JP5162803B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and non-aqueous electrolyte used therefor - Google Patents
Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and non-aqueous electrolyte used therefor Download PDFInfo
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- JP5162803B2 JP5162803B2 JP2001127880A JP2001127880A JP5162803B2 JP 5162803 B2 JP5162803 B2 JP 5162803B2 JP 2001127880 A JP2001127880 A JP 2001127880A JP 2001127880 A JP2001127880 A JP 2001127880A JP 5162803 B2 JP5162803 B2 JP 5162803B2
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- Prior art keywords
- solvent
- secondary battery
- aqueous
- negative electrode
- electrolyte
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 26
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- -1 cyclic carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
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- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 11
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- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
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- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、非水系電解液二次電池及びそれに使用する非水系電解液に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年の電気製品の軽量化、小型化に伴い、高いエネルギー密度を持つリチウム二次電池の需要が高まってきている。更に、リチウム二次電池の適用分野の拡大に伴い、電池特性の一層の向上も要望されている。
【0003】
従来、金属リチウムを負極とする二次電池は、高容量化を達成できる電池として古くから盛んに研究が行われているが、金属リチウムが充放電の繰り返しによりデンドライト状に成長し、最終的には正極に達して、電池内部において短絡が生じてしまうことが、実用化を阻む最大の技術的な課題となっていた。
【0004】
これに対して、負極にリチウムを吸蔵・放出することが可能な炭素質材料を用いた非水系電解液二次電池が、提案されている。このような非水系電解液二次電池では、リチウムが金属状態で存在しないため、デンドライトの形成が抑制され、電池寿命と安全性を向上させることができる。炭素質材料としては、例えばコークス、人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛等があり、特に人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛等の黒鉛系炭素質材料を用いた非水系電解液二次電池は、高容量化の要求に応えるものとして注目されている。近年、さらなる高容量化のために、電極をプレスして単位体積あたりの電極活物質重量を増加させる試みや、電極の厚みを増加させて集電体などの電極材料以外の部材が占める体積を減少させる試みがなされている。しかし、これらの手法を用いることにより、電極の有効表面積が減少し、急速充放電等の高負荷使用時に、電極活物質が本来有している性能を発揮できないという問題がある。
【0005】
また、上記炭素質材料を用いた非水系電解液二次電池では、非水系電解液の溶媒として通常、プロピレンカーボネートやエチレンカーボネート等の環状カーボネート、ジメチルカーボネートやエチルメチルカーボネート等の鎖状カーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン等の環状カルボン酸エステル等が、混合して用いられる。これらの環状カーボネート及び環状カルボン酸エステル類は、比誘電率が大きく沸点も高いため、リチウムイオンの解離能や電池の高温安定性の面では有用であるものの、一般に高粘度であり、表面張力も大きいため、電池部材、特に表面自由エネルギーが小さい部材への含浸性が悪く、界面におけるリチウムイオンの拡散性が低下し、充放電特性が低下するという問題がある。
【0006】
これらの問題に対し、特開2000−173651公報ではフルオロポリオキシエチレンエーテルを電解液に添加し、充放電特性を改善する試みがなされている。しかし、フルオロポリオキシエチレンエーテルのフルオロアルキル基の炭素数が多い場合、またポリオキシエチレン鎖が長い場合は、電解液の電極への含浸性を向上させる効果はあるものの、それ自体が電極表面あるいは電解液中におけるリチウムイオンの拡散の抵抗となってしまい、充放電特性は逆に低下してしまう。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、上記のような状況に対して、非水系電解液の電池部材への含浸性を高め、高容量かつ急速充放電特性に優れた非水系電解液二次電池を提供することを目的とする。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、特定構成の非水系電解液二次電池において、非水系電解液の表面張力を低下させて、電解液の電極への含浸性を向上させることにより、課題を解決するものである。
【0009】
即ち、本発明の要旨は次に示すとおりである。
〔1〕リチウムを吸蔵・放出することが可能な負極及び正極と非水溶媒にリチウム塩を溶解してなる電解液とを備えた非水系電解液二次電池において、
(1)負極は、X線回折における格子面(002面)のd値が0.335〜0.34nmの範囲である炭素質材料を含むものであること、
(2)非水溶媒が、比誘電率25以上の溶媒を70容量%以上含有すること、及び
(3)電解液中に非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤が添加されていること、
を特徴とする非水系電解液二次電池。
【0010】
〔2〕非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤の少なくとも一種が、下記一般式(I):
【0011】
【化4】
【0012】
(式中、Rは水素原子又はメチル基、Rfはパーフルオロアルキル基、Xは非イオン性のH、C、O、N、P及びSから選ばれる1種類以上の元素からなる分子量200以下の2価の連結基、mはオキシエチレンのユニット数である)で示される、パーフルオロアルキル基を有するポリオキシエチレンエーテルであって、mが2〜10であり、かつRfの炭素数が2〜10である、上記の非水系電解液二次電池。
【0013】
