JP5268263B2 - Fibrous greening base material and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fibrous greening base material suitable for plant raising, and economical and useful especially for greening a road such as a face of slope or rooftop greening. <P>SOLUTION: This fibrous greening base material is obtained by adding a used paper crushed product, a water-soluble high polymer substance, and an auxiliary to highly hydrous specific mud, and mixing the product so as to bring soil granules into aggregate, and drying the aggregate to solidify followed by cracking. The evaluation of each performance item of many kinds of samples, (1-1) - (1-7) and (2-2) - (2-6) which are different in the ratio of soil granule quantity/used paper crushed product quantity is performed. A desired value in each performance item is cleared by bringing the ratio of soil granule quantity/used paper crushed product quantity to a range of 5.0-6.0, and the ratio of soil granule quantity/used paper crushed product quantity becomes the lowest value so as to offer the inexpensive fibrous greening base material with less quantity of used paper. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a fiber-treated soil obtained by modifying a construction-high water content mud soil or purified water generation soil, which has conventionally had to be treated as an industrial waste at a great expense, particularly a plant. The present invention relates to a useful fibrous greening base material that has excellent performance with respect to important evaluation items when viewed from the viewpoint of nurturing, and is particularly suitable for road greening such as slopes or rooftop greening, and a method for producing the same Is.

  In recent years, environmental problems related to global warming have become major social problems, and efforts are being made against global warming in various fields. In addition to global warming, urban areas are covered with buildings and paved roads, and since there are few green spaces, the cooling effect by evaporation is small. The amount of energy consumed by building air conditioning, transportation, and various urban activities is large, and the atmosphere surrounding the city is warmed, causing the heat island phenomenon. As one of the methods to alleviate this heat island phenomenon, rooftop greening is promising. The effects of greening on the temperature rise have already been confirmed, and there is a movement to make rooftop greening mandatory for buildings over a certain area. In addition, the psychological effects of greening have been attracting attention in houses, condominiums, hospitals, etc., and societal demands for rooftop greening are increasing.

  By the way, in order to promote resource recycling of waste materials that have been treated and disposed of as waste, research on artificial lightweight soil that reuses construction-generated soil, crushed stone residue, and volcanic ash soil has been conducted. There is generally a lack of research on the reuse of greening base materials using industrial waste such as water-containing mud and purified water generation soil.

Therefore, the applicant of the present application has proposed various inventions for manufacturing planted soil by recycling construction high water content mud soil and the like as shown in Patent Documents 1 to 3 below.
JP 2005-269969 A JP 2005-269970 A Japanese Patent No. 3828737

  The planting soil proposed by the present applicant in each of the above patent documents is useful as an invention for producing a greening base material by recycling construction high water content mud soil or purified water generation soil, etc. In the research on greening base materials produced by recycling construction high water content mud soil and purified water generation soil, etc., it has particularly excellent performance on important evaluation items from the viewpoint of plant cultivation, Efforts have been made to provide useful fibrous greening base materials that are particularly suitable for greening or rooftop greening.

  Therefore, the present application is based on the technology of the greening base material manufactured by recycling the construction high water content mud soil and the purified water generation soil proposed by the applicant of the present application, and further has characteristics suitable for plant growth, such as a slope surface, etc. An object of the present invention is to provide an industrially useful fiber planting base material that is particularly suitable for road planting or rooftop planting and has economical efficiency.

The fibrous greening base material described in claim 1 aggregates the soil particles by adding and mixing waste paper crushed material, a water-soluble polymer substance, and an auxiliary agent to mud containing soil particles and water, In the fibrous greening base material which is crushed after drying and solidifying this aggregate,
The ratio of (amount of the soil particles) / (amount of the crushed waste paper) is in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 (however, the water content ratio of mud water is 200%, the waste paper is crushed) Except when the amount of the product added is 70-80 kg) .

The fibrous greening base material according to claim 2 is obtained by adding a waste paper crushed material, a water-soluble polymer substance, and an auxiliary agent to a muddy water containing soil particles and water, thereby mixing the muddy water with the fibrous material. The water-soluble polymer substance reacts with the adsorbed water on the surface of the soil particles to bind the soil particles by a crosslinking action, and the auxiliary promotes the aggregation of the soil particles, The crushed surface of the particles coated with the water-soluble polymer substance containing the solid component of the muddy water, the waste paper crushed material, and the auxiliary agent by crushing after drying and aggregation solidification In the fibrous greening base material that is exposed,
The ratio of (amount of the soil particles) / (amount of the crushed waste paper) is in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 (however, the water content ratio of mud water is 200%, the waste paper is crushed) Except when the amount of the product added is 70-80 kg) .

The method for producing a fibrous greening base material according to claim 3, wherein the soil particles are aggregated by adding and mixing waste paper crushed material, a water-soluble polymer substance, and an auxiliary agent to muddy water containing soil particles and water. In the method for producing a fibrous greening base material that is granulated, dried and aggregated and then crushed,
The ratio value of (the amount of the soil particles) / (the amount of the crushed waste paper) is in a range of 5.0 to 6.0 (however, the water content ratio of muddy water is 200%, Except when the amount of waste paper crushed is 70-80 kg) .
In the embodiment of the present invention, the “high water content mud” is a mud containing soil particles and water, and is a mud with a high water content containing soil particles such as construction high water content mud and purified water generation soil. means. In addition, the soil particles are soil particles having a density in general soil properties, that is, the density of main minerals and soil particles in the general soil properties, as shown in a plurality of examples in the experiment of the embodiment described later. The soil particles in the range of 2.5 to 2.9 [g / cm ³ ], which are known as examples, are shown.

  According to the fiber planting base material and the method for producing the same of the present invention, important evaluation items from the viewpoint of plant growth, such as effective water retention, water permeability, specific gravity when wet, solid phase rate, gas phase rate, positive Satisfactory performance in ion exchange capacity, etc. can be obtained with the minimum amount of waste paper added, so the most economical formulation can achieve the objectives of greening (eg road greening on slopes or rooftop greening, etc.) to the maximum In addition, it can contribute to the recycling of industrial waste such as construction high moisture content mud soil and purified water generation soil.

In the present embodiment, construction high water content mud soil and water generation soil (generally referred to as “high water content mud”), which is a mud containing soil particles and water, is improved by the method of the present invention to produce the fiber planting of the present invention. A method for manufacturing the base material will be described in detail. In addition, by verifying the soil physics properties of the fibrous greening base material through field tests, the effectiveness as a greening base material is confirmed, and the amount of soil particles / waste paper that provides the effectiveness and satisfies the economics The value (or range) of the crushed material ratio was examined.

  In the following description, the fiber-treated soil is a high water content specific mud soil (for example, a construction high water content specific mud soil or a purified water generation soil), a waste paper crushed material, and a polymer improver that is a water-soluble polymer substance, A treated soil produced by adding and mixing auxiliaries such as metal salts. In addition, the base material produced | generated for road greening, such as a slope surface, or rooftop greening, is defined as a fiber greening base material here by using fiber-treated soil as a material.

1.1 Functional evaluation as a greening base material 1.1.1 Function of road greening on slopes, etc.

As shown in Fig. 1, road greening has many functions including main functions classified into landscape improvement function, living environment conservation function, green shade formation function, traffic safety function, natural environment conservation function and disaster prevention function. Even when planted for the purpose of a specific function, various effects are brought about. Above all, it is the greatest feature that other road facilities cannot see that it is made up of plant organisms and brings about unique effects of “friendly”, “moisture”, “feeling of life” and “relaxation”.

  In road greening, not only can the main functions to be maximized be demonstrated, but also other functions can be exerted widely to form a harmonious and friendly road environment. is necessary.

1.1.2 Functions such as rooftop greening

Rooftop gardening, etc., in cooperation with the greening of ordinary spaces, aims to improve the comfort of living spaces, various economic effects, and the environment improvement of the entire city, and also to improve the environment at the global level Is.

  The rapid concentration of population and operations in the city leads to a decrease in green, which is an important environmental property of the city, which causes various urban pollution such as the heat island phenomenon, which causes deterioration of the urban environment and living environment. ing. Compared to European and American cities, it is seen from the green facts of Japanese cities that are said to be greatly inferior in terms of quantity and quality, and also for the reduction of urgent urban pollution and the improvement of the global environment. Nowadays, the rapid expansion and improvement of the normal green space cannot be expected for the time being.

  The basic goal of urban development in the future is to create a city with a low impact on the urban environment (Circulation type and Symbiosis type).

