JP5287236B2 - Evacuation safety judgment system and program - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to an evacuation safety determination system and a program for determining evacuation safety of a building space.

  In general, when designing a building, the designer examines the evacuation safety performance of the building, i.e., examines whether the occupants in the building can safely evacuate from the building. This examination is examined based on the evacuation completion time obtained from the sum of the evacuation start time, the walking time, and the door passage time. Here, the evacuation start time is, for example, the time from when the fire occurs until the occupant in the building space notices the fire by visually observing the smoke. It is an important factor in the examination.

In Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1, the evacuation start time t _start [s] of the occupant in the building space is calculated by Equation 1 using the floor area A _area [m ² ] of the building space in which the fire has occurred. The evacuation safety is determined.
JP 2007-334683 A 2000 Ministry of Construction Notification No. 1441 Tanaka Yasuyoshi, “Introduction to Architectural Fire Safety Engineering”, revised edition, Nippon Building Center, January 2002, p. 232-234 Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), “THE SFPE HANDBOOK of Fire Protection Engineering” 3rd edition, National Fire Protection Association, January 2002. 4-30

  By the way, if there is no partition etc. in the architectural space and the layout is good, the occupants in the architectural space can easily recognize the fire and the evacuation safety is enhanced. However, if the architectural space has a layout whose visibility is limited by partitions, the shape of the architectural space, etc., the occupants in the architectural space will take time to recognize the fire, and evacuation safety will be reduced. descend. That is, conventionally, there is a problem that the evacuation safety is determined based only on the floor area of the building space, and the influence of the layout such as the partition of the building space is not considered.

  The present invention has been made in view of such conventional problems, and an object thereof is to determine the evacuation safety of a certain building space in consideration of the layout of the building space.

In order to achieve this object, the invention according to claim 1 is directed to a target fire perception time required for a person in the building space to notice the occurrence of a fire when a fire occurs in the building space. The evacuation safety judgment system in the building space is set, and is covered with smoke generated by the fire and staying near the ceiling after the fire perception time has elapsed since the occurrence of the fire, based on the target fire perception time and smoke spread area calculating unit for obtaining the smoke spread area is a ceiling area, and smoke diffusivity calculating portion Ru calculated as smoke spreading rate that the smoke spread area divided by the total ceiling area of the building space sought, Based on the obtained smoke diffusivity, a required visual rate calculation unit for obtaining a required visual rate that is the minimum value of the visual rate required for fire awareness, and the architectural space based on the design drawing of the architectural space, etc. Any in A visual rate calculation unit for obtaining a visual rate, which is a value obtained by dividing the minimum area of the ceiling area visible when the occupant looks around 360 degrees from the point of the point by the ceiling area of the architectural space, and An evacuation safety determination system comprising: an evacuation safety determination unit that determines evacuation safety of the building space based on the required visual rate and the obtained visual rate.

  According to the first aspect of the present invention, the evacuation safety of the building space can be determined in consideration of the layout of the building space.

The invention according to claim 2 is the evacuation safety judgment system according to claim 1, wherein the target fire perception time is used to recognize the occurrence of a fire in a place where the occupant cannot see. It is an evacuation safety judgment system characterized by the perceived fire perception time and the maximum permissible time.

  According to the second aspect of the present invention, the target fire notification time can be arbitrarily set even in the stage where the layout of the building space has not been determined in the case where a fire occurs in a place where the occupants cannot see.

Invention of Claim 3 is the evacuation safety determination system of Claim 1 or 2, Comprising: The sum of the calculated | required smoke diffusivity and the calculated | required said visual rate is more than fire notifying conditions. Evacuation safety characterized by determining that fire can be detected if there is, and determining that the fire cannot be detected if the sum of the obtained smoke diffusivity and the obtained visual rate is less than the fire notification condition This is a sex determination system .

  According to the third aspect of the present invention, it is possible to easily and accurately determine the evacuation safety of the building space in consideration of the layout of the building space.

