JP7493015B2

JP7493015B2 - Human body model

Info

Publication number: JP7493015B2
Application number: JP2022195194A
Authority: JP
Inventors: 良幸新海
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2021-12-07
Filing date: 2022-12-06
Publication date: 2024-05-30
Anticipated expiration: 2042-12-06
Also published as: JP2023084697A

Description

本発明は、人体模型、特に人体の関節模型であって、壁に掛けて使用したり、パーソナルコンピュータ、スマートフォンなどの電子端末機器を用いて画面に表示して使用できるものに関する。 The present invention relates to a human body model, in particular a human joint model, that can be hung on a wall or displayed on the screen of an electronic terminal device such as a personal computer or smartphone.

按摩マッサージ指圧師、整形外科医等が患者を問診する際、「しゃがむと膝が痛い」のように「どのように動かしたとき」に「どこが痛い」というように患者から訴えられることが普通である。これを正しく考察して患者に説明するには、関節の中の動きを分かり易く再現する模型があると都合がよい。 When masseurs, shiatsu therapists, orthopedic surgeons, etc. interview patients, they will often hear complaints from patients such as "my knee hurts when I squat" and "where it hurts" when they move in a certain way. To properly consider this and explain it to patients, it is useful to have a model that reproduces the movements inside the joints in an easy-to-understand way.

しかし、従来の人体模型は関節が固定されているか、単につながっているだけのものがほとんどであり、このような人体模型では、患者が訴えるような関節を動かしたときの痛みを説明することはできない。 However, in most conventional human models, the joints are fixed or simply connected, and these models cannot explain the pain that patients experience when moving the joints.

特開2007-272115号公報JP 2007-272115 A

上記のような従来の人体模型の欠点に鑑み、本発明は、関節の中で何が起こっているのかを分かり易く説明できる人体模型、特に関節の詰まりを再現できる人体模型を提供することを目的とする。 In view of the shortcomings of conventional human models as described above, the present invention aims to provide a human model that can easily explain what is happening inside a joint, and in particular, a human model that can reproduce joint blockage.

本発明の一局面によれば、互いに対向して関節を構成する１対の骨の一方の骨の端部を模した第一の部材と、他方の骨の端部を模した第二の部材とを少なくも備え、第二の部材を、第一の部材側の端部で回動可能に配置するとともに、第一の部材に対して摺動可能とすることにより、第一の部材に対して近接及び離隔できるようにして、関節の詰りを説明できるようにした人体模型が提供される。 According to one aspect of the present invention, a human body model is provided that includes at least a first member that imitates the end of one of a pair of bones that face each other to form a joint, and a second member that imitates the end of the other bone, and the second member is arranged to be rotatable at the end on the first member side and is slidable relative to the first member, allowing it to move toward and away from the first member, thereby making it possible to explain joint blockage.

ここで、「回動」には、二次元空間における軸回りの正逆方向の回転の他、ボールジョイントのような三次元空間における自由回転またはスイベル回転も含む。 Here, "rotation" includes not only forward and reverse rotation around an axis in two-dimensional space, but also free rotation or swivel rotation in three-dimensional space, such as with a ball joint.

また、第一の部材及び第二の部材は、上記１対の骨の関節を構成する部分を少なくとも備えていればよい。例えば、肩関節の場合、第一の部材が、肩甲骨の関節窩側の端部を模した部分を少なくとも備え、第二の部材が、上腕骨の近位端を模した部分を少なくとも備えていればよいが、それぞれが肩甲骨及び上腕骨のその他の部分を模した部分も備えることを妨げるものではない。同様に、膝関節の場合、第一の部材が、大腿骨の遠位端を模した部分を少なくとも備え、第二の部材が、脛骨の近位端を模した部分を少なくとも備えていればよいが、それぞれが大腿骨及び脛骨のその他の部分を模した部分も備えることを妨げるものではない。同様に、股関節の場合、第一の部材が、骨盤の一方の関節窩を模した部分を少なくとも備え、第二の部材が、大腿骨の近位端の骨頭を模した部分を少なくとも備えていればよいが、それぞれが骨盤及び大腿骨のその他の部分を模した部分も備えることを妨げるものではない。 The first member and the second member may have at least a portion that constitutes the joint of the pair of bones. For example, in the case of a shoulder joint, the first member may have at least a portion that imitates the end of the glenoid cavity of the scapula, and the second member may have at least a portion that imitates the proximal end of the humerus, but this does not prevent each from having a portion that imitates other parts of the scapula and humerus. Similarly, in the case of a knee joint, the first member may have at least a portion that imitates the distal end of the femur, and the second member may have at least a portion that imitates the proximal end of the tibia, but this does not prevent each from having a portion that imitates other parts of the femur and tibia. Similarly, in the case of a hip joint, the first member may have at least a portion that imitates one glenoid cavity of the pelvis, and the second member may have at least a portion that imitates the head of the proximal end of the femur, but this does not prevent each from having a portion that imitates other parts of the pelvis and femur.