Low load-Improvement of urban climate such as mitigation of heat island phenomenon, reduction of energy consumption in summer and winter.
Circulation-Create water and air circulation structures through increased water retention capacity and air purification.
Symbiosis-Improve urban environment by securing habitats for organisms everywhere.

  Rooftop greening, etc., is conscious of the above three roles, and is intended to play a role in improving the environment at the global level, starting with a familiar space, and eventually working in cooperation with the greening of the normal space. .

1.2 Performance of greening base material and test method 1.2.1 Setting of performance and target value of greening base material

The performance required as a greening base material includes "water retention", "lightness", "breathability", and "fertilization". Therefore, here, these factors are examined quantitatively, and it is confirmed whether or not the fiber-treated soil of this embodiment has the necessary performance as a greening base material. Specifically, the following four items are tested to evaluate the suitability as a greening base material.

・ Water retention → Effective moisture retention ・ Light weight → Specific gravity when wet ・ Breathability → Three-phase distribution (solid phase, liquid phase, gas phase distribution) and water permeability coefficient ・ Fertilization power → Cation exchange capacity (CEC: Cation Exchange) Capacity)

  Here, a target value (reference value) to be satisfied by the fiber-treated soil used for road greening and rooftop greening such as a slope is set, and quantitative evaluation of the greening base material is performed. Each target value and the reason for setting are described below. In addition, although lightness is not calculated | required in particular for the required performance of the base material for road greening, such as a slope, it has not been obsessed with being lightweight considering workability etc. Therefore, the lightness of the base material for road greening such as slopes is the same as the target value of the fiber-treated soil used for road greening for roofs and rooftop greening by applying the specific gravity when the base material for rooftop greening is wet. To do.

1) Effective moisture retention Effective municipal water renewal organization (UR city organization) “Common specifications for construction, 2000 technical data” includes effective soil moisture content (pF1) .8 to 3.0) is defined as 60 [l / m ³ ] or more, and mountain sand is defined as 60 [l / m ³ ] or more, and black soil is defined as 80 [l / m ³ ] or more.

In the “Greening Technology for Rooftop and Wall Planting Technology”, the Urban Greening Technology Development Organization, the foundation of artificial soil performance by rooftop greening is larger than 200 [l / m ³ ] in the range of pF1.5 to 3.8, 100 to 200 [l / m ³ ] is defined as a standard.

With reference to the above documents, the target performance value of the effective water retention amount of the fibrous greening base material is set to 100 [l / m ³ ] or more in the range of pF1.5 to 3.8.

2) Specific gravity when wet The Urban Greening Technology Development Organization, “Tobi, rooftop and wall surface greening technology”, pF1.5 has a specific gravity of 1.0 [-] or less as "light" and 0.6 [-] or less. Is defined as “ultra-light”.

  With reference to the above literature, the target performance value of the specific gravity when wet of the fibrous greening base material of the present invention is pF1.5 and the specific gravity is 1.0 [−] or less.

3) Solid-phase rate, vapor-phase rate Japan Road Association “Road Greening Technical Standards / Explanation” Document 4 Planting base survey shows that solid phase rate is less than 30% for volcanic ash soil, mineral soil Stipulates that it should be about 50% or less.

  On the other hand, according to “Basic Knowledge of Illustrated Soil” in the Agriculture, Mountain and Fishing Village Cultural Association, the distribution of crop roots is easy for 50% solid phase (4% humus), 25% liquid phase and 25% gas phase. The situation is specified.

  With reference to the above documents, the performance target value of the fibrous greening base material of the present invention is set to pF1.5 with a solid phase rate of 30% or less and a gas phase rate of 25% or more.

4) Permeability Coefficient The permeability coefficient k is stipulated to be 10 ^-3 [cm / s] or more as a measure of the performance of artificial soil by rooftop greening in the Urban Greening Technology Development Organization “Roboting of rooftop and wall surface greening technology”. .

On the other hand, in the Japan Road Association “Road Revegetation Technical Standards / Explanation” document 4 Planting Base Survey, the hydraulic conductivity should be 10 ^-3 [cm / s] or more, or the water reduction rate 36 [mm / hr] or more. It is prescribed.

With reference to the above documents, the performance target value of the hydraulic conductivity of the fibrous greening base material of the present invention is set to 10 ⁻³ [cm / s] or more.

5) Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
The Japan Road Association “Road Revegetation Technical Standards / Explanation” Document 4 Planting Base Survey stipulates that the planting area should be 6 [cmol (+) / kg] or more.

On the other hand, the National Rehabilitation Organization for Urban Renewal (UR Urban Organization) "Common Specifications for Construction, Technical Data for 2000" No.02-05-2, as a standard for quality of land such as slopes,
Cation exchange capacity of sandy soil 6 [cmol (+) / kg] or more Cation exchange capacity of mountain sand 6 [cmol (+) / kg] or more Cation exchange capacity of black soil 15 [cmol (+) / kg] or more It is prescribed.

  The performance target value of the cation exchange capacity of the fibrous greening base material of the present invention is set to 6 [cmol (+) / kg] or more with reference to the above documents.

1.2.2 Experimental sample

First, in order to examine whether or not it can be used as a greening base material, the muddy water-type propulsion method surplus mud (non-self-hardening high water content mud) was sampled from an actual construction site, and fiber-treated soil was generated. The muddy water particle size accumulation curve, soil particle density, silt / clay content, and initial water content are as shown in FIG. The particle size accumulation curve was measured according to JIS A1204 “Soil particle size test method”.
In addition, in the drawing of this application including FIG. 2 and the table of the specification of this application, the high moisture content mud soil is sometimes referred to as “construction sludge” in some cases.

  The mud production method was adjusted by adding water to the construction high water content mud soil with an initial water content ratio of W0 = 166.1% to create mud water with a water content ratio of 200%. As the fibrous material, used newspaper paper was cut to about 14 mm × 14 mm. An anionic polymer polyacrylamide (manufactured by Ternite: Bonteran-P (trademark)) was used as a polymer improver which is a water-soluble polymer substance. As the auxiliary, basic aluminum chloride (Ternite: Bonteran-L (trademark)), which is a metal salt, was used.

Examples of the water-soluble polymer substance used in the present invention include natural polymers, semi-synthetic polymers, and synthetic polymer substances. For example, synthetic water-soluble polymer powders having a main component of polyacrylic polymer (pH 7 to 8, water content) 10 ± 2%, bulk specific gravity 0.6-0.7, true specific gravity 1.4-1.5) and the like can be used. As for the water-soluble polymer substance, it is desirable to add 1 kg or more of the water-soluble polymer substance, for example, 1.2 kg as shown in Table 1 with respect to 1 m ³ of the target soil.
As the auxiliary used in the present invention, divalent and / or trivalent metal salts such as aluminum sulfate (sulfuric acid band), polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and the like can be used. As for the metal salt, it is desirable to add 8 kg or more with respect to 1 m ³ of the target soil, for example, 8.6 kg as shown in Table 1, in all the water content ratios (%) of the construction high water content mud soil.

  The construction high water content mud used in this experiment was confirmed to be safe from environmental standards related to soil contamination (environmental standards that should be maintained in order to protect human health and protect the living environment). It was implemented afterwards.

  Muddy water type propulsion method surplus mud water (non-self-hardening high water content mud, initial water content 166.1%) construction high water content mud soil shown in Fig. 2 is used as a raw material and the amount of each improved material added and production process Is as follows. The quantity of the improved material is the amount of each drug added studied from the viewpoint of agglomeration, and the value is shown in Table 1.

1) Put the construction high water content mud soil with an initial water content ratio of 166.1% into a 6.0 x 3.0 x 1.3m storage tank and adjust the water content to 200%. Thereafter, the volume of muddy water is measured as shown in FIG.
2) According to the addition amount determined from the viewpoint of agglomeration of the soil particles, the addition amount of the waste paper crushed material, the polymer-based modifier and the auxiliary agent is determined. The amount of muddy water and the amount added are shown in Table 2, and the confirmation of the amount of additive is shown in FIG.

3) As shown in Fig. 5, 1000kg of waste paper crushed material is added, and the waste paper crushed material and construction high water content mud soil are stirred and mixed with a backhoe with mixing.
4) As shown in FIG. 6, 17.1 kg of the polymer type improving agent and 122.9 kg of the auxiliary agent are added and stirred.
5) As shown in FIG. 7, it is confirmed that the particles are aggregated before the person can walk on the treated soil.
6) As shown in Fig. 8, the treated soil is sun-dried to a moisture content of 10 ± 5%.
7) As shown in Fig. 9, pulverize with a crusher and sieve with 8mm mesh sieve. Table 3 shows the specifications of the crusher.