〔3〕リチウムを吸蔵・放出することが可能であり、かつ負極はX線回折における格子面(002面)のd値が0.335〜0.34nmの範囲である炭素質材料を含むものである、負極及び正極と組み合わせて使用するための二次電池用非水系電解液であって、非水溶媒にリチウム塩を溶解してなり、該非水溶媒が比誘電率25以上の溶媒を70容量%以上含有し、かつ該電解液中に非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤が添加されていることを特徴とする非水系二次電池用電解液。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態につき詳細に説明する。
本発明の非水系電解液二次電池は、リチウムを吸蔵・放出することが可能な、X線回折における格子面(002面)のd値が0.335〜0.34nmの範囲である炭素質材料を含む負極と、正極と、比誘電率25以上の溶媒を70容量%以上含有する非水溶媒にリチウム塩を溶解してなる電解液とを備え、電解液中に非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤が添加されていることを特徴とする。
【0015】
本発明において、電解液中に添加する非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤は、界面活性剤の疎水基である炭化水素基の水素原子を全部あるいは一部、フッ素原子で置換したものであり、表面張力を低下させる効果が非常に大きい。また、耐熱性、耐薬品性、耐酸化性に優れ、電池内での分解が少ないという利点がある。イオン性のフッ素系界面活性剤は電解液への溶解性が十分でないため、本発明では、非イオン性のフッ素系界面活性剤を用いる。このような非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤は特に限定されず、例えば、パーフルオロアルキルポリオキシエチレンエタノール、パーフルオロアルキルカルボン酸エステル、部分フッ素化アルキルポリオキシエチレンエタノール、部分フッ素化アルキルカルボン酸エステル等が挙げられる。これらの中で、パーフルオロアルキルポリオキシエチレンエタノール及びパーフルオロアルキルカルボン酸エステルが好ましい。
【0016】
電解液中に添加する非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤は、少なくとも一種が、下記一般式(I):
【0017】
【化5】
【0018】
(式中、Rは水素原子又はメチル基、Xは非イオン性のH、C、O、N、P及びSから選ばれる1種以上の元素からなる分子量200以下の2価の連結基、Rfはパーフルオロアルキル基、mはオキシエチレンのユニット数である)で示される、パーフルオロアルキル基を有するポリオキシエチレンエーテルであって、mが2〜10であり、かつRfの炭素数が2〜10であることができる。
【0019】
ここで、パーフルオロアルキル基を有するポリオキシエチレンエーテルは、mが2未満又は10を越えるオキシレンユニット数のものを、副生物として含んでいてもよく、Rfの炭素数が2未満又は10を越えるパーフルオロアルキル基を、副生物として含んでいてもよい。副生物の合計量は、副生物を含むポリオキシエチレンエーテルの総重量に対して、通常10重量%以下であり、好ましくは5重量%以下、更に好ましくは2重量%以下である。
【0020】
前記一般式(I)で示される、ポリオキシエチレンエーテルのパーフルオロアルキル基Rfは、アルキル基の水素原子が全てフッ素原子に置換されたものであり、表面張力を低下させる効果が非常に大きく、電解液の電極への含浸性を高めることができる。また、耐熱性、耐薬品性、耐酸化性に優れ、電池内での分解が少ないという利点がある。パーフルオロアルキル基Rfは、電池内においてリチウムイオンの拡散を妨げないようにするため、Rfの炭素数が2〜10であるものが用いられ、好ましくは4〜8である。
【0021】
前記一般式(I)で示される、ポリオキシエチレンエーテルのオキシエチレンユニット数mは、電池内においてリチウムイオンの拡散を妨げないようにするため、mが2〜10であるものが用いられ、好ましくは2〜8、より好ましくは2〜6である。
【0022】
前記一般式(I)で示される、ポリオキシエチレンエーテルにおける、パーフルオロアルキル基とポリオキシエチレン鎖の連結基であるXは、イオン性であると電解液への溶解性が十分でないため、非イオン性のものが好ましい。また、化合物の安定性の面から、水素、炭素、酸素、窒素、リン及び硫黄から選ばれる1種以上の元素から構成されるものが好ましい。また、リチウムイオン拡散性の面から、分子量は200以下のものが好ましい。連結基Xとしては、例えばアルキレン、N−アルキルスルホンアミド、モノヒドロキシアルキレン、エーテル、チオエーテル、アミン、カルボン酸エステル、リン酸エステル、硫酸エステル等が挙げられ、中でもアルキレン、N−アルキルスルホンアミド、モノヒドロキシアルキレンが好ましい。アルキレン基、モノヒドロキシアルキレン基の場合、その炭素数は1〜8が好ましく、より好ましくは1〜6であり、特に好ましくは1〜4である。N−アルキルスルホンアミド基の場合、窒素原子に結合しているアルキル基の炭素数は、1〜6が好ましく、より好ましくは1〜4である。
【0023】
非水系電解液への非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤の添加量は非水溶媒の総重量に対して0.001〜2重量%であることが好ましく、より好ましくは0.001〜1.0重量%である。更に、電池性能上、特に好ましいのは0.001〜0.2重量%の範囲である。
【0024】
本発明において、非水系電解液の非水溶媒は、比誘電率25以上の溶媒を、非水溶媒の全容量に対して70容量%以上含有するものを使用する。比誘電率25以上の溶媒の含有率は、好ましくは80容量%以上、より好ましくは90容量%以上である。
【0025】
上記の組成を有する限りにおいて、本発明において使用する非水溶媒を構成する溶媒の種類は、特に限定されず、例えば、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート等の環状カーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジ−n−プロピルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート等の鎖状カーボネート(炭素数1〜4のアルキル基を有するものが好ましい)、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン等の環状エーテル、ジメトキシエタン、ジメトキシメタン等の鎖状エーテル、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン等の環状カルボン酸エステル、酢酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル等の鎖状カルボン酸エステル、スルホラン、ジエチルスルホン、ジメチルサルファイト、ジエチルサルファイト等の含硫黄有機溶媒、リン酸トリメチル、リン酸トリエチル等の含リン有機溶媒等を、混合して使用することができる。
【0026】
その中でも、電解液の非水溶媒としては、比誘電率25以上の溶媒を非水溶媒の全容量に対して70容量%以上含有し、かつ引火点が70℃以上であるような溶媒の組合せが、高温安定性の面から好ましい。より好適には比誘電率25以上の溶媒を80容量%以上含有し、かつ引火点が80℃以上であるような溶媒の組合せであり、中でも引火点が90℃以上であるような組合せが、特に好ましい。
【0027】