好ましい実施形態では、本発明の人体模型は、第二の部材が第一の部材側の端部に球状体を備え、第一の部材が一対のＵ字金具を備え、前記球状体が一対のＵ字金具によって挟持されることにより、三次元空間において回動可能かつ第一の部材に対して近接及び離隔可能に保持される。好ましくは、一対のＵ字金具は、球状体の上下又は前後を挟持するように互いに平行に配置され、より好ましくは、一対のＵ字金具は、球状体の前後を挟持するように互いに平行に配置されるとともに、外方に向けて下方に傾斜して延在し、さらにより好ましくは、前記傾斜の角度を調節できるように可動にされる。ここにおいて、Ｕ字金具は、２股に分かれた側で第一の部材に固定され、湾曲した側が外方に突出するように配置されるものであることは言うまでもない。 In a preferred embodiment, the human body model of the present invention has a second member with a spherical body at the end on the first member side, and the first member with a pair of U-shaped metal fittings, and the spherical body is held by being sandwiched between the pair of U-shaped metal fittings so that it can rotate in three-dimensional space and can approach and move away from the first member. Preferably, the pair of U-shaped metal fittings are arranged parallel to each other so as to sandwich the top and bottom or the front and back of the spherical body, more preferably, the pair of U-shaped metal fittings are arranged parallel to each other so as to sandwich the front and back of the spherical body, and extend outwardly at an incline downward, and even more preferably, the pair of U-shaped metal fittings are movable so that the angle of the incline can be adjusted. Here, it goes without saying that the U-shaped metal fittings are fixed to the first member at the bifurcated side, and are arranged so that the curved side protrudes outward.

好ましい実施形態では、本発明の人体模型は、第一の部材と第二の部材との間に前記1対の骨の間に配置する筋肉を模した紐状部材を架け渡すことが可能に構成される。かかる実施形態によれば、第二の部材を回動させた場合、紐状部材の長さに応じた距離だけ、第二の部材が第一の部材の方向に摺動して近接するように構成することができる。 In a preferred embodiment, the human body model of the present invention is configured so that a string-like member that mimics the muscles to be placed between the pair of bones can be stretched between the first member and the second member. According to this embodiment, when the second member is rotated, the second member can be configured to slide toward the first member by a distance corresponding to the length of the string-like member and approach the first member.

他の好ましい実施形態では、本発明の人体模型は、第二の部材を第一の部材から離隔する方向に付勢する弾性体を備える。かかる実施形態によれば、第二の部材を第一の部材の方向に摺動させた後、自動的に第一の部材から第二の部材が離隔するように構成することができる。弾性体としては、バネの他、ゴム、スポンジなどの弾性部材が使用できる。 In another preferred embodiment, the human body model of the present invention includes an elastic body that biases the second member in a direction away from the first member. According to this embodiment, the second member can be configured to automatically move away from the first member after sliding the second member toward the first member. As the elastic body, in addition to a spring, elastic materials such as rubber and sponge can be used.

本発明の他の局面によれば、骨盤を模した第一の部材と、紐状部材に互いに間隔を開けて数珠状に固定した複数のブロックを備えてなる、腰椎を模した第二の部材とを少なくとも備え、第一の部材は、軸周りに回動可能に配置され、第二の部材は、その上端を吊り下げることにより垂下された前記紐状部材の下端を前記第一の部材に連結させることにより、第一の部材の回動に応じて第二の部材が湾曲するようにした人体模型が提供される。 According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a human body model comprising at least a first member simulating a pelvis and a second member simulating a lumbar vertebrae, the second member comprising a plurality of blocks fixed to a string-like member at intervals in a bead-like fashion, the first member being arranged to be rotatable about an axis, and the second member being hung at its upper end so that the lower end of the hanging string-like member is connected to the first member, thereby allowing the second member to curve in response to the rotation of the first member.

