推測される。 According to the study by the present inventors, menaquinone MK-7 tended to decrease due to an increase in microorganisms involved in the metabolism of organic acids. Therefore, if the abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7 is reduced, it is presumed that the fermentation state has deteriorated and the pH of the fermentation liquor has been reduced.
制御装置15では、入力された発酵液中のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成に応じて、メタン発酵槽7の発酵条件の調整を行なう。発酵条件の調整方法としては、例えば、スラリー投入ポンプ4を制御してメタン発酵槽7内への有機性廃棄物の投入量を調節する方法が好ましく行なわれる。また、別の発酵条件の調整方法としては、アルカリ添加によってメタン発酵槽7内のpH調整を行ない、アルカリ側に維持することも好ましい。メタン発酵槽7内は酸生成によって徐々にpHが低下していくので菌の活性が徐々に低下していくが、アルカリ側にpH調整することによってメタン発酵槽7内を活性菌の至適pHに維持できるので、活性菌数を維持することができる。なお、上記の発酵条件の調整方法は、単独で行なってもよく、また両者を組み合わせて行なってもよい。 In the control apparatus 15, the fermentation conditions of the methane fermentation tank 7 are adjusted according to the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone in the input fermentation broth. As a method for adjusting the fermentation conditions, for example, a method of controlling the slurry charging pump 4 to adjust the amount of organic waste charged into the methane fermentation tank 7 is preferably performed. Moreover, as another adjustment method of fermentation conditions, it is also preferable to adjust the pH in the methane fermentation tank 7 by adding an alkali and maintain it on the alkali side. Since the pH in the methane fermentation tank 7 gradually decreases due to acid generation, the activity of the bacteria gradually decreases. By adjusting the pH to the alkali side, the optimum pH of the active bacteria in the methane fermentation tank 7 Therefore, the number of active bacteria can be maintained. In addition, the adjustment method of said fermentation conditions may be performed independently and may be performed combining both.
好ましい発酵条件の調整方法の例としては、以下の〈1〉〜〈4〉が挙げられる。これらはそれぞれ単独で行ってもよく、また、それぞれを組み合わせて行ってもよい。 Examples of preferable methods for adjusting fermentation conditions include the following <1> to <4>. Each of these may be performed alone or in combination.
〈1〉発酵液のユビキノンUQ−9の存在割合が高くなり所定値を超えて優占種となった場合は、スラリー投入ポンプ4よりメタン発酵槽7への有機性廃棄物の投入量を下げる及び/又は、薬中ポンプ6を制御し、薬液槽5からの薬剤注入量の調整を行い発酵液のpHを調整して、ユビキノンUQ−9の存在割合を所定値以下にする。 <1> When the proportion of ubiquinone UQ-9 in the fermented liquid becomes high and exceeds a predetermined value and becomes a dominant species, the amount of organic waste charged into the methane fermentation tank 7 from the slurry charging pump 4 is lowered. And / or the medicine pump 6 is controlled, the amount of medicines injected from the chemical solution tank 5 is adjusted to adjust the pH of the fermented liquid, and the abundance ratio of ubiquinone UQ-9 is set to a predetermined value or less.
〈2〉メナキノン分子種の総量(MKtotal)とユビキノン分子種の総量(UQtotal)との比率((MKtotal)/(UQtotal))が所定値を下回った場合は、スラリー投入ポンプ4よりメタン発酵槽7への有機性廃棄物の投入量を下げ、(MKtotal)/(UQtotal)を所定値以上にする。 <2> When the ratio of the total amount of menaquinone molecular species (MK total ) to the total amount of ubiquinone molecular species (UQ total ) ((MK total ) / (UQ total )) is below a predetermined value, the slurry charging pump 4 The input amount of the organic waste to the methane fermentation tank 7 is lowered, and (MK total ) / (UQ total ) is set to a predetermined value or more.