上記比誘電率25以上の溶媒は、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート等の環状カーボネート又はγ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン等の環状カルボン酸エステルから選択することが好ましい。特に好ましいのは、エチレンカーボネートを、非水溶媒の全容量に対して20容量%以上含有する場合である。
【0028】
本発明においては、上記好ましい環状カーボネート及び環状カルボン酸エステルから選ばれた非水溶媒に、更にビニレンカーボネート、エチレンサルファイト、ビニルエチレンカーボネート、プロパンスルトン、フェニルエチレンカーボネート及び無水コハク酸、無水マレイン酸、無水フタル酸、無水グルタル酸、無水トリメリット酸等のカルボン酸無水物から選ばれる化合物の一種以上の化合物を、上記非水溶媒の総重量に対して0.1〜7重量%、好適には0.2〜5重量%添加することが特に好ましい。これらの中でも、特にビニレンカーボネートの添加が好ましい。
【0029】
本発明において、電解液の溶質としては、リチウム塩を使用する。リチウム塩は、電解液の溶質として使用し得るものであれば、その種類は特に制限されない。例えばLiClO4、LiPF6、LiBF4等の無機リチウム塩やLiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(CF3CF2SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiC(CF3SO2)3等の含フッ素有機リチウム塩を使用することができる。中でも、LiPF6又はLiBF4を使用することが好ましい。これらのリチウム塩を、2種類以上混合して使用してもよい。
【0030】
電解液の溶質としてのリチウム塩のモル濃度は、0.5〜3.0モル/リットルであるのが好ましい。溶質のモル濃度がこの範囲にあると、電解液の電気伝導率が低くなることもなく、また、電池性能の低下傾向もみられない。
【0031】
本発明において、上記の非水系電解液を、負極活物質及び正極活物質と組み合わせてリチウム二次電池とすることができる。
【0032】
本発明において、電池を構成する負極は、リチウムを吸蔵及び放出し得る、X線回折における格子面(002面)のd値が0.335〜0.34nmの範囲である炭素質材料を、負極材に含有する。このような炭素質材料の具体例としては、黒鉛系炭素質材料、例えば人造黒鉛、天然黒鉛等が挙げられる。好適には種々の原料から得た易黒鉛性ピッチの高温熱処理によって製造された人造黒鉛、並びに黒鉛化メソフェーズ小球体、黒鉛化メソフェーズピッチ系炭素繊維等の他の人造黒鉛及び精製天然黒鉛、或いはこれらの黒鉛にピッチを含む種々の表面処理を施した材料を使用することができる。
【0033】
これらの炭素質材料は、学振法によるX線回折で求めた格子面(002面)のd値(層間距離)が、0.335〜0.34nmであるものであり、0.335〜0.337nmであるものがより好ましく、0.335〜0.336nmであるものが特に好ましい。上記炭素質材料中の灰分は、炭素質材料の総重量に対して1重量%以下であるのが好ましく、0.5重量%以下であるのがより好ましく、0.1重量%以下であるのが特に好ましい。また、学振法によるX線回折で求めた結晶子サイズ(Lc)は、30nm以上であるのが好ましく、50nm以上であるのがより好ましく、100nm以上であるのが特に好ましい。
【0034】
また、上記炭素質材料のレーザー回折・散乱法によるメジアン径は、1〜100μmであるのが好ましく、3〜50μmであるのがより好ましく、5〜40μmであるのが更に好ましく、7〜30μmであるのが特に好ましい。BET法比表面積は、0.3〜25.0m2/gであるのが好ましく、0.5〜20.0m2/gであるのがより好ましく、0.7〜15.0m2/gであるのが更に好ましく、0.8〜10.0m2/gであるのが特に好ましい。また、アルゴンイオンレーザー光を用いたラマンスペクトル分析において、1580〜1620cm-1の範囲のピークPA(ピーク強度IA)及び1350〜1370cm-1の範囲のピークPB(ピーク強度IB)の強度比R=IB/IAは、0〜1.2であるのが好ましく、1580〜1620cm-1の範囲のピークの半値幅は26cm-1以下、特に25cm-1以下であるのが好ましい。
【0035】
また、特に上記炭素質材料のうち、黒鉛化度が高い炭素質材料(例えば格子面(002面)のd値が0.335〜0.337nmの黒鉛系炭素質材料)を有機物等と混合して焼成し、あるいはCVD法等を用いて表面の一部又は全部に非晶質炭素を形成した材料を、炭素質材料として好適に使用することができる。
【0036】
上記有機物としては、軟ピッチから硬ピッチまでのコールタールピッチや、乾留液化油などの石炭系重質油や、常圧残油、減圧残油等の直留系重質油、原油、ナフサなどの熱分解時に副生する分解系重質油(例えばエチレンヘビーエンド)等の石油系重質油が挙げられる。また、これらの重質油を200〜400℃で蒸留して得られた固体状残査物を、1〜100μmに粉砕したものも用いることができる。更に塩化ビニル樹脂や、焼成によりフェノール樹脂やイミド樹脂となるこれらの樹脂前駆体も用いることがきる。
【0037】
上記黒鉛系炭素質材料と有機物との混合には、回転羽根を用いたかき混ぜ式混合機、ニーダー、櫂形練り混ぜ機、ロール形練り混ぜ機などの練り混ぜ式混合装置等を使用することができ、また、容器自身の回転により混合するV形混合機、円筒形混合機、二重円錐形混合機、更には、混合羽根を用いたリボン形混合機や、回転パドルを用いたパドルドライヤ等も使用することができる。
【0038】
更に、こうして得られた黒鉛系炭素質材料と有機物との混合物を、不活性ガス雰囲気で焼成して、表面の一部又は全部に非晶質炭素を形成した材料を、炭素質材料として使用することができる。不活性ガスとしては、窒素、アルゴンなどを用いることができる。また、焼成温度は400〜2000℃の範囲が好ましく、700〜1500℃の範囲がより好ましい。
【0039】
上記炭素質材料は、リチウムを吸蔵・放出可能な他の負極材を更に混合して使用することもできる。炭素質材料以外のリチウムを吸蔵・放出可能な負極材としては、例えば、酸化スズ、酸化ケイ素等の金属酸化物材料、更にはリチウム金属並びに種々のリチウム合金があげられる。これらの負極材は二種類以上混合して用いてもよい。
【0040】
これらの負極材を用いて負極を製造する方法は、特に限定されない。例えば、負極材に、必要に応じて結着剤、増粘剤、導電材、溶媒等を加えてスラリー状とし、集電体の基板に塗布し、乾燥することにより負極を製造することができる。また、負極材をそのままロール成形してシート電極としたり、圧縮成形によりペレット電極とすることもできる。
【0041】
電極の製造に使用することができる結着剤は、電極製造時に使用する溶媒や電解液に対して安定な材料であれば、特に限定されない。その具体例としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム等が挙げられる。
【0042】
電極の製造に使用することができる増粘剤としては、カルボキシメチルセルロース、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシメチルセルロース、エチルセルロース、ポリビニルアルコール、酸化スターチ、リン酸化スターチ、カゼイン等が挙げられる。
【0043】
電極の製造に使用することができる導電材としては、銅やニッケル等の金属材料、グラファイト、カーボンブラック等の炭素質材料が挙げられる。
【0044】
負極用集電体は、その材質として、銅、ニッケル、ステンレス等の金属を使用することができ、薄膜に加工しやすいという点及びコストの点から、銅箔が好ましい。
【0045】