本発明によれば、人体模型を関節の中の動きを説明するに必要十分なシンプルな構成としたので、関節の動きを簡略に再現することができ、患者の訴える痛みを可視化して分かり易く説明することができ、さらに、関節の痛みを疑似体験することもできる。また、本発明によれば、リアルな人体模型と異なり、患者に怖がられたり気持ち悪がられたりすることがなく、院内の雰囲気も明るく保つことができる。また、本発明によれば、人体模型を壁掛け式とすることができるので、持ち運びにも便利であり、また、パーソナルコンピュータ、スマートフォンなど画面で再現することもできる。 According to the present invention, the human body model has a simple structure that is necessary and sufficient to explain the movement inside a joint, so that the movement of the joint can be reproduced in a simplified manner, the pain that the patient complains of can be visualized and explained in an easy-to-understand manner, and furthermore, the pain in the joint can be simulated. Furthermore, according to the present invention, unlike a realistic human body model, the patient will not be frightened or disgusted, and the atmosphere in the hospital can be kept bright. Furthermore, according to the present invention, the human body model can be hung on the wall, so it is convenient to carry and can be reproduced on the screen of a personal computer, smartphone, etc.

図１Ａは肩関節の人体模型の一実施形態を示す平面図である。FIG. 1A is a top view of one embodiment of a shoulder joint manikin. 図１Ｂは図１Ａの人体模型の動作を示す平面図である。FIG. 1B is a plan view illustrating the operation of the mannequin of FIG. 1A. 図１Ｃは図１Ａの人体模型の動作を示す平面図である。FIG. 1C is a plan view illustrating the operation of the mannequin of FIG. 1A. 図２Ａは膝関節の人体模型の一実施形態を示す平面図である。FIG. 2A is a top view of one embodiment of a knee joint manikin. 図２Ｂは図２Ａの人体模型の動作を示す平面図である。FIG. 2B is a plan view illustrating the operation of the mannequin of FIG. 2A. 図２Ｃは図２Ａの人体模型の別の動作を示す平面図である。FIG. 2C is a plan view illustrating another operation of the mannequin of FIG. 2A. 図２Ｄは図２Ａの人体模型の更に別の動作を示す平面図である。FIG. 2D is a plan view illustrating yet another operation of the mannequin of FIG. 2A. 図２Ｅは図２Ａの人体模型の別の使用例を示す平面図である。FIG. 2E is a plan view showing another example of use of the phantom of FIG. 2A. 図２Ｆは図２Ｅの人体模型の動作を示す平面図である。FIG. 2F is a top view illustrating the operation of the mannequin of FIG. 2E. 図３Ａは骨盤周りの人体模型の一実施形態を示す斜視図である。FIG. 3A is a perspective view of one embodiment of a mannequin around a pelvis. 図３Ｂは骨盤周りの人体模型の他の実施形態を斜め前方から見た斜視図である。FIG. 3B is a perspective view of another embodiment of the human body model around the pelvis, as viewed obliquely from the front. 図３Ｃは図３Ｂの人体模型を反対方向（斜め後方）から見た斜視図である。FIG. 3C is a perspective view of the mannequin of FIG. 3B seen from the opposite direction (diagonally rearward). 図４Ａは肩関節の人体模型の一実施形態を示す斜視図である。FIG. 4A is a perspective view of one embodiment of a shoulder joint manikin. 図４Ｂは図４Ａの人体模型の側面図である。FIG. 4B is a side view of the mannequin of FIG. 4A. 図４Ｃは図４Ａの人体模型を反対方向（斜め後方）から見た斜視図である。FIG. 4C is a perspective view of the mannequin of FIG. 4A seen from the opposite direction (diagonally rearward). 図５Ａは骨盤周囲の人体模型の一実施形態を示す平面図である。FIG. 5A is a top view of one embodiment of a mannequin around a pelvis. 図５Ｂは図５Ａの人体模型の動作を示す平面図である。FIG. 5B is a plan view illustrating the operation of the mannequin of FIG. 5A. 図５Ｃは図５Ａの人体模型の動作を示す平面図である。FIG. 5C is a plan view illustrating the operation of the mannequin of FIG. 5A.