〈3〉メナキノンMK−7の存在比率が所定値を下回っている場合は、スラリー投入ポンプ4よりメタン発酵槽7への有機性廃棄物の投入量を下げる及び/又は、薬中ポンプ6を制御し、薬液槽5からの薬剤注入量の調整を行い発酵液のpHを調整して、メナキノンMK−7の存在比率が所定値以上となるようにメタン発酵槽7の発酵液pHの調整を行う。 <3> When the abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7 is below a predetermined value, the amount of organic waste charged into the methane fermentation tank 7 is lowered from the slurry charging pump 4 and / or the chemical pump 6 is controlled. Then, the amount of the medicine injected from the chemical tank 5 is adjusted to adjust the pH of the fermentation liquid, and the pH of the fermentation liquid in the methane fermentation tank 7 is adjusted so that the abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7 is equal to or higher than a predetermined value. .
〈4〉上式(1)にて算出した非類似度が所定の値を超える場合は、非類似度が所定値以下となるように、有機性廃棄物の投入量及び/又は薬剤の投入量を調整する。 <4> When the dissimilarity calculated by the above formula (1) exceeds a predetermined value, the input amount of the organic waste and / or the input amount of the chemical agent so that the dissimilarity is equal to or less than the predetermined value. Adjust.
以上のメタン発酵処理方法によれば、発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成に応じて、メタン発酵処理条件を決定することで、メタン発酵槽を常時最適な状態に維持できる。これにより、処理効率が向上するとともに、効率よくバイオガスを得ることができる。 According to the above methane fermentation treatment method, the methane fermentation tank can always be maintained in an optimal state by determining the methane fermentation treatment conditions according to the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone in the fermentation broth. Thereby, while improving processing efficiency, biogas can be obtained efficiently.
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を詳細に説明する。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.
図1に示すメタン発酵装置を用いてメタン発酵処理を行った。メタン発酵槽7として、容量2Lの発酵槽を使用した。槽内の発酵液の温度は55℃とした。有機性廃棄物としては、市販の牛乳を使用した。発酵負荷条件は、HRT10日、8日、6日、4日、3日、2日で行った。また、メタン発酵槽内の発酵液を採取して、イソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成の分析を以下のようにして行った。 The methane fermentation process was performed using the methane fermentation apparatus shown in FIG. As the methane fermentation tank 7, a fermentation tank with a capacity of 2L was used. The temperature of the fermentation liquid in the tank was 55 ° C. Commercially available milk was used as the organic waste. Fermentation load conditions were HRT 10 days, 8 days, 6 days, 4 days, 3 days, and 2 days. Moreover, the fermentation liquid in a methane fermenter was extract | collected and the molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone was analyzed as follows.
〈イソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成の分析〉
採取した試料を、50ml遠沈管に入れ、遠心分離(8000rpm、10分、20℃)した。そして、上澄液を捨てて、上澄液以外の試料を−20℃で冷凍した。完全に冷凍した試料を真空凍結乾燥機(Asahi、FZ−4.5(77500)型)を用いて、24時間真空凍結乾燥処理(真空度133×10−3mBar、−40℃)した。
次に、真空凍結乾燥処理を行った試料を、超臨界抽出装置の抽出容器内に投入し、オーブンにセットした。そして、オーブンの温度を55℃に設定し、背圧レギュレータの圧力を250atmに設定し、二酸化炭素を2.7ml/min、メタノールを0.3ml/minに設定し抽出容器に流し始め、所定の圧力に達した時を抽出開始とし、15分間抽出を行って、試料中に含まれる菌体からイソプレノイドキノンを抽出した。
次に、抽出処理後の試料を固相抽出カートリッジ(商品名「Sep‐Pak Plus Silica」 Watesr社製)に通した。そして、まず2%ジエチルエーテル・ヘキサン溶液に通すことで、メナキノンを溶出分離した。次に、10%ジエチレンエーテル・ヘキサン溶液を通すことで、ユビキノンを溶出させた。そして、各溶出液をエバポレータで蒸発濃縮させた後、アセトンで洗浄回収した。こうしてメナキノンとユビキノンとを分離精製した。
そして、分離精製したユビキノン及びメナキノンを、HPLCを用い、標準物質の保持時間とピーク面積を基準にしてイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を分析した。
<Analysis of molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone>
The collected sample was placed in a 50 ml centrifuge tube and centrifuged (8000 rpm, 10 minutes, 20 ° C.). And supernatant liquid was thrown away and samples other than supernatant liquid were frozen at -20 ° C. The completely frozen sample was subjected to vacuum lyophilization treatment (vacuum degree 133 × 10 −3 mBar, −40 ° C.) for 24 hours using a vacuum freeze dryer (Asahi, FZ-4.5 (77500) type).