  8) After crushing is completed, as shown in FIG.

1.2.3 Experimental method

(1) Effective moisture retention “Water retention” is an important basic performance required for greening base materials. Water present in the soil is one that moves down quickly after precipitation or irrigation, one that is retained in the soil to the extent that plants can absorb it, or one that is adsorbed to the soil so that plants cannot absorb (invalid There are three types of water), and the amount of water retained in the soil to the extent that the plant can absorb is called the effective water retention amount [l / m ³ ]. The effective water retention is determined by measuring the difference in water content in the pF value between two points, but usually the water content between pF1.8 and pF3.0 is measured. However, pF1.5 to pF3.8, the standard for rooftop greening, shall also be measured. pF is the absolute logarithm of the absolute value of the suction (suction force) required to take out the water retained in the soil gap, expressed in cm of water column height.

  The sample creation method is as follows. The liquid level is raised and saturated in several steps from the bottom of the sample mass about every hour. Finally, let the whole specimen soak in water and leave it for 12 hours. A sample adjusted to pF1.8 without tamping with a pressure plate is prepared in a mold with a diameter of 15 cm as shown in FIG. 11 with a layer of 2.5 kg of rammer at 17.5 cm, 10 times of ramming, and a drop height of 10 cm. .

  For measurement of effective water retention at pF1.5, 1.8, and 3.0 hours (pressurized plate method, measurement of mass at pF1.5, 1.8, and 3.0 hours), sample with a 400 ml core sampler from the center of the tamped sample. The prepared sample is used. The sample is set in a pressurizer (DAIKI Rika Kogyo Co., Ltd .: DIK-9220) shown in FIG. 12, and the air pressure is applied to the measured pF value and drained until equilibrium is reached, and the soil water potential in the sample is measured. In order to apply a positive air pressure, the sample is placed in a pressure chamber (pressurizer) and brought into contact with distilled water at atmospheric pressure through a ceramic plate.

  The wet mass of the equilibrated sample is measured and returned into the chamber. Repeat for each scheduled pressure. When the measurement at the planned pressure is completed, the oven is dried and the dry soil mass is measured.

  Measurement of effective moisture retention at pF3.8 (centrifugation, measurement of mass at pF3.8) is as described in the measurement method of the Urban Greening Technology Development Organization “Robbi / Greening Technology for Rooftops” The sample is collected by centrifugation, and the sample is collected from the center of the 400 ml core used in the pressure plate method and measured with a 100 ml core sampler.

As a general rule, use a centrifugal or fixed horizontal rotor (a type in which the container rotates horizontally). In this test, the fixed horizontal rotor centrifuge (Sakuma 50A-IVD) and the rotor (Sakuma HB-R) shown in FIG. 13 were used. Saturate the specimen in a capillary tube, place it in the centrifuge rotor, and cover the container with a vaporization prevention lid. The rotation radius r ₁ [cm] of the filter paper at the lower end of the specimen is measured and the rotation radius r ₂ [cm] at the center of the specimen is measured, and the rotation speed [rpm] at which the required potential value ψ is obtained is calculated by the following equation (1). .

The rotation speed is gradually increased, and when the obtained rotation speed n is reached, the rotation is continued until moisture equilibrium is reached. After the rotation is stopped, r ₁ [cm] is measured again, and this is used to calculate the correct potential value of soil water. Thereafter, the wet mass of the specimen is measured, and the specimen is oven-dried to measure the dry mass.

(2) Coefficient of permeability The permeability of soil is related to the pore composition of the soil and is linked to the permeability. When the water permeability is poor, it becomes moisture-damaged, and when it is excessive, it is easily damaged by drying. Further, depending on the pore composition, there may be soil having good water retention and water permeability.

  Permeability is evaluated by the permeability coefficient. This represents the speed of water moving through the soil. The sample creation method is as follows. That is, first saturate the sample and absorb water sufficiently for 24 hours. The specimen adjusted to pF1.8 without tamping is prepared in a 15cm mold with 17.5cm of layer and 2.5kg of rammer, 10 times of tamping, and 10cm drop height.

≪Measurement method≫
The water permeability coefficient is determined by the constant water level method using a sample collected from the center of the above-described specimen in a 400 ml core sampler using a constant water level water permeability test apparatus shown in FIG.

(3) Three-phase distribution The soil consists of three phases: solid inorganic and organic particles, and gas (soil air) and liquid (soil moisture) filling the gaps (pores). These are called the three phases of the soil. Each volume ratio is called a solid phase rate, a liquid phase rate (moisture rate), and a gas phase rate (air rate), and these ratio distributions are called three-phase distribution of soil.

  The three-phase distribution is defined to be measured at a pF of 1.5 as well as the specific gravity when wet. pF1.5 is called field capacity, which is the amount of water when it is left for more than one day when there is rainfall in well-drained soil. This corresponds to a state where gravity water is lost (a gas phase is secured) and all of the effective water (water that can be used by plants) is retained.

  The measurement was performed by an actual volume measurement method using a three-phase distribution tester (Daiki Rika Kogyo DIK-1120) shown in FIG. This measurement method is based on Boyle's law in which the state is expressed by equation (2) when the pressure P, volume V, and temperature T of the ideal gas.

  Since R is a constant, if the temperature is constant, the following equation is obtained.

  This relationship is approximately established under certain conditions even in a real gas. When the temperature is constant and the gas volume is changed by ΔV in a single air system as shown in FIG. 16, the pressure change ΔP caused by the change is obtained by the following equation (4).

  Therefore, the following equation (5) is obtained.

  That is, the pressure change ΔP accompanying the volume change ΔV is inversely proportional to the volume, and directly proportional to the initial pressure and the amount of change in volume. Of course, the direction of change is reversed, and an increase or decrease in volume causes a decrease or increase in pressure. Therefore, if the initial pressure is kept constant and the volume change amount is made constant, the change in pressure accompanying the change in volume is smaller as the initial volume is larger and the initial volume is smaller as long as the temperature is constant. It will be bigger. That is, in the expansion process of increasing the volume, the smaller the initial volume, the greater the degree of expansion, and the greater the pressure drop, and conversely, in the compression process of decreasing the volume, the smaller the initial volume, the lower the degree of compression. The pressure will increase and the pressure will increase.

  Next, the two air systems are connected by U-shaped communication pipes having the same inner diameter as shown in FIG. 17, and the water surfaces of the communication pipes are moved up and down to cause compression or expansion to be performed simultaneously on the left and right air systems. Think. All temperatures are constant at room temperature, and initial pressures are all equal to atmospheric pressure. That is,

This is a case where only the volumes are different as in Expression (6).
If V1> V2 at the beginning of operation, P1> P2 is always satisfied during the compression process, so the water surface in the communication pipe is higher on the V1 side with the larger volume. On the contrary, since P1> P2 is always satisfied in the expansion process, the diameter of the communication pipe is the same, so the water surface of the communication pipe always shows the same height in both the expansion and compression processes, and P1 = P2 always holds.

  Therefore, if the water level of the communication pipe cannot maintain the same height during the compression process, open the cock K1 or K2 to add water to the air chamber on the side where the water level of the communication pipe was high, and then reduce the air volume. Close and compress again, and check whether the water level of the communication pipe matches. By repeating this operation, the state of V1> V2 at the beginning of the operation can be returned to the state of V1 = V2, and the initial volume difference can be measured by measuring the amount of added water.

  On the other hand, if V1 = V2 but the addition of any substance on the V2 side causes the air volume to change and V1> V2, then the following equation (8) It holds.

  From the equation (8), the volume of the additional substance can be measured. The actual volume measuring device for soil utilizes this principle.

(4) Specific gravity when wet Lightness, an essential performance for greening soil for rooftop greening, is an important performance. Light weight in rooftop greening is an item to be considered when planning and designing, and the mass at the time of moisture absorption (during wetness) is displayed using the specific gravity at pF1.5. Shall use the same index. That is, the specific gravity when wet is measured by measuring the specific gravity of the soil at pF1.5 at the time of measuring the effective water retention, and displayed as the value.