＜肩関節の人体模型＞
図１Ａは肩関節の人体模型の一実施形態であり、基板３上に、肩甲骨を模した第一の部材１と、上腕骨を模した長手の第二の部材２とを備える。第一の部材１は、基板３の面上に固定され、左側に関節窩を模した凹部１１を備えている。第二の部材２は、基板３の上記第一の部材１と同じ面で、第一の部材１の凹部１１の左側に配置された軸３１に一端が回動可能に軸支されている。上記基板３としては、例えば、壁自体の他、壁に掛けて鉛直に配置できる厚板などを用いることができるが、この人体模型をパソコン等の電子機器を用いて画面上に表示する場合は、デスクトップに最も近い最下層が基板３に相当する。 <Shoulder joint anatomical model>
1A shows one embodiment of a shoulder joint human body model, which includes a first member 1 simulating a scapula and a long second member 2 simulating a humerus on a substrate 3. The first member 1 is fixed on the surface of the substrate 3, and includes a recess 11 simulating a glenoid cavity on the left side. One end of the second member 2 is rotatably supported on a shaft 31 disposed on the same surface of the substrate 3 as the first member 1, on the left side of the recess 11 of the first member 1. The substrate 3 may be, for example, a wall itself or a thick board that can be hung vertically on a wall. When the human body model is displayed on a screen using an electronic device such as a personal computer, the bottom layer closest to the desktop corresponds to the substrate 3.

第二の部材２は、軸３１の周囲に位置する頭部２１と、頭部２１から延在する延長部２２とからなる上腕骨を模した長手の形状を備え、頭部２１は上腕骨頭を模した外形を備える。そして、第二の部材２は、頭部２１を第一の部材１の凹部１１から僅かに離隔させて配置されている。軸３１は、第一の部材１の凹部１１の方向に摺動可能に配置されるとともに、バネ３２によって第一の部材１から離隔する方向に付勢されている。したがって、第二の部材２は、軸３１回りに回動可能であるのみならず、バネ３２に抗して頭部２１を凹部１１に向けて僅かに近接させることができる。 The second member 2 has a longitudinal shape resembling a humerus, which is composed of a head 21 positioned around an axis 31 and an extension 22 extending from the head 21, and the head 21 has an outer shape resembling the head of the humerus. The second member 2 is arranged with the head 21 slightly spaced from the recess 11 of the first member 1. The axis 31 is arranged so as to be slidable toward the recess 11 of the first member 1, and is biased by a spring 32 in a direction away from the first member 1. Therefore, the second member 2 is not only rotatable around the axis 31, but also capable of moving the head 21 slightly closer to the recess 11 against the spring 32.

第一の部材１は下方にフック１３を備え、第二の部材は軸３１の左下方にフック２３を備える。したがって、肩甲骨と上腕骨との間に位置する筋肉、例えば、棘下筋、小円筋、肩甲下筋、大円筋などを模して、任意の長さの紐状部材６をフック１３とフック２３との間に架け渡すことができる。 The first member 1 has a hook 13 on the lower side, and the second member has a hook 23 on the lower left side of the axis 31. Therefore, a string-like member 6 of any length can be stretched between the hooks 13 and 23 to mimic muscles located between the scapula and humerus, such as the infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and teres major.