Next, the sample subjected to the vacuum freeze-drying process was put into an extraction container of a supercritical extraction apparatus and set in an oven. Then, the oven temperature is set to 55 ° C., the pressure of the back pressure regulator is set to 250 atm, carbon dioxide is set to 2.7 ml / min, methanol is set to 0.3 ml / min, and flow into the extraction container is started. When the pressure was reached, extraction was started, and extraction was performed for 15 minutes to extract isoprenoid quinone from the bacterial cells contained in the sample.
Next, the sample after the extraction treatment was passed through a solid phase extraction cartridge (trade name “Sep-Pak Plus Silica” manufactured by Wattsr). Then, menaquinone was eluted and separated by passing it through a 2% diethyl ether / hexane solution. Next, ubiquinone was eluted by passing 10% diethylene ether / hexane solution. Each eluate was evaporated and concentrated with an evaporator, and then washed and recovered with acetone. Thus, menaquinone and ubiquinone were separated and purified.
The separated and purified ubiquinone and menaquinone were analyzed for molecular species composition of isoprenoid quinone based on the retention time and peak area of the standard substance using HPLC.
(試験例1)
図3に、HRT10日、8日、6日、4日、3日、2日の条件でメタン発酵処理した時の発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を示し、図4に、その時のバイオガス発生量を示す。
図4に示すように、HRT2日の負荷条件のときにバイオガス発生量が急激に低下した。このときのイソプレノイドキノンの組成は、図3に示すように、ユビキノンUQ−9の存在割合が増加していた。そして、ユビキノンUQ−9の存在割合の増加を、メタン発酵の破綻の予兆としての運転指標として用い、ユビキノンUQ−9の存在割合が所定値を超えたら有機性廃棄物の供給量を減らす処理を行ったところ、メタン発酵が破綻することなく行えた。
(Test Example 1)
FIG. 3 shows the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone of the fermentation broth when methane fermentation treatment is performed under conditions of HRT 10 days, 8 days, 6 days, 4 days, 3 days, and 2 days, and FIG. 4 shows the biogas at that time. Indicates the amount generated.
As shown in FIG. 4, the biogas generation amount rapidly decreased under the load condition on the 2nd day of HRT. The composition of isoprenoid quinone at this time had an increased proportion of ubiquinone UQ-9 as shown in FIG. Then, using the increase in the existing ratio of ubiquinone UQ-9 as an operation index as a sign of the failure of methane fermentation, a process for reducing the supply amount of organic waste when the existing ratio of ubiquinone UQ-9 exceeds a predetermined value. As a result, methane fermentation could be carried out without failure.