(5) Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
Soil nutrients exist as cations after being dissolved in water, but soil colloids that make up clay and humus are negatively charged. Therefore, soil nutrients present as cations are electrically adsorbed by this negatively charged soil colloid. For this reason, it can be said that the retention capacity of soil nutrients is so large that soil particles are negatively charged. That is, the larger the value of the cation exchange capacity, the higher the retention ability (fertilizing ability) of bases (fertilizer). If fertilizer is high, fertilizer is used effectively, but if fertilizer is low, waste due to outflow of fertilizer increases, so reduce the amount of fertilizer once and increase the number of fertilizers, It is necessary to use fertilizer.

  Using ammonium acetate containing one kind of cation that is not substantially present in the soil, the leachate from the soil when it is added to the soil can be decomposed to determine the CEC value experimentally. At that time, in addition to the adsorbed cations in the leachate, cations that existed in the pore water are also included, so that it can be calculated from the following equation (9) to subtract them.

Here T _cat Each cation concentration in the leaching solution, T _an, is the anion concentration in the leaching solution.

(6) Experimental results and discussion Table 4 shows the results of the measurement of fiber-treated soil made from the high-moisture ratio mud soil discharged from the actual construction site and measured according to the method in 1.2.3. As shown in this table, the measured value of the effective water retention amount greatly exceeded the performance target. It was confirmed that the measured values of solid phase rate, hydraulic conductivity, and cation exchange capacity exceeded the target values.

  As described above, the fiber-treated soil created from the viewpoint of agglomeration has parameters that do not satisfy the target values, but the effective water retention and cation exchange capacity greatly exceed the target values, so greening It may be effective as a base material. Therefore, prior to studying the optimal amount of used paper, field tests were conducted to verify its effectiveness as a greening base material.

(7) Construction example Test construction was carried out with a thick-layer base material spraying work using the above-mentioned fiber-treated soil for road greening such as a slope as an experimental sample. Here, a vegetation survey was conducted 90 days after the construction, and it was verified whether the vegetation situation satisfied the standard value.

1) Test purpose The purpose of this test is to investigate whether the prepared fiber-treated soil can be effectively used as a slope greening base material by spraying thick-layer base material. In the present invention, a fibrous greening base material and a bark compost, which is a conventional greening base material, were targeted and thick layer base materials were sprayed at different mixing ratios, and the vegetation conditions were compared.

  Here, we will investigate the situation up to 90 days after construction and confirm that the standard values described in the “Road Road Construction Slope and Slope Stabilization Guideline” edited by the Japan Road Association are satisfied. Table 5 shows the standard for determining the results after seeding, which is the standard value.

2) Status of construction site This test was conducted in the Shinjo Core Industrial Park in Shinjo City, Yamagata Prefecture.
・ Construction site: Yamagata Prefecture Shinjo City, Fukuda, Fukuda
(Shinjo Core Industrial Park)
-Test date: September 6, 2002-Ground condition: Embankment slope-Gradient slope: 1: 2.0
・ Chairman: 5.5 [m]
・ Slope direction: Southeast ・ Meteorological conditions: Sunny Temperature 20 ℃ No wind

3) Construction details Wire meshing is applied to the above construction locations, and as shown in Fig. 18, the slope of the test is divided into 5 sections (A to E sections), and the composition of the greening base material is changed. I made spraying. The seeds used were one type of tall fescue (tall fescue is an exotic grass species with the characteristics of high applicability to various site conditions).

The expected number of germination (established) was 100 [lines / m ² ]. For normal grass species only, the standard design is around 500 [lines / m ² ]. However, if too many are set, there will be no difference in each formulation, making it impossible to determine growth. Then we reduced it as much as possible. Table 6 shows the seed amount calculation conditions.

The amount of mixed seeds is determined as follows.
Mixed seed amount = expected germination (established) number x (1 + correction based on construction site conditions)
* Multiplier converted to effective seeding amount per 1 m ³ / (number of seed grains x purity / 100 x germination rate / 100)
= 100 x (1 + 0.2) x 50 / (400 x 0.989 x 0.87)
≒ 18 [g / m ³ ]

4) Material composition plan Table 7 shows the material composition table, and Table 8 and FIG.

5) Spraying apparatus The spraying apparatus was performed using the normal mortar gun. FIG. 20 shows a flow diagram, and FIG. 21 shows the situation after the completion of spraying.

6) Thickness of base material after spraying 960 l of base material was sprayed on one section (3.0 m × 5.5 m = 16.5 m ² ), and the thickness after spraying was measured. The planned finishing thickness s is expressed by the following equation (10), where the consolidation ratio of the material by spraying is 2.

  The spraying thickness was measured at the intersections of the base-like eyes at intervals of 0.7 m. Table 9 shows the average value of the spraying thickness at 32 points in each test section. The actual spraying thickness is about 32 to 46mm, which is larger than the planned thickness.

  The finished amount with respect to the spraying area is calculated from the average spraying thickness, and the compaction and loss of the material are calculated by the following equation (11) at the ratio of the finished amount with respect to the spraying amount.

As shown in Table 9, the loss rate including consolidation was the smallest when the spraying material compounding ratio was 50:50 (test section B).

7) State of the base material after spraying In the case of a normal greening base material, the base materials are entangled with each other, and the joining material acts on this to prevent the base from being washed away. We examined whether the same entanglement occurred in the fiber-treated soil, and it could be a sufficient growth base without running away.

1. State before snowfall It rained on the third day after the spraying, but there was no runoff of the base material due to rain in any of the test areas.

2. State after snow melting In the test section where the percentage of fiber-treated soil was high, there was a concern that the base material would slide down along with the snow glite along the slope as the snow melted. Nothing happened.

8) Test results
1. Germination status As a method of confirming germination status, we observed the vegetation coverage, the number of plants grown (germination) and the plant height when looking at the entire slope surface 10m away from the slope surface. . FIG. 22 shows a method for confirming the number of germinated seeds by using chodrato.

  Germination was confirmed in about 2 weeks after spraying, and the time of germination was almost the same period. Germination conditions were particularly good in section A (100% fiber-treated soil) and section B (75% fiber-treated soil), and the other three sections had similar germination rates.

2. Situation 30 days after construction Figure 23 shows a panoramic view of the 30th day after construction, and Table 10 shows the number of plants grown and plant height 30 days after construction. Furthermore, FIG. 24 shows the percentage of the growth situation with the conventional method E as a comparison object, and FIG. 25 and FIG. 26 show the vegetation and growth situation 30 days after construction.

The number of growing seeds is 100 [lines / m ² ] of the expected number of germinations. In the A section (100% fiber-treated soil) and B section (75% fiber-treated soil), more than double germinate and grow, and the C section ( Fibrous treated soil (50%) and D section (fibrous treated soil 25%) started to germinate and grow as expected. In the E section (fiber-treated soil 0%), germination is still somewhat delayed.

3. Situation 90 days after construction Fig. 27 shows a panoramic view of 90 days after construction, and Table 11 shows the number of plants grown and plant height 90 days after construction. Further, FIG. 28 shows the percentage of the growth status with the conventional method E as a comparison target, and FIGS. 29 and 30 show the status of vegetation 90 days after construction.

Growth number is the number of more than twice unchanged from two months ago in A zone and B zone relative growth expected number 100 [present / m ^2] was grown. In the D section, the expected number grew as it was two months ago. In the C section, about twice as many grew during these two months, and the growth of twice the expected number was confirmed. The number of growing plants also increased in the E section, reaching 100 [lines / m ² ] as expected.

  In the first month, the C section, which was not so well grown, increased in growth, and the vegetation coverage increased in the order of the B section, the A section, the C section, and the D section and the E section.

  In B section and A section, the vegetation coverage 90 days after construction satisfied 70-80% or more.

  In this experiment, in order to make it easy to judge the difference in each formulation, the number was reduced as much as 1/5 compared to the normal number of expected germination (established). Soil 100%) and Section B (fiber-treated soil 75%) satisfied the vegetation coverage of 70-80% or more in the “Guideline for Road Slope and Slope Stabilization”.

  Compared with the bark compost, which is the base material used in the standard thick-layer base material spraying work, excellent growth was confirmed in the section where the fiber-treated soil was mixed.

1.3 Consideration on the optimal amount of waste paper and chemicals

1.2.3 (6) Experimental results and discussion, (7) From the results of construction examples, it was confirmed that the fiber-treated soil created in this embodiment is useful as a fiber planting base material. However, the fiber-treated soil created in 1.2.2 has been improved with the amount of waste paper added and the amount of chemicals added determined from the viewpoint of agglomeration. It cannot always be said that the amount added is optimum. Moreover, as mentioned above, the greening base material created previously has parameters that do not clear the target value.