図１Ａの人体模型は、第二の部材２を、図１Ｂに示すように、軸３１を中心に時計回り（矢印Ａの方向）に回転させると、紐状部材６の長さが十分であるか柔軟である場合には、軸３１は摺動せず静止したままであるため、第二の部材２は、頭部２１が関節窩１１と離隔した状態で回転する。これは、紐状部材６に相当する筋肉が正常な人が手を挙げた場合の肩関節の動きに対応付けられる。これに対し、図１Ｃに示すように、紐状部材６を短くした場合、第二の部材２が軸３１を中心に時計回り（矢印Ａの方向）に回転すると、紐状部材６の張力によって、軸３１はバネ３２に抗して第一の部材１の方向に摺動するため、第二の部材２は、頭部２１が凹部１１と接触して回転を停止させる。これは、紐状部材６に相当する筋肉が萎縮している人が手を挙げた場合、関節の詰りを生じて関節に痛みを生じ、挙手ができなくなる時の肩関節の動きに対応付けられる。したがって、図１Ａの人体模型によれば、肩関節の動きを、その周囲の筋肉の状態と関節の詰りとを関連付けて説明することができ、例えば、五十肩や、肩腱板損傷（棘上筋腱損傷）のメカニズムの説明に有用である。 In the human body model of FIG. 1A, when the second member 2 is rotated clockwise (in the direction of arrow A) around the axis 31 as shown in FIG. 1B, if the length of the string-like member 6 is sufficient or flexible, the axis 31 does not slide and remains stationary, so the second member 2 rotates with the head 21 separated from the glenoid cavity 11. This corresponds to the movement of the shoulder joint when a person with normal muscles corresponding to the string-like member 6 raises his/her hand. In contrast, as shown in FIG. 1C, if the string-like member 6 is shortened, when the second member 2 rotates clockwise around the axis 31 (in the direction of arrow A), the axis 31 slides toward the first member 1 against the spring 32 due to the tension of the string-like member 6, so that the head 21 of the second member 2 comes into contact with the recess 11 and stops rotating. This corresponds to the movement of the shoulder joint when a person with atrophy of the muscle corresponding to the string-like member 6 raises his/her hand, causing joint blockage and pain in the joint, making it impossible to raise the hand. Therefore, the human body model in FIG. 1A can explain shoulder joint movement in relation to the state of the surrounding muscles and joint stiffness, which is useful for explaining, for example, the mechanisms of frozen shoulder and shoulder rotator cuff injury (supraspinatus tendon injury).

なお、第一の部材１の凹部１１の表面にスポンジ、ゴム等の弾性部材（図示せず）を固定しておき、図１Ｃのように第二の部材２の頭部２１が凹部１１に接近した場合、弾性部材が第二の部材２を凹部１１から遠ざかる方向へ押し返すように構成することもできる。この場合、弾性部材はバネ３２と同様に第二の部材２を第一の部材１から離隔する方向に付勢する作用を及ぼすので、バネ３２を設けない構成にすることもできる。 It is also possible to fix an elastic member (not shown) such as sponge or rubber to the surface of the recess 11 of the first member 1, so that when the head 21 of the second member 2 approaches the recess 11 as shown in FIG. 1C, the elastic member pushes the second member 2 away from the recess 11. In this case, the elastic member acts to bias the second member 2 in a direction away from the first member 1, similar to the spring 32, so it is also possible to configure without providing the spring 32.

＜膝関節の人体模型＞
図２Ａは膝関節の人体模型の一実施形態であり、基板３と、骨盤から大腿骨を一体に模した第一の部材１と、脛骨から足先までを一体に模した長手の第二の部材２とを備える。第一の部材１は、基板３の面上に固定され、下端に大腿骨遠位端部を模した端面１１を備えている。第二の部材２は、基板３の上記第一の部材１と同じ面に配置された回動部材２０上に、上下方向すなわち第一の部材１の方向に摺動可能に取り付けられている。回動部材２０は、第一の部材１の下端部に設けられた軸３１に上端部が軸支されており、第一の部材１及び基板３に対して回動可能に配置されている。第二の部材２は、上端に脛骨の近位端部を模した端面２１を備え、端面２１の上には半月板を模したスポンジ等の弾性部材２２が取り付けられている。第二の部材２は、上述のとおり、回動部材２０に対して摺動可能に配置されているが、その下端に設けられたバネ３２で下方すなわち第一の部材１から遠ざかる方向に付勢されている。上記基板３としては、例えば、壁自体の他、壁に掛けて鉛直に配置できる厚板などを用いることができるが、この人体模型をパソコン等の電子機器を用いて画面上に表示する場合は、デスクトップに最も近い最下層が基板３に相当する。かくして、第一の部材１の端面１１と第二の部材２の弾性部材２２とが僅かに離隔して対向配置されることにより、膝関節が模式的に示されている。 <Human body model of knee joint>
2A shows one embodiment of a knee joint human body model, which includes a base plate 3, a first member 1 simulating the pelvis to the femur, and a long second member 2 simulating the tibia to the toes. The first member 1 is fixed on the surface of the base plate 3, and has an end surface 11 simulating the distal end of the femur at its lower end. The second member 2 is attached to a rotating member 20 arranged on the same surface of the base plate 3 as the first member 1, so as to be slidable in the vertical direction, i.e., in the direction of the first member 1. The rotating member 20 has an upper end supported by a shaft 31 provided at the lower end of the first member 1, and is arranged rotatably relative to the first member 1 and the base plate 3. The second member 2 has an end surface 21 simulating the proximal end of the tibia at its upper end, and an elastic member 22 such as a sponge simulating a meniscus is attached to the end surface 21. As described above, the second member 2 is disposed slidably relative to the rotating member 20, but is biased downward, i.e., in a direction away from the first member 1, by the spring 32 provided at the lower end thereof. As the base plate 3, for example, a wall itself or a thick board that can be hung vertically on a wall can be used, but when this human body model is displayed on a screen using an electronic device such as a personal computer, the bottom layer closest to the desktop corresponds to the base plate 3. Thus, the end surface 11 of the first member 1 and the elastic member 22 of the second member 2 are disposed opposite each other with a slight space therebetween, thereby diagrammatically showing the knee joint.