(試験例2)
図5に、HRT10日、8日、6日、4日、3日、2日の条件でメタン発酵処理した時の発酵液のプロピオン酸濃度を示し、図6に、同メナキノンMK−7の存在比を示し、図7に、発酵液のプロピオン酸濃度とメナキノンMK−7の存在比との関係図を示す。
図7に示すように、発酵液のプロピオン酸濃度と、メナキノンMK−7の存在比は、強い相関性を有していた。そして、メナキノンMK−7の存在比が所定値を下回ったら発酵液のpHを調整する処理を行ったところ、メタン発酵が破綻することなく行えた。
(Test Example 2)
FIG. 5 shows the propionic acid concentration of the fermentation broth when methane fermentation was performed under conditions of HRT 10 days, 8 days, 6 days, 4 days, 3 days, and 2 days. FIG. 6 shows the presence of menaquinone MK-7. FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the propionic acid concentration of the fermentation broth and the abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7.
As shown in FIG. 7, the propionic acid concentration in the fermentation broth and the abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7 had a strong correlation. Then, when the abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7 fell below a predetermined value, a treatment for adjusting the pH of the fermentation broth was performed. As a result, methane fermentation could be performed without failure.
(試験例3)
図8に、HRT10日、8日、6日、4日、3日、2日の条件でメタン発酵処理した時のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種の非類似度を示す。
図8に示すように、HRT10日〜HRT3日では、非類似度は0.05〜0.2の範囲にあり、この時の発酵槽内の微生物群集構造には、有意な変化はなかった。この時のガス化率は70%以上であった。一方、HRT2日の条件で運転した時、非類似度は0.2以上となり、このときに発酵槽の微生物群集構造には有意な変化が起きていた。また、この時のガス化率は30%以下であった。そして、非類似度が0.2を超えたら、非類似度が0.2以下になるように、有機性廃棄物の供給量と、発酵液のpHとを調整したところ、発酵槽の微生物群集構造の変化を抑えることができ、メタン発酵が破綻することなく行えた。
(Test Example 3)
FIG. 8 shows the dissimilarity of molecular species of isoprenoid quinone when methane fermentation treatment is performed under conditions of HRT 10 days, 8 days, 6 days, 4 days, 3 days, and 2 days.
As shown in FIG. 8, the dissimilarity was in the range of 0.05 to 0.2 from HRT 10 days to HRT 3 days, and there was no significant change in the microbial community structure in the fermenter at this time. The gasification rate at this time was 70% or more. On the other hand, when operated under the condition of HRT for 2 days, the dissimilarity was 0.2 or more, and at this time, a significant change occurred in the microbial community structure of the fermenter. Further, the gasification rate at this time was 30% or less. When the dissimilarity exceeds 0.2, the amount of organic waste and the pH of the fermentation solution are adjusted so that the dissimilarity is 0.2 or less. The change in structure could be suppressed, and methane fermentation could be performed without failure.
(試験例4)
図9に、HRT10日、8日、6日、4日、3日、2日の条件でメタン発酵処理した時のメナキノン分子種の総量(MKtotal)とユビキノン分子種の総量(UQtotal)との比率((MKtotal)/(UQtotal))を示し、図10に、((MKtotal)/(UQtotal))とガス化率との関係図を示す。(MKtotal)/(UQtotal)が低下するにつれ、ガス化率の低下がみられ、特に(MKtotal)/(UQtotal)が0.4以下となった時、ガス化率が著しく低下した。そして、(MKtotal)/(UQtotal)が0.4以下となったら有機性廃棄物の投入量を減らす処理を行ったところ、ガス化率が正常状態に回復し、メタン発酵が破綻することなく行えた。
(Test Example 4)
FIG. 9 shows the total amount of menaquinone molecular species (MK total ) and the total amount of ubiquinone molecular species (UQ total ) when methane fermentation treatment is performed under conditions of HRT 10 days, 8 days, 6 days, 4 days, 3 days, and 2 days. The ratio ((MK total ) / (UQ total )) is shown, and FIG. 10 shows the relationship between ((MK total ) / (UQ total )) and the gasification rate. As (MK total ) / (UQ total ) decreased, the gasification rate decreased, particularly when (MK total ) / (UQ total ) was 0.4 or less, the gasification rate decreased significantly. . And when (MK total ) / (UQ total ) becomes 0.4 or less, when the treatment to reduce the input amount of organic waste is performed, the gasification rate recovers to the normal state and methane fermentation breaks down I was able to do it.