  Therefore, here we change the amount of waste paper and chemicals added, quantitatively evaluate lightness, water retention, breathability, and fertilizer, determine the optimal amount of addition, and plant the fiber most suitable for plant growth. Propose the base material and its manufacturing method.

1.3.1 Preconditions for performance test of fiber-treated soil using high-moisture ratio mud soil / purified water generation soil as raw material

(1) Addition ratio of the amount of soil particles and the amount of crushed waste paper The manufacturing process of the fiber-treated soil in this embodiment is shown in FIG. The main differences from the manufacturing process of the fiber-solidified soil used for embankment and backfilling materials are that no cement-based solidification material is added, and that the product has been commercialized through drying, crushing, and sieving after completion of the muddy water improvement. It is. The fiber-treated soil that has undergone an appropriate drying process is a mixture of soil particles and waste paper crushed material. In other words, the fiber-treated soil is a treated soil in which soil particles and waste paper crushed material are combined with a polymer-based modifier and an auxiliary agent serving as an adhesive.

  In the fiber-solidified soil, the amount of waste paper crushed material added is determined from the viewpoint of workability and transportability, but in the production of the fiber-treated soil of this embodiment, the amount of soil particles and the amount of waste paper crushed material are added. Since the ratio is considered to influence the performance of the greening base material, it is necessary to determine the optimum addition amount (addition ratio).

Now, when the soil particle density is 2.6 [g / cm ³ ], the waste paper is crushed at each moisture content using the aggregated amount shown in Table 1 as the amount of soil particles in 1m ^{3 of} high moisture content mud soil and the improved material quantity in Table 1. FIG. 32 shows the relationship between the amount of added substances. General construction high water content mud soil (non-self-hardening high water content mud soil) has an average water content of about 200% at the time of factory arrival, and the mass of soil particles is 419 [kg / cm ³ ] from Fig. 32 I understand. The mass of waste paper crushed material added to muddy water with a water content of 200% is 70 [kg / m ³ ] as shown in Table 1, and the ratio between the amount of soil particles and the amount of waste paper crushed material added is the amount of soil particles / used paper The crushed material amount ratio is 5.99 [-].

On the other hand, when using purified water generated soil, the fiber-treated soil method improves the purified water discharged from the sun-dried floor in the purified water treatment and recycles it to the rooftop greening base material. Some purified water from sun-dried floors has a water content of over 500%. Assuming that the water content of the purified water generation soil is 500%, the amount of soil particles in 1 m ³ of mud is very small, about 185 [kg / m ³ ] as shown in FIG. As shown in Table 1, the amount of waste paper crushed material added to clean water generation soil with a water content of 500% is about 90 [kg / m ³ ], and the ratio of the amount of soil particles to the amount of waste paper crushed material added is the amount of soil particles / waste paper waste. The ratio is 2.06 [-]. The ratio of the amount of soil particles is 1 / 2.91 times that of construction high water content mud.

  Fig. 33 shows the relationship between the soil content / waste paper content ratio and the water content ratio determined from the relationship between the water content ratio determined from the viewpoint of workability and transportability and the amount of waste paper waste added, as shown in this figure. In addition, the ratio of the amount of soil particles / the amount of crushed waste paper varies depending on the water content ratio. Therefore, when recycling high-moisture specific mud soil as a greening base material, instead of simply determining the amount of waste paper crushed material added from the viewpoint of workability and transportability, it will function as a vegetation soil transfer. It is necessary to newly determine the amount of additive to be maximized.

(2) Drying condition As shown in FIG. 34, it is known that the pF-moisture curve differs depending on the soil state between a sample that is not disturbed by the same Kanto loam sample and an air-dried sample. This is presumably because the aggregate of the clay particles is agglomerated and coarsened by drying, and the water retention ability is reduced by the free hydration of the hydrated water.

  On the other hand, the manufacturing method of fiber-treated soil adopts the factory production method (this is called the DRY method because it includes a sun drying process), and the treated soil is manufactured by sun drying or mechanical drying. Has been. However, in dam construction and quarries, it is difficult to produce fiber-treated soil using the DRY method due to problems such as economic efficiency and weather conditions. In general, the water content of the treated soil of the manufacturing method (here called the WET method) that is not sun-dried and piled up in the stockyard is about W = 40% and was treated by the sun-drying method. The moisture content of the fiber-treated soil is about W = 10%. Therefore, in order to verify the optimum ratio of the amount of soil particles and waste paper crushed material, adjust the water content ratio to W1 = 40 ± 5% for the WET method and W2 = 10 ± 5% for the DRY method. It is necessary to evaluate the performance of the fiber-treated soil.

(3) Performance target value The performance target value of the fiber-treated soil is as shown in Table 4.
The experimental method for each performance test shall conform to the experimental method in 1.2.3.

1.3.2 Experimental sample

The blending test of the fiber greening base material uses simulated mud water that assumes the particle size distribution of the actual high moisture content mud soil, and adds the amount of soil particles and the amount of waste paper crushed material that is optimal for the required performance of road greening base materials such as slopes. Verify the ratio. Here, the moisture content after the drying process of the test specimen is made to correspond to the WET method and DRY method, W1 = 40 ± 5%, W2 = 10 ± 5%, and the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio The experiment is carried out with changes.

  Simulated muddy water was used for the experiment. In this experiment, inorganic soil particles were used, and the mud was made by mixing clay and silt at 40:60 and adjusting the water to make mud. The reason why the clay and silt were mixed at 40:60 was determined with reference to the particle size distribution of the actual muddy water type shield construction dehydrated cake shown in Table 12.

The purchased clay was Sumi clay (manufactured by Sumitomo Osaka Cement), and the silt used was Silt # 250 (manufactured by Marunaka Shirato). The particle size distribution, density, and specific surface area of each material are as shown in FIG. Since clay and silt were mixed at 40:60, the average soil particle density was 2.623 [g / cm ³ ].

1.3.3 Experimental method

As mentioned above, here we use simulated mud water and make samples with varying soil particle amount / waste paper fragment ratio. Immediately after the improvement, the test soil is manufactured in accordance with the normal fiber-treated soil manufacturing process (drying process → pulverization → sieving → product). Stop drying at 40 ± 5%. When preparing a sample by the DRY method, dry it until the water content becomes 10 ± 5%. This time, samples were prepared according to the formulation shown in Table 14.

The polymer improver and auxiliary agent were added at a fixed ratio to the volume of mud, the polymer improver was 1.2 [kg / m ³ ], and the auxiliary agent was 8.6 [kg / m ³ ]. As shown in Table 15, the sample is prepared as shown in Table 15 for soil particles, waste paper crushed material, polymer improver and auxiliary agent necessary for improving 30 l of muddy water having an initial water content ratio W ₀ = 300%. First, water is added to the soil particles to make simulated mud water with an initial water content of 300%. Next, the waste paper crushed material is added to the simulated muddy water, and the mixture is sufficiently stirred with an electric hand mixer, and then the polymer improver and the auxiliary agent are sequentially mixed. When stirring is complete, dry on a blue sheet to the sun and dry as a WET sample until the water content W1 = 40 ± 5%. The remaining sample is further dried and dried as a DRY sample until the water content W2 = 10 ± 5%. The sample after drying is stirred again with a hand mixer, the lump is crushed (disintegrated), and the sample that has passed through the 4.75 mm sieve is used as the sample. A sample with a large percentage of waste paper mixing, which was fluffy and difficult to pass through a sieve, was confirmed to have no lump of soil particles of 4.75 mm or more.

(1) Effective moisture retention FIG. 36 shows the relationship between the ratio of the amount of soil particles / waste paper waste and the effective moisture retention. FIG. 37 shows the relationship between the waste paper crushed material amount / soil particle amount ratio and the effective water retention amount. The reason why two indications are used in this way is that, for example, No. 1-1 has a waste paper crushed amount of 100%, so the soil particle amount is 0%, and the waste paper crushed material amount / soil particle amount ratio cannot be defined. . Therefore, they are displayed separately in FIG. 36 and FIG. The results considered from these figures are described below.

1. The effective water retention when the No. 1-7 soil particle amount is 100% shown in Fig. 37 is 177 [l / m ³ ] at pF1.5 to 3.8. The value 100 [l / m ³ ] is sufficiently satisfied. By the way, the values of black soil 130 [l / m ³ ] and sandy soil 90 [l / m ³ ] have been reported so far in the range of pF1.8 to 3.0.