本発明において、電池を構成する正極には、正極活物質として、リチウムを吸蔵・放出可能な材料を使用することができ、例えばリチウムコバルト酸化物、リチウムニッケル酸化物、リチウムマンガン酸化物等のリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物が挙げられる。
【0046】
正極の製造方法は、特に限定されず、上記の負極の製造方法に準じて製造することができる。また、その形状は、必要に応じて結着剤及び導電剤と共に混合した後、集電体に塗布したシート電極、及びプレス成形を施したペレット電極とすることができる。
【0047】
正極用集電体は、その材質として、アルミニウム、チタン、タンタル等の金属又はその合金を使用することができるが、中でもアルミニウム又はその合金が軽量であるため、エネルギー密度の点から特に好ましい。
【0048】
本発明において、電池の形状は、シート電極及びセパレーターをスパイラル状にしたシリンダータイプ、ペレット電極及びセパレーターを組み合わせたインサイドアウト構造のシリンダータイプ、ペレット電極及びセパレーターを積層したコインタイプ等があげられる。電池を構成するセパレーターには、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィンを原料とする多孔性シート又は不織布等を使用することができる。
【0049】
【実施例】
以下に、実施例及び比較例を挙げて本発明の具体的態様について説明するが、本発明は、その要旨を越えない限り、これらの実施例によって限定されるものではない。
【0050】
実施例1
〔電解液の調製〕
電解液については、乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下で、十分に乾燥を行ったLiBF4を溶質として用い、エチレンカーボネートとγ−ブチロラクトンとの混合物(2:8容量比)に、ビニレンカーボネートを上記混合物の総重量に対して2重量%の割合で、また炭素数が2〜10のパーフルオロアルキル基を有するフッ素化アルキルポリオキシエチレンエタノール(Du Pont社製、商品名ZONYL FSO-100)を、上記混合物の総重量に対して0.2重量%の割合で溶解し、更にLiBF4を1.5モル/リットルの割合で溶解して調製した。
【0051】
〔負極の作製〕
負極活物質として、X線回折における格子面(002面)のd値が0.336nm、結晶子サイズ(Lc)が100nm以上(652nm)、灰分が0.07重量%、レーザー回折・散乱法によるメジアン径が12μm、BET法比表面積が7.5m2/g、アルゴンイオンレーザー光を用いたラマンスペクトル分析において1580〜1620cm-1の範囲のピークPA(ピーク強度IA)及び1350〜1370cm-1の範囲のピークPB(ピーク強度IB)の強度比R=IB/IAが0.12、1580〜1620cm-1の範囲のピークの半値幅が19.9cm-1である天然黒鉛粉末(関西熱化学社製、商品名NG−7)95重量部にポリフッ化ビニリデン5重量部を混合し、N−メチル−2−ピロリドンで分散させてスラリー状としたものを負極集電体である厚さ18μmの銅箔上に均一に塗布し、乾燥した後、直径12.5mmの円盤状に打ち抜いて負極とした。
【0052】
〔正極の作製〕
正極活物質としてLiCoO285重量部にカーボンブラック6重量部及びポリフッ化ビニリデン(呉羽化学社製、商品名KF−1000)9重量部を加えて混合し、N−メチル−2−ピロリドンで分散し、スラリー状としたものを正極集電体である厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔上に均一に塗布し、乾燥した後、直径12.5mmの円盤状に打ち抜いて正極とした。
【0053】
これらの負極、正極及び電解液を用いて、正極導電体を兼ねるステンレス鋼製の缶体に正極を収容し、その上に電解液の含浸処理を行ったポリエチレン製のセパレーターを介して負極を載置した。この缶体と負極導電体を兼ねる封口板とを、絶縁用のガスケットを介してかしめて密封し、コイン型電池を作製した。
【0054】
比較例1
電解液として、エチレンカーボネートとγ−ブチロラクトンとの混合物(2:8容量比)にビニレンカーボネートを、上記混合物の総重量に対して2重量%の割合で、更にLiBF4を1.5モル/リットルの割合で溶解して調製したものを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にしてコイン型電池を作製した。
【0055】
実施例2
電解液として、エチレンカーボネートとプロピレンカーボネートとの混合物(5:5容量比)にビニレンカーボネートを上記混合物の総重量に対して2重量%の割合で、またフッ素化アルキルポリオキシエチレンエタノール(Du Pont社製、商品名ZONYL FSO-100)を、上記混合物の総重量に対して0.2重量%の割合で溶解し、更にLiPF6を1.0モル/リットルの割合で溶解して調製したものを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にしてコイン型電池を作製した。
【0056】
比較例2
電解液として、エチレンカーボネートとプロピレンカーボネートとの混合物(5:5容量比)にビニレンカーボネートを、上記混合物の総重量に対して2重量%の割合で、更にLiPF6を1.0モル/リットルの割合で溶解して調製したものを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にしてコイン型電池を作製した。
【0057】
上記実施例1〜2及び比較例1〜2で作製した電池を、25℃において、0.8mAの定電流で充電終止電圧4.2V、放電終止電圧3.0Vでの充放電を3回行った後、0.8mA、4.2V上限の定電流定電圧法で充電し、0.2C(0.8mA)、1C(4mA)、2C(8mA)の放電電流で3Vまで放電する試験を行った。ここで、1Cとは1時間で満充電できる電流値を表わし、0.2Cはその1/5の電流値で、また2Cはその2倍の電流値で、それぞれ満充電できる電流値を表わす。
なお、放電負荷特性の優劣をみる指標としては、次式で定義される放電率を用いた。この値が大きい方が負荷特性に優れることになる。
【0058】
1C/0.2C放電率=(1C放電容量/0.2C放電容量)×100(%)
2C/0.2C放電率=(2C放電容量/0.2C放電容量)×100(%)
【0059】
それぞれの電池における放電率を表−1に示す。
【0060】
【表1】
【0061】
比較例1〜2では表面張力が大きい電解液を使用したために、セパレーターが全く含浸せず作動しなかったが、実施例1〜2では非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤を添加したことにより電解液の表面張力が低下し、セパレーター、正極及び負極への含浸性が増したため、正常に作動することができた。
【0062】
【発明の効果】
本発明の非水系電解液を用いることにより、高速充放電特性に優れた電池を作製することができ、非水系電解液二次電池の高性能化に寄与することができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte used therein.
[0002]
[Prior art]
With the recent reduction in weight and size of electric products, demand for lithium secondary batteries having high energy density is increasing. Furthermore, with the expansion of the application field of lithium secondary batteries, further improvements in battery characteristics are also demanded.