1:有機性廃棄物
2:粉砕機
3:スラリー調整槽
4:スラリー投入ポンプ
5:薬液槽
6:薬中ポンプ
7:メタン発酵槽
8:攪拌器
9:廃液ポンプ
10:ガス量計
11:ガスホルダー
12:サンプリング口
15:制御装置
1: Organic waste 2: Crusher 3: Slurry adjustment tank 4: Slurry charging pump 5: Chemical liquid tank 6: In-chemical pump 7: Methane fermentation tank 8: Stirrer 9: Waste liquid pump 10: Gas meter 11: Gas Holder 12: Sampling port 15: Control device
Claims (3)
前記メタン発酵槽内の発酵液の一部を取り出して、該発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を測定し、
前記発酵液中のユビキノンUQ−9の存在比が所定値を超えたら、前記メタン発酵槽への有機物負荷を調整する、及び/又は、前記メタン発酵槽の発酵液のpHを調整して、ユビキノンUQ−9の存在比を所定値以下にすることを特徴とするメタン発酵処理方法。 In a methane fermentation treatment method in which organic waste is put into a methane fermentation tank and methane fermentation is performed by anaerobic microorganisms.
Taking out a part of the fermentation broth in the methane fermenter, measuring the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone of the fermentation broth,
If the abundance ratio of ubiquinone UQ-9 in the fermented liquid exceeds a predetermined value, the organic matter load on the methane fermenter is adjusted and / or the pH of the fermented liquid in the methane fermenter is adjusted, and ubiquinone A method for methane fermentation treatment, wherein the abundance ratio of UQ-9 is set to a predetermined value or less.
前記メタン発酵槽内の発酵液の一部を取り出して、該発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を測定し、
前記発酵液中のメナキノンMK−7の存在比が所定値を下回ったら、前記メタン発酵槽への有機物負荷を調整する、及び/又は、前記メタン発酵槽の発酵液のpHを調整して、メナキノンMK−7の存在比を所定値以上にすることを特徴とするメタン発酵処理方法。 In a methane fermentation treatment method in which organic waste is put into a methane fermentation tank and methane fermentation is performed by anaerobic microorganisms.
Taking out a part of the fermentation broth in the methane fermenter, measuring the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone of the fermentation broth,
When the abundance ratio of menaquinone MK-7 in the fermentation broth falls below a predetermined value, the organic matter load on the methane fermentation tank is adjusted and / or the pH of the fermentation broth in the methane fermentation tank is adjusted, and menaquinone is adjusted. A method for methane fermentation treatment, wherein the abundance ratio of MK-7 is set to a predetermined value or more.
前記メタン発酵槽内の発酵液の一部を取り出して、該発酵液のイソプレノイドキノンの分子種組成を測定し、
前記発酵液中のメナキノン分子種の総量(MK total )とユビキノン分子種の総量(UQ total )との比率((MK total )/(UQ total ))が所定値を下回ったら、前記メタン発酵槽への有機物負荷を調整して、前記比率を所定値以上にすることを特徴とするメタン発酵処理方法。 In a methane fermentation treatment method in which organic waste is put into a methane fermentation tank and methane fermentation is performed by anaerobic microorganisms.
Taking out a part of the fermentation broth in the methane fermenter, measuring the molecular species composition of the isoprenoid quinone of the fermentation broth,
When the ratio ((MK total ) / (UQ total )) of the total amount of menaquinone molecular species in the fermentation broth (MK total ) and the total amount of ubiquinone molecular species (UQ total ) falls below a predetermined value, the methane fermenter is transferred to the methane fermentation tank. The methane fermentation treatment method is characterized in that the ratio of the organic matter load is adjusted to a predetermined value or more.
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