  2. As shown in FIGS. 36 and 37, when W1 = 40% and W2 = 10% are compared, the effective water retention amount of W2 = 10% is low in all samples. 1.3.1 (2) The same results as described in the drying conditions were obtained, and it is considered that the soil particles were aggregated and agglomerated and coarsened by drying.

  For the WET W1 = 40% sample, there was a positive correlation between the amount of waste paper crushed and the effective water retention, but the trend was not observed with DRY W2 = 10%. Compared to No.2-6, No.2-5, and No.2-4, where the amount of waste paper crushed material is small, No.2-3, which has a large amount of waste paper crushed material, has a smaller amount of retained moisture. In No.2-3, the amount of crushed waste paper: the amount of soil particles is 4.0: 6.0, and the aggregates aggregate due to the mass balance of waste paper and soil particles and the synergistic effect of polymer modifiers and auxiliaries. This is thought to be due to the coarsening of the particles. In other words, the average size of coarse pores is larger than those of No.2-4, No.2-5, No.2-6 with a lot of soil particles, and coarse pores (non-capillary pores). This is thought to be due to the fact that the water retained in the pores increased to gravity water.

3. In No.2-2, the amount of waste paper crushed material: The amount of soil particles was 6.0: 4.0, and the percentage of waste paper crushed material was larger than No.2-3 and No.2-4. Even if the soil particles become coarse due to sufficient drying, 60% of the waste paper crushed material is mixed and the whole dry sample is fluffy, and there is no difference in DRY and WET due to the capillary action near the waste paper crushed material. It is thought that the moisture retention was secured. In the test results of the effective water retention amount, the results satisfying the water content of 100 [l / m ³ ] with the target value pF1.5 to 3.8 were obtained in all samples.

(2) Water Permeability Coefficient FIG. 38 shows the relationship between the water permeability coefficient and the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio. FIG. 39 shows the relationship between the hydraulic conductivity and the ratio of waste paper crushed material / soil particle content.
Now, in the downward movement of gravity water, the larger the coarse pores, the larger. Gravity water movement is closely related to water permeability and is evaluated by the water permeability coefficient. The hydraulic conductivity is obtained from the following equation (12) using Darcy's law.

  That is, since the water permeability coefficient defines the movement of gravity water after the sample reaches the water saturation state, it can be determined from FIG. 40 that the movement of the gravity water with the field capacity pF1.5 or less is acceptable. As shown in FIGS. 38 and 39, comparing the hydraulic conductivity of the WET and DRY states, as described above, the aggregates are aggregated and coarsened by drying, so that the amount of coarse pores increases and the hydraulic conductivity of DRY is larger. This greatly contributes to the improvement of water and enables rapid drainage of gravity water. Compared with WET, the improvement rate of hydraulic conductivity of No.2-2, No.2-3, and No.2-6 is remarkable.

From the test results of hydraulic conductivity, only No. 1-4 in the WET state satisfies the performance target value of 10 ^-3 [cm / s] or more. In the DRY state, all performance targets except for No.2-5 satisfied the performance target value. In addition, it was confirmed that the added amount of waste paper crushed material contributes to an increase in the effective water retention, but does not contribute much to the improvement of the hydraulic conductivity.

(3) Three-phase distribution The three-phase distribution is measured at a pF of 1.5 in the same manner as the specific gravity when wet. As shown in FIG. 40, pF1.5 is called the field capacity, which is the amount of water when there is rain on well-drained soil and it is left for more than a day. Gravity water is lost, the gas phase is secured, and all of the effective water of pF1.5-3.8 that can be used by plants is retained.

FIG. 41 shows the relationship between the three-phase distribution and the effective water retention (pF1.5 to 3.8) depending on the amount of waste paper waste added and the degree of dryness.
Comparing the ineffective water in the WET state and the DRY state (moisture absorption water and swelling water shown in FIG. 40), the DRY state generally decreases. As described above, the ineffective water is water that does not participate in the growth of plants, and is useful for the growth of plants if converted into effective water or gas phase. However, ineffective water is closer to the soil particles than effective water, and is adsorbed water or swollen water as shown in FIG.

  By the way, it is thought that the hydraulic conductivity and the gas phase rate are closely related. Therefore, the relationship between them is shown in FIGS.

1. Vapor rate
In both WET and DRY states, the permeability coefficient and the gas phase rate are correlated. In other words, there is rainfall, and gravity water is drained when left for more than a day, and water permeability is an important factor to ensure a sufficient amount of gas phase.

  As shown in Table 4, in the present invention, a performance target value of a gas phase rate of 25% or more was set, but all were not satisfied in the WET state. In the DRY state, results other than No.2-5 and No.2-6 satisfied the target values.

2. Solid phase rate In the present invention, the performance target value was set to a solid phase rate of 30% or less, but in the WET state, all samples other than No. 1-6 were satisfied. In the DRY state, all samples other than No. 2-6 were satisfactory.

(4) Specific gravity when wet FIG. 44 and FIG. 45 show the relationship between the specific amount of crushed waste paper added and the specific gravity when wet due to the difference in dryness. With WET W ₁ = 40% sample, No.1-1 waste paper crushed material amount 100% and No.1-2 waste paper crushed material amount 60% sample can satisfy the target specific value of 1.0 [-] or less when wet. It was. For the DRY W ₂ = 10% sample, the performance target value was satisfied with the formulation of No.2-2, No.2-3, and No.2-4. That is, as shown in Table 16, gravity water was quickly drained, a sample having a large gas phase rate and a water permeability coefficient satisfying the target performance value was the lightest result.

(5) Cation exchange capacity The data about a cation exchange capacity are shown in FIG.46, FIG.47. The cation exchange capacity satisfied the target value in all data.

(6) Performance test results and discussion Table 16 collectively shows the performance test results of the fiber-treated soil generated from the simulated mud. Those that satisfy the performance target value are shown in light gray, and those that do not satisfy the performance target value are shown in dark gray. FIG. 48 shows the optimum soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio estimated from the effective water retention amount, water permeability coefficient, wet specific gravity, solid phase rate, gas phase rate, and cation exchange capacity.

In the determination of the most desirable blending, it can be said that the blending is more economical because the larger the ratio of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio is, the smaller the amount of waste paper crushed material added is. That is, in the present invention, it is considered that the minimum added amount of used paper for satisfying all performances is the optimum added amount. From FIG. 48, in the DRY state W ₂ = 10 ± 5%, the composition that satisfies all of the effective water retention amount, permeability coefficient, solid phase rate, gas phase rate, and cation exchange capacity has a soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio. It was found to be 5.0 [-]. In the WET state, the target value of 1.0 [-] or less when wet and a gas phase rate of 25% or more cannot be slightly cleared, but the composition with the same ratio 6.0 [-] is optimal.
That is, among the samples used in the experiment of this example, the target values of all the performance evaluation items were satisfied as shown in Table 16, in the case of DRY W ₂ = 10% sample No. 2-2, No. .2-3 and No.2-4, the ratio of the amount of soil particles / waste paper waste is 1.5 to 0.3, but the larger the ratio of soil particles / waste paper shatter, the amount of waste paper waste added. Because it is an economical combination, there is a graph showing the relationship between each performance evaluation item and the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio for all samples, with the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio as a common horizontal axis. In Fig. 48, when the target value is cleared for each evaluation item and the largest soil particle amount / waste paper waste amount ratio is found, it is 5.0 [-] in the DRY state and generally 6.0 [-] in the WET state. . If the ratio of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio is within this range, the fiber greening base material of this example has the lowest economical waste paper amount regardless of whether it is in the DRY state or WET state. Since the reference value can be cleared, characteristics particularly suitable for plant growth are guaranteed, and it becomes possible to provide an inexpensive fibrous greening base material for road greening such as slopes or rooftop greening at low cost. It is.

Therefore, the optimum material for each moisture content based on the required performance of the greening base material when the soil particle density is 2.6 [g / cm ³ ] (2.5 [g / cm ³ ] in parentheses) The amount added was calculated for each of the DRY and WET methods. The results are shown in Table 17 and Table 18.

1.4 Considerations on the optimal amount of waste paper and chemicals to be added to clean water 1.4.1 Experimental samples

In this experiment, the purified water generated at Sendai City Moiwa Water Treatment Plant was used. At the Moteiwa Water Treatment Plant, there are two series of water purification treatments, some of which contain normal activated water, which is a suspended sediment, and powdered activated carbon. Activated charcoal is a method in which activated charcoal is used as advanced treatment in order to absorb odors and promote suspension sedimentation in the water purification process, and the activated carbon is mixed and discharged as purified water generation soil. Table 19 shows the properties of the generated soil. Moreover, the purified water generation soil containing activated carbon is shown in FIG. 49, and the purified water generation soil without activated carbon is shown in FIG.