Invention of Claim 4 is the evacuation safety determination system in any one of Claims 1-3, Comprising: The said visual ceiling area is less than predetermined limit distance from the arbitrary points in the said building space. And it is an evacuation safety judging system characterized by being an area which can be seen when the occupant looks 360 degrees from the point.

  According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, it is possible to easily and accurately determine the evacuation safety of a building space even in a building space that has a layout that can be seen far away by considering the distance at which smoke can be visually observed. it can. In other words, although it depends on the sight of the occupants, it is generally difficult to see the distant smoke, but according to the present invention, the relationship between the smoke and the distance between the occupants and the visibility of the smoke should be taken into account. Can do.

The invention according to claim 5 is the evacuation safety determination system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heat source heat generation rate Q _f [kW] is a fire growth rate Q ₀ [kW / s ^n]. ], Time t [s], and power n for time, given by Q _f = Q ₀ t ⁿ , the set fire awareness time t _notice [s], and the smoke generation coefficient β Using [m ^4/3 / kJ ^1/3 s ^2/3 ], ceiling height H _f [m], fire growth rate Q ₀ [kW / s ⁿ ], and power n for time, the following formula is evacuation safety determining system, characterized in that determining the smoke diffusion area a _s [m ^2].

According to the invention described in claim 5, it is only necessary to substitute appropriate specific numerical values for the input parameters of the smoke generation coefficient β, the ceiling height H _f , the fire growth rate Q _0, and the power _multiplier n for time. Thus, it is possible to immediately determine the safety of evacuation of the building space.

The invention according to claim 6 is the architectural space in which a target fire perception time required for a resident in the architectural space to notice the occurrence of a fire when a fire occurs in the architectural space is set. An evacuation safety determination program according to claim 1, wherein the computer is configured to determine, based on the target fire perception time, an area of a ceiling covered with smoke generated by the fire and staying near the ceiling after the fire perception time has elapsed since the occurrence of the fire. A step of obtaining a certain smoke diffusion area, a step of obtaining a smoke diffusivity obtained by dividing the obtained smoke diffusion area by a total ceiling area of the building space, and a fire alarm based on the obtained smoke diffusivity Based on the step of obtaining the required visual rate, which is the minimum value of the visual rate necessary for knowledge, and the design drawing of the architectural space, the occupant is 360 degrees from an arbitrary point in the architectural space. The step of obtaining a visual rate that is a value obtained by dividing the minimum area of the ceiling area that can be seen when handed over by the ceiling area of the building space, the obtained required visual rate, and the obtained visual rate And a step of determining the evacuation safety of the building space based on the evacuation safety judging program.

  According to the invention described in claim 6, the evacuation safety can be easily and accurately determined by using the evacuation safety determination method on the computer. Further, the program can be distributed using an electric communication line such as the Internet, so that the applicant can easily use the evacuation safety judgment method.

  According to the present invention, the evacuation safety of a building space can be determined in consideration of the layout of the building space.

=== First Embodiment ===
FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a partition of a building space that is a target for determining whether an occupant can safely evacuate in the event of a fire using the evacuation safety determination method of the present invention.

  Moreover, FIG. 2 is a flowchart which shows the procedure of the evacuation safety determination method in this embodiment.

  As a pre-stage using the evacuation safety determination method of the present invention, when building is newly constructed or expanded / reconstructed, the evacuation safety of each building space 1 such as a large room on each floor of the building is verified (S202). For example, the smoke diffusion speed when a fire occurs in each building space 1 and the time required to evacuate from any point in each building space 1 to the evacuation space are calculated. At the time of this verification, there is no partition or product shelf arrangement plan that obstructs the prospects of each building space, and the safety of evacuation in a state with good prospects without partitions or the like is verified.

A target fire perception time _tnotice [s] required to recognize the occurrence of a fire in a place where the occupants in the building space cannot see when a fire occurs in the building space is set (S204).

Based on the result verified in S202 and the target fire perception time _tnotice [s] set in S204, evacuation safety is verified when building is newly constructed or expanded (S206), and safety is confirmed. (S206: YES) The verification of evacuation safety is completed, and if the safety is not confirmed (S206: NO), the process returns to S202 and is verified again.