[0003]
Conventionally, secondary batteries using metal lithium as a negative electrode have been actively studied as a battery capable of achieving high capacity, but metal lithium has grown into a dendrite shape by repeated charge and discharge, and finally As a result of reaching the positive electrode and causing a short circuit inside the battery, the biggest technical problem that hinders its practical application.
[0004]
On the other hand, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using a carbonaceous material capable of inserting and extracting lithium in the negative electrode has been proposed. In such a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, since lithium does not exist in a metal state, formation of dendrites is suppressed, and battery life and safety can be improved. Examples of the carbonaceous material include coke, artificial graphite, and natural graphite. In particular, non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using graphite-based carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite and natural graphite meet the demand for higher capacity. Has attracted attention as a thing. In recent years, in order to further increase the capacity, attempts have been made to increase the weight of the electrode active material per unit volume by pressing the electrode, or the volume occupied by members other than the electrode material such as a current collector by increasing the electrode thickness. Attempts have been made to reduce it. However, by using these methods, there is a problem that the effective surface area of the electrode is reduced, and the performance inherent in the electrode active material cannot be exhibited during high load use such as rapid charge / discharge.
[0005]
Further, in the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the carbonaceous material, as a solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte, usually, a cyclic carbonate such as propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate, a chain carbonate such as dimethyl carbonate or ethyl methyl carbonate, γ -Cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone are used as a mixture. These cyclic carbonates and cyclic carboxylic acid esters have a high relative dielectric constant and a high boiling point, so they are useful in terms of lithium ion dissociation ability and battery high temperature stability, but generally have high viscosity and surface tension. Since it is large, there is a problem that the battery member, particularly a member having a small surface free energy, is poorly impregnated, the diffusibility of lithium ions at the interface is lowered, and the charge / discharge characteristics are lowered.
[0006]
In order to solve these problems, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-173651 attempts to improve the charge / discharge characteristics by adding fluoropolyoxyethylene ether to the electrolytic solution. However, if the fluoroalkyl group of the fluoropolyoxyethylene ether has a large number of carbon atoms, or if the polyoxyethylene chain is long, it has the effect of improving the impregnation property of the electrolyte into the electrode, It becomes resistance of the diffusion of lithium ions in the electrolytic solution, and the charge / discharge characteristics are conversely lowered.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that improves the impregnation property of a non-aqueous electrolyte solution into a battery member and has high capacity and excellent rapid charge / discharge characteristics. And
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a specific configuration, the present invention solves the problem by reducing the surface tension of the non-aqueous electrolyte and improving the impregnation of the electrolyte into the electrode.
[0009]
That is, the gist of the present invention is as follows.
[1] In a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium and a positive electrode and an electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent,
(1) The negative electrode includes a carbonaceous material in which the d value of the lattice plane (002 plane) in X-ray diffraction is in the range of 0.335 to 0.34 nm.
(2) The non-aqueous solvent contains 70% by volume or more of a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more, and (3) a nonionic fluorine-based surfactant is added to the electrolytic solution,
A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
[0010]
[2] At least one nonionic fluorosurfactant is represented by the following general formula (I):
[0011]
[Formula 4]
[0012]
(In the formula, R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Rf is a perfluoroalkyl group, X is a nonionic H, C, O, N, P, and S having a molecular weight of 200 or less composed of one or more elements selected from H, C, O, N, P, and S) A divalent linking group, m is the number of oxyethylene units), and a polyoxyethylene ether having a perfluoroalkyl group, wherein m is 2 to 10 and Rf has 2 to 2 carbon atoms. 10. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery as described above.
[0013]
[3] Lithium can be occluded / released, and the negative electrode contains a carbonaceous material in which the d value of the lattice plane (002 plane) in X-ray diffraction is in the range of 0.335 to 0.34 nm. A non-aqueous electrolyte for a secondary battery for use in combination with a negative electrode and a positive electrode, comprising a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, wherein the non-aqueous solvent contains a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more and 70% by volume or more. An electrolyte solution for a non-aqueous secondary battery, comprising: a nonionic fluorine-based surfactant added to the electrolyte solution.
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is a carbonaceous material capable of inserting and extracting lithium and having a lattice plane (002 plane) d value in the range of 0.335 to 0.34 nm in X-ray diffraction. A negative electrode containing a material, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in a nonaqueous solvent containing 70% by volume or more of a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more, and a nonionic fluorine-based interface in the electrolyte An activator is added.
[0015]
In the present invention, the nonionic fluorosurfactant added to the electrolytic solution is one obtained by substituting all or part of the hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon group, which is a hydrophobic group of the surfactant, with fluorine atoms. The effect of reducing the tension is very large. In addition, it has the advantages of excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance and oxidation resistance, and little decomposition in the battery. Since the ionic fluorosurfactant is not sufficiently soluble in the electrolytic solution, a nonionic fluorosurfactant is used in the present invention. Such nonionic fluorosurfactants are not particularly limited. For example, perfluoroalkyl polyoxyethylene ethanol, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid ester, partially fluorinated alkyl polyoxyethylene ethanol, and partially fluorinated alkyl carboxylic acid ester. Etc. Among these, perfluoroalkyl polyoxyethylene ethanol and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid ester are preferable.
[0016]
At least one nonionic fluorosurfactant added to the electrolytic solution is represented by the following general formula (I):
[0017]
[Chemical formula 5]
[0018]
Wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, X is a divalent linking group having a molecular weight of 200 or less, consisting of one or more elements selected from nonionic H, C, O, N, P and S, Rf Is a perfluoroalkyl group, m is the number of oxyethylene units), and is a polyoxyethylene ether having a perfluoroalkyl group, wherein m is 2 to 10 and Rf has 2 to 2 carbon atoms. Can be 10.
[0019]
Here, the polyoxyethylene ether having a perfluoroalkyl group may contain, as a by-product, m having an oxylene unit number of less than 2 or exceeding 10, and Rf has a carbon number of less than 2 or 10 More perfluoroalkyl groups may be included as by-products. The total amount of by-products is usually 10% by weight or less, preferably 5% by weight or less, more preferably 2% by weight or less based on the total weight of polyoxyethylene ether containing by-products.