1.4.2 Experimental method

Using purified water-generated soil (with activated carbon and without activated carbon), samples were prepared in accordance with the test method shown in 1.3.3, with each soil particle amount / waste paper fragment ratio changed. In order to dry in the process of commercialization, the initial moisture content was determined with emphasis on workability and was set to 300%. From the performance test results of road greening base materials such as slopes using simulated mud water shown in Table 16, the WET type and W ₁ = 40% ± 5% sample did not provide results that satisfy the target value of the gas phase rate. Therefore, the sun drying method (DRY method) was adopted as the manufacturing method in this test, and the moisture content after drying of the test sample was set to W ₂ = 10 ± 5%.

Mixing plan Amount of soil particles: Amount of waste paper waste = 4: 6
Amount of soil particles: Amount of crushed waste paper = 6: 4
Amount of soil particles: Amount of crushed waste paper = 7.5: 2.5
Soil particle amount: waste paper crushed material amount = 9: 1
Amount of soil particles: amount of crushed waste paper = 9.5: 0.5

The polymer improver and auxiliary agent were added at a fixed ratio to the volume of mud, the polymer improver was 1.2 [kg / m ³ ], and the auxiliary agent was 8.6 [kg / m ³ ]. Samples are prepared as shown in Table 20 for soil particles, waste paper crushed material, polymer improvers and auxiliaries necessary for improving 30 l of muddy water with a water content of 300%. First, the raw mud with a water content of 300% was prepared by adding water to the purified water generation soil. Next, the waste paper crushed material was sufficiently stirred in the raw mud with an electric hand mixer, and a polymer type improver and an auxiliary were sequentially mixed. When the stirring was completed, it was sufficiently dried on a blue sheet in the sun, and the water content ratio was reduced to W ₂ = 10 ± 5%. The dried sample was stirred again with a hand mixer to break up the mass (break up), and the sample that passed through a 4.75 mm sieve was used as the sample. A sample with a large percentage of waste paper mixing, which was fluffy and difficult to pass through a sieve, was confirmed as having no lump of soil particles of 4.75 mm or more.
The performance target value of the fiber-treated soil by the purified water generation soil is as shown in Table 4. The experimental method for each performance test shall conform to the experimental method in 1.2.3.

(1) Effective Water Retention A test result of effective water retention is shown in FIG. It can be seen that all the samples satisfy the target value. In particular, the amount of soil particles containing No. 3-4 activated carbon: Waste paper crushed material ratio = 7.5: For all samples except the data of 2.5 Satisfies 200 [l / m ³ ] or more, which is a standard for the performance of artificial soil, and it can be said that the effective water retention is “large”. In addition, it was confirmed that there is more effective water retention amount without activated carbon.

(2) Water permeability Coefficient of water permeability is shown in FIG. Regardless of the presence or absence of activated carbon, the permeability coefficient showed the largest value when the ratio of the amount of soil particles / the amount of crushed waste paper = 3 [−] was used. The amount of waste paper crushed material added to the actual purified water generation soil does not contribute to the improvement of the hydraulic conductivity.

(3) Three-phase distribution FIG. 53 shows the relationship between the three-phase distribution and the effective water retention amount due to the difference between the amount of waste paper crushed and raw mud. FIG. 53 shows the three-phase distribution of each sample at pF1.5, and the liquid phase portion is divided into effective water of pF1.5 to 3.8 and invalid water of pF3.8 or more.

Comparing activated carbon with and without activated carbon shows that the amount of reactive water with activated carbon is generally large. The specific surface area of normal activated carbon is about 150 [m ² / g], and the clay mineral kaolinite is 10 to 20 [m ² / g]. Since the moisture adsorption capacity of the soil particles is proportional to the specific surface area of the soil particles, when activated carbon is mixed, a large amount of moisture is adsorbed on the surface of the activated carbon particles as adsorbed water.

  Here, the relationship between the water permeability coefficient and the gas phase rate is shown in FIG. It can be seen that the permeability coefficient and the gas phase rate have a correlation, and the amount of gas phase in the gap drained as gravity water in pF1.5 and the permeability are closely related.

  In the present invention, the performance target value is set to a solid phase ratio of 30% or less. However, when the ratio of the amount of soil particles / waste paper waste is 19.0 [-], the sample with activated carbon and without activated carbon both satisfy the target value of the solid phase ratio. could not.

(4) Specific gravity when wet The test result of specific gravity when wet is shown in FIG. Without activated carbon, the target value of wet specific gravity 1.0 [-] could not be satisfied, but some with activated carbon satisfied 1.0 [-].

(5) Cation exchange capacity The data about fertilizer power are shown in FIG. As for fertilizer, all the data satisfied the target value. The simulated muddy water did not show any noticeable tendency, but the data with purified water-generated soil activated carbon showed a tendency for the cation exchange capacity to increase as the amount of soil particles increased. The value of the cation exchange capacity CEC is proportional to the specific surface area of the soil particles, which is considered to be the effect of activated carbon.

(6) Performance test results and discussion Table 21 collectively shows the performance test results of the fiber-treated soil using the purified water generation soil. Those that satisfy the performance target value are shown in light gray, and those that do not satisfy the performance target value are shown in dark gray. FIG. 57 shows the optimum addition amount from the effective water retention amount, water permeability coefficient, wet specific gravity, solid phase rate, gas phase rate, and cation exchange capacity.

From the results of various tests, the formulation that satisfies all of the effective water retention, water permeability, specific gravity when wet, solid phase rate, gas phase rate, and cation exchange capacity is 6.0 [- In the absence of activated charcoal, all cannot be satisfied, but it was confirmed that the ratio of the amount of soil particles / waste paper crushed material was satisfied with a formulation of 6.0 [-] except for the specific gravity when wet.
That is, among the samples used in the experiment of this example, as shown in Table 21, there are no samples that satisfy the target values of all the performance evaluation items, but each performance evaluation item and the amount of soil particles / The graph showing the relationship between the waste paper crushed material ratio and the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio as a common horizontal axis in FIG. 57, which cleared the target value in each evaluation item and had the largest soil particle amount / used paper The crushed material amount ratio is 6.0 [−]. If the ratio of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio is this value, the standard value of all performance evaluation items can be cleared with the least economical waste paper amount. This makes it possible to provide an inexpensive fibrous greening base material for road greening such as a slope or rooftop greening at a low cost.

Table 22 shows the amount of improvement material added for each moisture content based on the required performance of the greening base material when the soil particle density is 2.6 [g / cm ³ ] (in parentheses is 2.5 [g / cm ³ ]). Shown in

1.5 Conclusion

In the embodiment of the present invention described above, a concrete method for improving the fiber-treated soil already proposed by the present inventor and obtaining properties more suitable for road greening base materials such as slopes and rooftop greening base materials. The conditions were examined experimentally. Therefore, the results obtained in the embodiment of the present invention are summarized as follows.

1) As a result of the trial construction in the outdoor field as a road revegetation base material such as slopes using fiber-treated soil made from construction high water content mud soil discharged from the actual construction site, the vegetation coverage ratio and Satisfactory results were obtained for all the survey items of the number of plants grown and the plant height. This confirmed that the fiber-treated soil produced in the present invention is useful as a greening base material.

2) As a result of comparing the effective water retention amount of commercially available rooftop greening artificial light soil with the effective moisture retention amount of fiber-treated soil made from simulated mud water and purified water generation soil, the effective moisture retention amount of fiber-treated soil is 300 It exceeded [l / m ³ ], and a value of about three times the effective water retention amount of a commercially available rooftop greening base material was confirmed. This is thought to be due to the increase in the amount of capillary pores of pF1.5 to 3.8 by adding waste paper fragments.

3) It was found that the aggregate of soil particles agglomerated by drying the sample and coarsened to increase the amount of coarse pores of pF1.5 or less and increase the hydraulic conductivity. The permeability coefficient and the gas phase rate showed a correlation, and it was confirmed that if the solid phase rate was about the same, the wet specific gravity was also linked.

4) The cation exchange capacity of fibrous greening soil using simulated mud water and purified water generation soil as raw materials satisfied the target value in all samples.