Next, using the evacuation safety determination method of the present invention, evacuation safety in a state where partitions, product shelves, and the like are arranged is verified.
First, a detailed layout design drawing of partitions and product shelves in the building space is created (S208).
A visual rate C _v [%] is obtained based on the partition layout design drawing (S210). Here, the viewing rate C _v is the total ceiling of the building space, which is the smallest of the viewing ceiling areas A _v [m ² ] that can be seen when the occupant looks around 360 degrees from an arbitrary point in the building space. It is a value divided by the area A _c [m ² ].

In the example shown in FIG. 1, the partition extends from the right wall of the 400 m ² building space toward the center, but the entire building space can be seen from the position shown in FIG. 1A. That is, viewing the ceiling area _{A v} in this position is 400 meters ^2. On the other hand, from the position shown in FIG. 1B, a part of the ceiling of the building space cannot be seen by being blocked by the partition, and the visual ceiling area _Av is 300 m ² . In addition, from the position shown in FIG. 1C, half of the ceiling of the building space cannot be seen by being similarly blocked by the partition, and the visual ceiling area _Av is 200 m ² . Thus, the minimum value of the visual ceiling area _{A v} of the architectural space is 200 meters ^2, visually rate _C v = 50% is obtained when dividing it by the total ceiling area _A c = 400m ^2. Note that the total ceiling area A _c [m ² ] is obtained from a drawing or the like of the building space.

  In addition, the place that cannot be seen from the position of the occupant may be a place that cannot be seen directly by being blocked by the partition wall, or a place that is not easily seen by a partition in a large room. Good.

On the other hand, based on the fire awareness time _tnotice [s] set in S204, the smoke diffusion area A _s [m ² ] after the target fire perception time _tnotice [s] has elapsed since the occurrence of the fire is obtained (S212). . The smoke diffusion area A _s [m ² ] is an area of the ceiling covered with smoke generated by a fire and staying in the vicinity of the ceiling.

Here, the smoke diffusion area A _s [m ² ] can be calculated by substituting specific numerical values corresponding to these input parameters β, t _notice , H _f , n, and Q ₀ . The ceiling height _Hf is acquired from a drawing or the like of the building space. n is a value indicating the nature of the heat generation rate of the fire source. In the partitioned building space targeted in this embodiment, it is common to use a fire source (n = 2) that increases with the square of time. is there. Fire growth rate Q ₀ is, evacuation safety fire growth rate due to the combustion of the verification method storing combustible materials of fire space using [kW / s ^2] and the fire growth rate due to the combustion of the interior material of the fire space [kW / s ^2] Or calculated from the result of a combustion test of combustible material assumed in the building space.

Note that the derivation method of Expression 2 will be described later.
Further, the smoke diffusion rate C _s [%] is obtained based on the smoke diffusion area A _s [m ² ] obtained above (S212). That is, the smoke diffusion rate C _s [%] is obtained by dividing the smoke diffusion area A _s [m ² ] by the total ceiling area A _c [m ² ] of the building space.

The fire awareness condition K [%] is acquired (S214). Here, the fire awareness condition K [%] is a condition indicating the relationship between the smoke diffusivity C _s [%] and the visual rate C _v [%] for the occupant to be aware of the fire. Specifically, if the sum of the smoke diffusivity C _s [%] and the visual rate C _v [%] is equal to or greater than the fire detection condition K [%], it is determined that the fire can be detected, and the sum is the fire notification. If the condition is less than K [%], it is determined that the fire cannot be detected.

FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing the relationship between the diffusion rate of smoke generated by a fire and staying in the vicinity of the ceiling and the visual inspection rate. In the example shown in FIG. 3A, occupants who are located a visual index 75%, in order to SatoshiTomo fire occurring behind the partition is a need smoke spreading factor C _s is more than 25% there It is enough. That is, if necessary smoke spreading factor C _s is more than 25%, it means that leaks to the portion that can be further visible on the person in the room filled smoke a part that can not be visually person in the room smoke Satoru I can know.