[0020]
The perfluoroalkyl group Rf of the polyoxyethylene ether represented by the general formula (I) is one in which all the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are substituted with fluorine atoms, and the effect of reducing the surface tension is very large. Impregnation of the electrolyte into the electrode can be enhanced. In addition, it has the advantages of excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance and oxidation resistance, and little decomposition in the battery. As the perfluoroalkyl group Rf, one having 2 to 10 carbon atoms in Rf is used, and preferably 4 to 8 in order not to prevent diffusion of lithium ions in the battery.
[0021]
The number m of oxyethylene units of the polyoxyethylene ether represented by the general formula (I) is such that m is 2 to 10 so as not to prevent the diffusion of lithium ions in the battery. Is 2-8, more preferably 2-6.
[0022]
In the polyoxyethylene ether represented by the general formula (I), X, which is a linking group of a perfluoroalkyl group and a polyoxyethylene chain, is not sufficiently soluble in an electrolyte solution when it is ionic. Ionic ones are preferred. From the viewpoint of the stability of the compound, those composed of one or more elements selected from hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are preferred. Further, from the viewpoint of lithium ion diffusibility, the molecular weight is preferably 200 or less. Examples of the linking group X include alkylene, N-alkylsulfonamide, monohydroxyalkylene, ether, thioether, amine, carboxylic acid ester, phosphoric acid ester, sulfuric acid ester and the like. Among them, alkylene, N-alkylsulfonamide, mono Hydroxyalkylene is preferred. In the case of an alkylene group or a monohydroxyalkylene group, the number of carbon atoms is preferably 1-8, more preferably 1-6, and particularly preferably 1-4. In the case of an N-alkylsulfonamido group, the alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
[0023]
The addition amount of the nonionic fluorosurfactant to the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is preferably 0.001 to 2% by weight, more preferably 0.001 to 1.0%, based on the total weight of the nonaqueous solvent. % By weight. Furthermore, the range of 0.001 to 0.2% by weight is particularly preferable in terms of battery performance.
[0024]
In the present invention, the non-aqueous solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more and 70% by volume or more based on the total capacity of the non-aqueous solvent. The content of the solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more is preferably 80% by volume or more, more preferably 90% by volume or more.
[0025]
As long as it has the above composition, the type of the solvent constituting the non-aqueous solvent used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and di-n. -Chain carbonates such as propyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (preferably those having an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms), cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, chain ethers such as dimethoxyethane and dimethoxymethane, Cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone, chain carboxylic acid esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl propionate, sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane, diethyl sulfone, dimethyl sulfite and diethyl sulfite Yellow organic solvents, phosphorus-containing organic solvents such as trimethyl phosphate and triethyl phosphate, and the like can be mixed and used.
[0026]
Among them, as the nonaqueous solvent of the electrolytic solution, a combination of solvents containing a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more with 70% by volume or more with respect to the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent and a flash point of 70 ° C. or more Is preferable from the viewpoint of high-temperature stability. More preferably, it is a combination of solvents containing a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more 80% by volume or more and having a flash point of 80 ° C. or more, and among them, a combination having a flash point of 90 ° C. or more. Particularly preferred.
[0027]
The solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more is preferably selected from cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, or cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone. Particularly preferred is a case where ethylene carbonate is contained in an amount of 20% by volume or more based on the total volume of the nonaqueous solvent.
[0028]
In the present invention, the non-aqueous solvent selected from the preferred cyclic carbonate and cyclic carboxylic acid ester, vinylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, vinyl ethylene carbonate, propane sultone, phenyl ethylene carbonate, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, One or more compounds selected from carboxylic acid anhydrides such as phthalic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, etc., in an amount of 0.1 to 7% by weight, preferably It is particularly preferable to add 0.2 to 5% by weight. Among these, addition of vinylene carbonate is particularly preferable.
[0029]
In the present invention, a lithium salt is used as the solute of the electrolytic solution. The type of lithium salt is not particularly limited as long as it can be used as a solute of an electrolytic solution. For example, inorganic lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) (C 4 Fluorine-containing organic lithium salts such as F 9 SO 2 ) and LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 can be used. Among them, it is preferable to use LiPF 6 or LiBF 4 . Two or more kinds of these lithium salts may be mixed and used.
[0030]
The molar concentration of the lithium salt as the solute of the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.5 to 3.0 mol / liter. When the molar concentration of the solute is within this range, the electric conductivity of the electrolytic solution does not decrease, and the battery performance does not decrease.
[0031]
In the present invention, the above non-aqueous electrolyte solution can be combined with a negative electrode active material and a positive electrode active material to form a lithium secondary battery.
[0032]
In the present invention, the negative electrode constituting the battery is made of a carbonaceous material capable of occluding and releasing lithium and having a d-value on the lattice plane (002 plane) in the X-ray diffraction of 0.335 to 0.34 nm. Contained in the material. Specific examples of such a carbonaceous material include graphite-based carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite and natural graphite. Preferably, artificial graphite produced by high-temperature heat treatment of graphitizable pitch obtained from various raw materials, and other artificial graphite and purified natural graphite such as graphitized mesophase spherules, graphitized mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, or these A material obtained by subjecting various graphites to various surface treatments including pitch can be used.
[0033]
These carbonaceous materials have a lattice plane (002 plane) d value (interlayer distance) of 0.335 to 0.34 nm determined by X-ray diffraction by the Gakushin method. It is more preferable that it is 337 nm, and it is particularly preferable that it is 0.335 to 0.336 nm. The ash content in the carbonaceous material is preferably 1% by weight or less, more preferably 0.5% by weight or less, and more preferably 0.1% by weight or less based on the total weight of the carbonaceous material. Is particularly preferred. The crystallite size (Lc) determined by X-ray diffraction by the Gakushin method is preferably 30 nm or more, more preferably 50 nm or more, and particularly preferably 100 nm or more.
[0034]
The median diameter of the carbonaceous material as measured by the laser diffraction / scattering method is preferably 1 to 100 μm, more preferably 3 to 50 μm, still more preferably 5 to 40 μm, and 7 to 30 μm. It is particularly preferred. BET specific surface area is preferably from 0.3~25.0m 2 / g, more preferably from 0.5 to 20.0 m 2 / g, in 0.7~15.0m 2 / g More preferably, it is 0.8 to 10.0 m 2 / g. Further, in the Raman spectrum analysis using argon ion laser light, the intensity ratio of the peaks in the range of 1580~1620cm -1 PA (peak intensity IA) and the range of 1350 -1 peak PB (peak intensity IB) R = IB / IA is preferably from 0 to 1.2, the half-value width of the peak in the range of 1580~1620cm -1 26cm -1 or less, and particularly preferably between 25 cm -1 or less.