5) It was found that the optimum addition amount of the sample using simulated mud water as a raw material was a blend with a soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio of 5.0 [-] in the DRY state. In the WET state, the target value of 1.0 [-] or less when wet and a gas phase rate of 25% or more could not be cleared. However, at present, the composition of 6.0 [-] is optimal.

6) It was found that the optimum addition amount of the sample using purified water-generated soil as a raw material was 6.0 [-] when the activated carbon was added to the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio. Without activated carbon, unless a target value of 1.0 [-] or less when wet specific gravity is set, a composition with the same ratio 6.0 [-] is optimal.

  In the present invention, the optimum addition amount and performance target value of various materials added to the fiber-treated soil were studied. In addition, road-planting vegetation tests such as slopes and rooftop planting field tests were conducted using fiber-treated soil produced by the DRY method using high-moisture-specific mud soil and purified water generation soil as raw materials, and its practicality was confirmed. .

  By the way, sludge discharged from dredging works of dams and sludge discharged from the quarry production process are generated in large quantities, and technical development for reuse has hardly progressed. In order to solve this problem, attempts have been made to process sludge and mud at the current location and reuse them as greening base materials. However, the planting method (DRY method) is generally used to manufacture the greening base material. However, in dam construction and quarry, drying and crushing operations are carried out using the DRY method because of problems such as economy and weather conditions. It seems difficult to produce green soil. Therefore, in the present invention, the WET equation and the DRY equation are proposed as preconditions for the performance test.

If the hydraulic conductivity can be improved to 10 ^-3 [cm / s] or more, the liquid phase decreases and the gas phase increases in the soil generated by the WET method. Therefore, for example, mixing rough chips using waste wood generated in the field can forcibly create gaps and allow ventilation, which can improve the performance of the greening base material by the WET method. .

  In sand dunes, the water movement due to gravity after rainfall and irrigation is extremely poor in water retention, so frequent irrigation is necessary for crop cultivation. By mixing WET-type greening base material with such a dune, the effect of increasing the effective moisture retention for the sand dune is demonstrated, while the water-permeability coefficient is improved for the WET-type greening base material. The gas phase will increase.

It is the functional system classification | category figure which classified and showed the function of road greening into the main function and the function located in the lower rank of each main function. It is a figure which shows the particle size addition curve etc. of the construction high water content ratio mud used for the experiment in embodiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the operation | work which confirms the quantity of the high moisture content mud provided for the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the operation | work which confirms the quantity of the additive used for the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the injection | throwing-in operation | work of the waste paper crushed material thrown in in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the addition and stirring operation | work of the polymer modifier and auxiliary agent in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph immediately after completion of improvement in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the sun drying condition in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the crusher used in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the product bagging machine in the said experiment, and the photograph of a product. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the mold used for preparation of a sample in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the pressurizer used for the measurement of an effective moisture holding | maintenance amount in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the rotor used for the measurement of an effective moisture holding | maintenance amount in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the constant water level permeability test apparatus used in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the three-phase distribution test machine used in the said experiment. It is a schematic diagram of the single air system for demonstrating the principle of the volume measurement of the additional substance in the said three phase distribution tester. It is a schematic diagram of the single air system for demonstrating the principle of the volume measurement of the additional substance in the said three phase distribution tester. It is a figure which shows the whole view photograph before the enforcement of the construction site in the implementation example of the said experiment. It is a spraying construction drawing of the fiber planting base material in the construction example. It is a figure which shows the whole structure of the spraying apparatus used by the said construction example. It is a figure which shows the whole view photograph after the completion of spray construction in the said construction example. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the confirmation condition of the germination number by the cordola in the said construction example. It is a figure which shows the whole view photograph on the 30th after the completion of spray construction in the said construction example. It is a figure which shows the growth condition percentage of the said construction example which compared the conventional construction method E in the 30th after completion of spraying construction. It is a figure which shows the situation photograph of the vegetation on the 30th after completion of the spraying construction in the construction example. It is a figure which shows the growth condition photograph of the 30th after completion of spraying construction in the said construction example. It is a figure which shows the whole view photograph on the 90th after completion of the spraying construction in the said construction example. It is a figure which shows the growth condition percentage of the said construction example which made the conventional construction method E the comparison object 90 days after completion of spraying construction. It is a figure which shows the status photograph of the vegetation on the 90th after completion of spraying construction in the construction example. It is a figure which shows the growth condition photograph of 90 days after completion of spraying construction in the said construction example. It is a flowchart which shows the manufacturing process of a fiber treatment soil. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the amount of soil particles in a high water content mud, and the amount of waste paper crushed materials added by using aggregate as an index. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the amount of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio and water content which were calculated | required from the relationship of the water content ratio which used aggregation as a parameter | index, and used paper crushed material addition amount. It is a figure which shows the pF-moisture curve by the sample state of Kanto Loam. It is a figure which shows the particle size addition curve etc. of the simulation mud used for the experiment in embodiment. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the amount of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in this experiment, and an effective water retention amount. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the waste paper crushed material amount / soil particle amount ratio and the effective water retention amount in the said experiment. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, and a hydraulic conductivity. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the waste paper crushed material amount / soil particle amount ratio and the hydraulic conductivity in the said experiment. It is a pF conceptual diagram. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the amount of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, three phase distribution, and an effective moisture retention amount. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, a water permeability coefficient, and a gaseous-phase rate. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the waste paper crushed material amount / soil particle amount ratio in the said experiment, a water permeability coefficient, and a gaseous-phase rate. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, and the specific gravity at the time of wetness. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the waste paper crushed material amount / soil particle amount ratio in the said experiment, and the specific gravity at the time of wetness. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, and a cation exchange capacity. It is a figure which shows the relationship between waste paper crushed material amount / soil particle amount ratio and cation exchange capacity in the said experiment. It is a figure for calculating | requiring the optimal value (thru | or the optimal range) of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material amount ratio from an effective moisture holding | maintenance amount, a water permeability coefficient, specific gravity at the time of wetness, an old phase rate, a gas phase rate, and a cation exchange capacity. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the clean water generating soil containing activated carbon used for the experiment in embodiment. It is a figure which shows the photograph of the clean water generation soil without activated carbon used for the experiment in embodiment. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the amount of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in this experiment, and an effective water retention amount. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, and a hydraulic conductivity. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the amount of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, three phase distribution, and an effective moisture retention amount. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, a water permeability coefficient, and a gaseous-phase rate. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, and the specific gravity at the time of wetness. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material ratio in the said experiment, and a cation exchange capacity. It is a figure for calculating | requiring the optimal value (thru | or the optimal range) of soil particle amount / waste paper crushed material amount ratio from an effective moisture holding | maintenance amount, a water permeability coefficient, specific gravity at the time of wetness, an old phase rate, a gas phase rate, and a cation exchange capacity.

Claims (3)

The soil particles are agglomerated by adding and mixing waste paper crushed material, water-soluble polymer substance and auxiliary agent to the muddy water containing the soil particles and water, and then drying and solidifying the aggregated particles, then crushing. In the fibrous greening base material
The ratio of (the amount of the soil particles) / (the amount of the crushed waste paper) is in the range of 5.0 to 6.0, which is a fibrous greening base material (however, the water content ratio of muddy water) 200%, except when the amount of crushed waste paper is 70-80 kg) . By adding and mixing waste paper crushed material, water-soluble polymer substance and auxiliary agent to the muddy water containing soil particles and water, the fibrous material absorbs free water in the muddy water, and the water-soluble polymer substance is By reacting with the adsorbed water on the surface of the soil particles to bind the soil particles by a crosslinking action, the auxiliary promotes the aggregation of the soil particles, and after drying and solidifying the aggregate, crushing In the fibrous greening base material comprising the solid component of the muddy water, the waste paper crushed material, and the auxiliary agent, and the crushed surface of the particles coated with the water-soluble polymer substance is exposed,
The ratio of (the amount of the soil particles) / (the amount of the crushed waste paper) is in the range of 5.0 to 6.0, which is a fibrous greening base material (however, the water content ratio of muddy water) 200%, except when the amount of crushed waste paper is 70-80 kg) . The soil particles are agglomerated by adding and mixing waste paper crushed material, water-soluble polymer substance, and auxiliary agent to the muddy water containing the soil particles and water, and then drying and crushing after solidifying the aggregated particles. In the manufacturing method of fibrous greening base material,
A method for producing a fibrous greening base material, wherein the value of the ratio of (amount of soil particles) / (amount of the crushed waste paper) is in the range of 5.0 to 6.0 (however, , Except for the case where the water content of mud is 200% and the amount of waste paper crushed is 70-80 kg) .