  The fire awareness condition K [%] is set in a range satisfying 100% ≦ K ≦ 200%. In the following, K = 100%, but the value of the fire awareness condition K may be increased in order to set it to the safe side.

Based on the smoke diffusivity C _s [%] obtained in S212 and the fire awareness condition K [%] obtained in S214, the required visual rate C _{v (crit,} which is the minimum value of the visual rate necessary for fire awareness. ₎ [%] Is obtained (S216). That is, the required visual rate C _{v (crit)} [%] is obtained by subtracting the smoke diffusivity C _s [%] from the fire awareness condition K.

The above obtained must visually rate C _{v (crit)} [%] and, based on the obtained visual index C _v [%] and above, determines evacuation safety partition has been architectural space (S218) . Specifically, if the visual inspection rate C _v [%] is equal to or higher than the required visual inspection rate C _{v (crit)} [%], it is safe because it is within the expected range at the time of safety verification at the time of new construction or expansion (S218: YES). If the visual rate C _v [%] is less than the required visual rate C _{v (crit)} [%], it is determined that it is not safe (S218: YES), and the layout design of the partitions and the product shelves is redone (S208).

  As described above, according to the present embodiment, the evacuation safety of the building space can be determined in consideration of the layout such as the partition and the shape of the building space.

  In addition, according to the present embodiment, by calculating based on the visual ceiling area at the position with the worst line of sight within the building space, it is possible to easily and accurately determine the evacuation safety from the safe side. .

  By the way, the evacuation safety determination method of the present embodiment can be easily executed using a general data processing apparatus typified by a personal computer. For example, the data processing device includes a central processing unit (CPU), a data recording device such as a hard disk device, an output device such as a monitor, an input device such as a keyboard, and a data reading device such as a CD-ROM drive device. A personal computer with a normal configuration can be used.

The data recording apparatus stores in advance a calculation program for calculating the above-described equation 2, and the CPU reads and executes the calculation program. That is, the specific numerical values input by the input device, beta in the equation 2, t _{notice, H f,} and substitutes the input parameters of Q ₀ and n determines evacuation safety monitors displaying the results .

  Here, general-purpose spreadsheet software such as “Microsoft Excel” (registered trademark) of US Microsoft Corporation can be used as the arithmetic program. For example, when the “Microsoft Excel” is started, a worksheet composed of a large number of cells arranged vertically and horizontally is displayed on the monitor, and the designer can change the formula 2 into a predetermined cell (reference source cell). input. At this time, the input parameters constituting the expression 2 are associated with a reference destination cell for inputting a specific numerical value of the input parameter so that the input parameter can be calculated in the predetermined cell (reference source cell). . Therefore, if a specific numerical value is input to the reference destination cell, the formula 2 is automatically calculated based on this specific numerical value, and the judgment result of the non-safety safety is written to each reference source cell, and is displayed on the monitor. It has come to be.

  Such a calculation program may be recorded in advance in a data recording device, or a calculation program recorded in a data recording medium such as a CD-ROM may be read by the data reading device. good. Furthermore, the personal computer may be connected to a telecommunication line such as the Internet and downloaded from a server computer connected to this line.

=== Derivation Method of Equation 2 ===
The derivation method of Equation 2 is as follows.

First, according to Non-Patent Document 2, the fire source heat generation rate of a fire generated in a building space is given by Equation 3.

The diffusion of the smoke layer formed near the ceiling due to the fire is considered to be constant because the temperature rise of the smoke layer is small at the initial stage after the fire occurs, and the smoke diffusion area A of the smoke layer is considered using the relationship of mass conservation. A prediction formula of _s [m ² ] is derived.

FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of derivation of the smoke diffusion area. The figure shows a state in which when a fire 12 occurs in a room 10, a smoke plume 14 is formed by a fire plume 16 generated by the fire 12 flowing near the ceiling of the room. In the state shown in the figure, since the gas flows into and out of the smoke layer 14 only by the inflow of the fire plume 16, according to Non-Patent Document 2, the mass conservation equation of the smoke layer 14 can be expressed by Equation 4.
Here, m _p is the flow rate of the fire plume 16 [kg / s], with the ceiling height H _{f [m]} and the thickness Z _s of Kemuriso 14 _[m], is calculated by Equation 5. In the non-patent document 2, _{k m} in Formula 5 is 0.08, _{Q f} is Q, _{H-Z s} is expressed as z.
However, k _m is the entrainment coefficient of a fire plume ^{16 [kg / kJ 1/3 m 5/3} s 2/3].

Here, since the thickness Z _s [m] of the smoke layer 14 is known to be substantially proportional to the ceiling height H _f [m] according to Non-Patent Document 3, the thickness Z _s of the smoke layer 14 is known. _The proportionality constant of _s [m] to the ceiling height H _f [m] is given as Equation 6 as k _s .
When the ceiling is horizontal, the volume V [m ³ ] of the smoke layer is expressed by Equation 7.
Further, the left side of Expression 7 can be transformed as Expression 8.
Furthermore, Expression 9 is obtained by substituting Expression 5 into the left side of Expression 4 and using the relationship of Expression 8.
Then, substituting Equation 3 into Equation 9 and rearranging it,
It becomes.

By integrating the equation 10, equation 11 is obtained as a prediction formula smoke spread area A _s at time t.
Here, when Formula 6 is substituted into Formula 11 and rearranged, Formula 12 is obtained.
However, (beta) is as Formula 13.
Here, according to Non-Patent Document 2, beta is _{k m = 0.08 [kg / kJ} 1/3 m 5/3 s 2/3], ρ = 1.0 [kg / m 3], a and According to Non-Patent Document 3, since k _s = 0.112 is generally assigned, β = 0.59 is obtained by substituting these numerical values into Equation 13.

=== Other Embodiments ===
As mentioned above, although embodiment of this invention was described, this invention is not limited to this embodiment, The deformation | transformation as shown below is possible in the range which does not deviate from the summary.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing another calculation concept of the visual ceiling area A _v [m ² ] that is the basis for calculating the visual rate C _v [%]. When a fire breaks out in a small building space, it is easy to recognize the fire because smoke can be confirmed at a relatively close position. On the other hand, when a fire breaks out in a large building space, even if the smoke diffusivity is the same, the distance from the occupant to the smoke layer becomes relatively large, making it difficult to recognize the fire. Here, assuming that the limit distance at which the occupant can sense smoke is R [m], the portion that can be seen within the radius R when looking around 360 degrees from a certain point is the visual ceiling area A _v [m ² ]. Asking. The visual rate C _v [%] is obtained by dividing the visual ceiling area A _v [m ² ] by the total ceiling area A _c [m ² ]. The limit distance R depends on the brightness of the building space, the ceiling height, and the like, but may be set with reference to the installation interval of guide lights and guide signs.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing yet another concept of calculating the visual rate C _v [%]. For example, when calculating the visual rate C _v [%] of a U-shaped building space as shown in the figure, the building space is divided into five blocks A, B, C, D, and E for convenience. For each block, the minimum visual ceiling area A _v [m ² ] and the corresponding visual rate C _v [%] are obtained. For example, if each block is 20 m ² , as shown in the figure, the viewing rate of block A and block D is 80%, the viewing rate of block C is 60%, and the viewing rate of block B and block E is 40%. It becomes. In this case, the target fire awareness time _tnotice [s] is set for each block.

It is a top view which shows the partition of the building space used as the object which determines whether an occupant can evacuate safely at the time of a fire outbreak using the evacuation safety determination method of this invention. It is a flowchart which shows the procedure of the evacuation safety determination method in this embodiment. It is a conceptual diagram which shows the relationship between the spreading | diffusion rate of the smoke which arises by fire, and retains in ceiling vicinity, and a visual inspection rate. It is a conceptual diagram of derivation | leading-out of smoke diffusion area. It is a figure which shows another calculation concept of the visual ceiling area used as the calculation base of a visual rate. It is a figure which shows another calculation concept of a visual rate.