[0035]
In particular, among the above carbonaceous materials, a carbonaceous material having a high degree of graphitization (for example, a graphite-based carbonaceous material having a lattice plane (002 plane) d value of 0.335 to 0.337 nm) is mixed with an organic substance or the like. A material in which amorphous carbon is formed on a part or all of the surface using a CVD method or the like can be suitably used as the carbonaceous material.
[0036]
Examples of the organic substances include coal tar pitch from soft pitch to hard pitch, heavy coal oil such as dry distillation liquefied oil, straight heavy oil such as atmospheric residual oil and vacuum residual oil, crude oil, naphtha, etc. Petroleum heavy oil such as cracked heavy oil (for example, ethylene heavy end) by-produced during thermal decomposition of Moreover, what grind | pulverized the solid residue obtained by distilling these heavy oils at 200-400 degreeC to 1-100 micrometers can also be used. Furthermore, vinyl chloride resin and these resin precursors which become phenol resin or imide resin by firing can be used.
[0037]
For mixing the above-mentioned graphite-based carbonaceous material and organic matter, it is possible to use a kneading mixer using a rotary blade, a kneader, a kneading mixer, a kneading mixer such as a roll mixer, etc. V-type mixers, cylindrical mixers, double-cone mixers, ribbon-type mixers using mixing blades, paddle dryers using rotating paddles, etc. Can also be used.
[0038]
Furthermore, the material obtained by firing the mixture of the graphite-based carbonaceous material and the organic material thus obtained in an inert gas atmosphere to form amorphous carbon on part or all of the surface is used as the carbonaceous material. be able to. Nitrogen, argon, etc. can be used as the inert gas. Moreover, the range of 400-2000 degreeC is preferable, and the range of 700-1500 degreeC is more preferable for baking temperature.
[0039]
The carbonaceous material may be used by further mixing with another negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium. Examples of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium other than the carbonaceous material include metal oxide materials such as tin oxide and silicon oxide, lithium metal, and various lithium alloys. Two or more kinds of these negative electrode materials may be mixed and used.
[0040]
The method for producing a negative electrode using these negative electrode materials is not particularly limited. For example, a negative electrode can be produced by adding a binder, a thickener, a conductive material, a solvent, and the like to the negative electrode material as necessary to form a slurry, applying the slurry to the substrate of the current collector, and drying. . Further, the negative electrode material can be roll-formed as it is to obtain a sheet electrode, or a pellet electrode can be obtained by compression molding.
[0041]
The binder that can be used for the production of the electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that is stable to the solvent and the electrolyte used in the production of the electrode. Specific examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene / butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, and butadiene rubber.
[0042]
Examples of the thickener that can be used for the production of the electrode include carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, and casein.
[0043]
Examples of the conductive material that can be used for manufacturing the electrode include metal materials such as copper and nickel, and carbonaceous materials such as graphite and carbon black.
[0044]
The negative electrode current collector can be made of a metal such as copper, nickel, and stainless steel, and is preferably a copper foil from the viewpoint of easy processing into a thin film and cost.
[0045]
In the present invention, for the positive electrode constituting the battery, a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium can be used as the positive electrode active material. For example, lithium such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, and lithium manganese oxide can be used. A transition metal complex oxide is mentioned.
[0046]
The manufacturing method of a positive electrode is not specifically limited, It can manufacture according to said manufacturing method of a negative electrode. Moreover, the shape can be made into the pellet electrode which gave the sheet | seat electrode apply | coated to the electrical power collector, and after having mixed with the binder and the electrically conductive agent as needed.
[0047]
As the material for the positive electrode current collector, a metal such as aluminum, titanium, or tantalum or an alloy thereof can be used, and among these, aluminum or an alloy thereof is particularly lightweight, and thus is particularly preferable in terms of energy density.
[0048]
In the present invention, the shape of the battery includes a cylinder type in which the sheet electrode and the separator are spiral, a cylinder type having an inside-out structure in which the pellet electrode and the separator are combined, a coin type in which the pellet electrode and the separator are stacked, and the like. As the separator constituting the battery, a porous sheet or a nonwoven fabric made of a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene can be used.
[0049]
【Example】
Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples unless it exceeds the gist.
[0050]
Example 1
(Preparation of electrolyte)
As for the electrolytic solution, LiBF 4 sufficiently dried under a dry argon atmosphere was used as a solute, and vinylene carbonate was added to a mixture (2: 8 volume ratio) of ethylene carbonate and γ-butyrolactone to the total weight of the above mixture. Fluorinated alkyl polyoxyethylene ethanol having a perfluoroalkyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (made by Du Pont, trade name ZONYL FSO-100) at a ratio of 2% by weight to the total amount of the above mixture. It was dissolved at a rate of 0.2% by weight with respect to the weight, and LiBF 4 was further dissolved at a rate of 1.5 mol / liter.
[0051]
(Production of negative electrode)
As negative electrode active material, d value of lattice plane (002 plane) in X-ray diffraction is 0.336 nm, crystallite size (Lc) is 100 nm or more (652 nm), ash content is 0.07% by weight, by laser diffraction / scattering method median diameter is 12 [mu] m, BET method specific surface area of 7.5 m 2 / g, a peak PA (peak intensity IA) in the range of 1580~1620Cm -1 in the Raman spectrum analysis using an argon ion laser beam and 1350 -1 Natural graphite powder having an intensity ratio R = IB / IA of 0.12 and a peak width in the range of 1580 to 1620 cm −1 in the range of 19.9 cm −1 (Kansai Thermochemical Co., Ltd.) Manufactured, trade name: NG-7) 5 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride was mixed with 95 parts by weight and dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a slurry. After uniformly coating on a copper foil of m and drying, it was punched into a disk shape having a diameter of 12.5 mm to obtain a negative electrode.
[0052]
[Production of positive electrode]
As a positive electrode active material, 6 parts by weight of carbon black and 9 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (made by Kureha Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name KF-1000) are added to 85 parts by weight of LiCoO 2 , mixed, and dispersed with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The slurry was uniformly applied onto a 20 μm-thick aluminum foil as a positive electrode current collector, dried, and then punched into a disk shape having a diameter of 12.5 mm to obtain a positive electrode.