Explanation of symbols

1 Building Space 2 Residents 3 Fire 10 Room 12 Fire 14 Smoke Layer 16 Fire Plume

Claims (6)

An evacuation safety judgment system in the building space in which a target fire perception time required for a occupant in the building space to recognize the occurrence of a fire when a fire occurs in the building space is provided. ,
Based on the target fire perception time, a smoke diffusion area calculation unit for obtaining a smoke diffusion area that is an area of a ceiling covered with smoke generated by the fire and staying in the vicinity of the ceiling after the fire perception time elapses from the occurrence of the fire;
And smoke diffusivity calculating unit asking you to the smoke spread area obtained divided by the total ceiling area of the building space as a smoke spreading factor,
Based on the obtained smoke diffusivity, a required visual rate calculation unit for obtaining a required visual rate that is the minimum value of the visual rate required for fire awareness, and
Based on the design drawing of the architectural space, etc., the minimum area of the ceiling area that can be seen when the occupant looks around 360 degrees from an arbitrary point in the architectural space is divided by the ceiling area of the architectural space. A visual rate calculation unit for obtaining a visual rate that is a value obtained,
An evacuation safety determination unit that determines the evacuation safety of the building space based on the required visual inspection rate obtained and the obtained visual inspection rate,
An evacuation safety judgment system characterized by comprising: The evacuation safety determination system according to claim 1,
The target fire recognition time is evacuated safety determination, characterized in that a fire recognition time required to SatoshiTomo the occurrence of fire where the person in the room not visible is maximally allowable time System . The evacuation safety judgment system according to claim 1 or 2,
If the sum of the calculated smoke diffusivity and the calculated visual rate is equal to or greater than the fire detection condition, it is determined that the fire can be detected,
An evacuation safety determination system , characterized in that a fire detection is not possible if the sum of the calculated smoke diffusivity and the calculated visual rate is less than a fire detection condition. The evacuation safety determination system according to any one of claims 1 to 3,
The visual ceiling area, wherein a is within a predetermined threshold distance from any point of the building space, evacuation safety the occupants from that point is characterized in that the area visible when looked over 360 degrees Sex determination system . The evacuation safety determination system according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
When the heat source heating rate Q _f [kW] is given by Q _f = Q ₀ t ⁿ from the fire growth rate Q ₀ [kW / s ⁿ ], the time t [s], and the power _multiplier n for time, The set fire awareness time _tnotice [s], the smoke generation coefficient β [m ^4/3 / kJ ^1/3 s ^2/3 ], the ceiling height H _f [m], and the fire growth rate Q An evacuation safety determination system characterized in that the smoke diffusion area A _s [m ² ] is obtained by the following equation using ₀ [kW / s ⁿ ] and a power multiplier n with respect to time.
An evacuation safety judgment program in the building space in which a target fire perception time required for a occupant in the building space to notice the occurrence of a fire when a fire occurs in the building space is provided. ,
On the computer,
Based on the target fire perception time, obtaining a smoke diffusion area that is an area of the ceiling covered by smoke generated by the fire and staying near the ceiling after the fire perception time has elapsed since the occurrence of the fire;
Obtaining the smoke diffusivity by dividing the calculated smoke diffusion area by the total ceiling area of the building space ;
Based on the obtained smoke diffusivity, obtaining a required visual rate that is the minimum value of the visual rate required for fire awareness; and
Based on the design drawing of the architectural space, etc., the minimum area of the ceiling area that can be seen when the occupant looks around 360 degrees from an arbitrary point in the architectural space is divided by the ceiling area of the architectural space. A step of obtaining a visual rate that is a measured value;
Determining the evacuation safety of the building space based on the required visual rate obtained and the obtained visual rate;
An evacuation safety judgment program characterized by causing