[0053]
Using these negative electrode, positive electrode, and electrolyte, the positive electrode is placed in a stainless steel can that also serves as the positive electrode conductor, and the negative electrode is mounted on a polyethylene separator on which the electrolyte is impregnated. I put it. The can body and a sealing plate that also serves as the negative electrode conductor were caulked and sealed via an insulating gasket to produce a coin-type battery.
[0054]
Comparative Example 1
As an electrolytic solution, vinylene carbonate is mixed in a mixture (2: 8 volume ratio) of ethylene carbonate and γ-butyrolactone, 2% by weight with respect to the total weight of the above mixture, and LiBF 4 is further added in an amount of 1.5 mol / liter. A coin-type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the one prepared by dissolving at a ratio of 1 was used.
[0055]
Example 2
As an electrolyte, vinylene carbonate in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (5: 5 volume ratio) at a ratio of 2% by weight with respect to the total weight of the above mixture, and fluorinated alkyl polyoxyethylene ethanol (Du Pont) Made by dissolving 0.2% by weight of the total weight of the above mixture and further dissolving LiPF 6 at a rate of 1.0 mol / liter. A coin-type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was used.
[0056]
Comparative Example 2
As an electrolytic solution, vinylene carbonate was mixed in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (5: 5 volume ratio) at a ratio of 2% by weight with respect to the total weight of the mixture, and further LiPF 6 was added at 1.0 mol / liter. A coin-type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the one prepared by dissolving at a ratio was used.
[0057]
The batteries produced in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were charged and discharged three times at a constant current of 0.8 mA and a charge end voltage of 4.2 V and a discharge end voltage of 3.0 V at 25 ° C. After that, the battery is charged by the constant current / constant voltage method with the upper limit of 0.8mA and 4.2V, and discharged to 3V with the discharge current of 0.2C (0.8mA), 1C (4mA) and 2C (8mA). It was. Here, 1C represents a current value that can be fully charged in one hour, 0.2C is a current value that is 1/5 of the current value, and 2C is a current value that is twice that of the current value.
Note that the discharge rate defined by the following equation was used as an index for determining the superiority or inferiority of the discharge load characteristics. The larger this value, the better the load characteristics.
[0058]
1C / 0.2C discharge rate = (1C discharge capacity / 0.2C discharge capacity) × 100 (%)
2C / 0.2C discharge rate = (2C discharge capacity / 0.2C discharge capacity) × 100 (%)
[0059]
The discharge rate in each battery is shown in Table-1.
[0060]
[Table 1]
[0061]
In Comparative Examples 1 and 2, since an electrolytic solution having a large surface tension was used, the separator was not impregnated and did not operate. In Examples 1 and 2, the electrolytic solution was obtained by adding a nonionic fluorine-based surfactant. Since the surface tension of the separator decreased and the impregnation property of the separator, the positive electrode, and the negative electrode increased, it was able to operate normally.
[0062]
【Effect of the invention】
By using the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention, a battery excellent in high-speed charge / discharge characteristics can be produced, which can contribute to high performance of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
Claims (5)
ことを特徴とする非水系二次電池用電解液。A negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium, a negative electrode including a carbonaceous material having a d-value in the range of 0.335 to 0.34 nm in a lattice plane (002 plane) in X-ray diffraction; in combination for use, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, it was dissolved a lithium salt in a nonaqueous solvent, the nonaqueous solvent, the relative dielectric constant 25 or more solvents 90 The lithium salt contains LiPF 6 or LiBF 4 and a nonionic fluorine-based surfactant is added to the electrolyte solution , and at least one of the nonionic fluorine surfactants is contained The following general formula (I):
An electrolyte for a non-aqueous secondary battery.
(1)負極は、X線回折における格子面(002面)のd値が0.335〜0.34nmの範囲である炭素質材料を含むものであること、
(2)非水溶媒が、比誘電率25以上の溶媒を90容量%以上含有すること、
(3)リチウム塩が、LiPF 6 又はLiBF 4 を含有すること、及び
(4)電解液中に非イオン性フッ素系界面活性剤が添加されており、該非イオン性フッ素界面活性剤の少なくとも一種が、下記一般式(I):
を特徴とする非水系電解液二次電池。In a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a negative electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium and a positive electrode and an electrolytic solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in a non-aqueous solvent,
(1) The negative electrode includes a carbonaceous material in which the d value of the lattice plane (002 plane) in X-ray diffraction is in the range of 0.335 to 0.34 nm.
(2) the nonaqueous solvent contains 90 % by volume or more of a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 25 or more,
(3) The lithium salt contains LiPF 6 or LiBF 4 and ( 4 ) a nonionic fluorosurfactant is added to the electrolyte , and at least one of the nonionic fluorosurfactants is The following general formula (I):
A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
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| WO2018105970A1 (en) * | 2016-12-09 | 2018-06-14 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Non-aqueous electrolyte, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
| WO2022092831A1 (en) * | 2020-10-30 | 2022-05-05 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
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| KR100813240B1 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2008-03-13 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | Organic electrolytic solution and lithium battery employing the same |
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| JP3311104B2 (en) * | 1993-09-17 | 2002-08-05 | 株式会社東芝 | Lithium secondary battery |
| JP3467812B2 (en) * | 1993-12-01 | 2003-11-17 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Chemical battery |
| JPH07263027A (en) * | 1994-03-22 | 1995-10-13 | Sony Corp | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| JPH1012273A (en) * | 1996-06-25 | 1998-01-16 | Sony Corp | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| US5811221A (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 1998-09-22 | Kodak Polychrome Graphics, Llc | Alkaline developing composition and method of use to process lithographic printing plates |
| US6358601B1 (en) * | 1997-07-11 | 2002-03-19 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Antistatic ceramer hardcoat composition with improved antistatic characteristics |
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| JP2000195550A (en) * | 1998-12-28 | 2000-07-14 | Toshiba Corp | Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
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| US10741878B2 (en) | 2016-12-09 | 2020-08-11 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery including the same |
| WO2022092831A1 (en) * | 2020-10-30 | 2022-05-05 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
| US12456755B2 (en) | 2020-10-30 | 2025-10-28 | Lg Energy Solution, Ltd. | Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery, and lithium secondary battery comprising same |
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