第一の部材１は、上方の左右両側（大腿骨上方又は骨盤の前方及び後方の両側に相当する箇所）にそれぞれフック１３a及び１３ｂを備え、下方の右側（大腿骨の遠位端部の後方に相当する）にフック１３ｃを備えている。第二の部材は、上方の左右両側（脛骨の近位端部の前方及び後方の両側に相当する箇所）にそれぞれフック２３a及び２３ｂを備え、下方の右側（脛骨の遠位端部の後方に相当する箇所）にフック２３ｃを備えている。したがって、脚の前方で大腿骨又は骨盤の上方と脛骨との間に位置する筋肉、例えば、骨盤と脛骨との間に位置する大腿直筋、又は大腿骨と脛骨との間に位置する大腿広筋（内側広筋、中間広筋、外側広筋）を模して、任意の長さの紐状部材６ａをフック１３ａとフック２３ａとの間に架け渡すことができ、脚の後方で大腿骨又は骨盤の上方と脛骨との間に位置する筋肉、例えば、骨盤と脛骨との間に位置する大腿二頭筋長頭、半腱様筋若しくは半膜様筋、又は大腿骨と脛骨との間に位置する大腿二頭筋短頭を模して、任意の長さの紐状部材６ｂをフック１３ｂとフック２３ｂとの間に架け渡すことができ、脚の後方で大腿骨の下方と踵又は腫骨との間に位置する筋肉、例えば、大腿骨下方と腫骨との間に位置する腓腹筋を模して、任意の長さの紐状部材６ｃ（図２Ｅ及び図２Ｆ参照）をフック１３ｃとフック２３ｃとの間に架け渡すことができる。 The first member 1 has hooks 13a and 13b on both the upper left and right sides (locations corresponding to the upper part of the femur or the anterior and posterior sides of the pelvis) and hook 13c on the lower right side (locations corresponding to the posterior side of the distal end of the femur). The second member has hooks 23a and 23b on both the upper left and right sides (locations corresponding to the anterior and posterior sides of the proximal end of the tibia) and hook 23c on the lower right side (locations corresponding to the posterior side of the distal end of the tibia). Therefore, a string-like member 6a of any length can be hung between the hooks 13a and 23a to imitate a muscle located between the upper part of the femur or pelvis and the tibia at the front of the leg, for example, the rectus femoris located between the pelvis and the tibia, or the vastus femoris (vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis) located between the femur and the tibia, and a muscle located between the upper part of the femur or pelvis and the tibia at the rear of the leg, for example, the long head of the biceps femoris located between the pelvis and the tibia. A string-like member 6b of any length can be stretched between hooks 13b and 23b to imitate the semitendinosus or semimembranosus muscle, or the short head of the femoral biceps located between the femur and the tibia, and a string-like member 6c (see Figures 2E and 2F) of any length can be stretched between hooks 13c and 23c to imitate a muscle located at the back of the leg between the lower part of the femur and the heel or calf, for example, the gastrocnemius muscle located between the lower part of the femur and the calf.

図２Ａの人体模型は、図２Ｂに示すように、第二の部材２を回動部材２０とともに反時計回り（矢印Ｂ参照）に回動させると、紐状部材６ａ及び６ｂの長さが十分であるか柔軟である場合には、第二の部材２は、弾性部材２２が端面１１と離隔した状態で回動する。これは、紐状部材６ａ及び６ｂに相当する筋肉が正常な人が足を後ろに曲げた場合の膝関節の動きに対応付けられる。 As shown in FIG. 2B, when the second member 2 of the human body model in FIG. 2A is rotated counterclockwise (see arrow B) together with the rotating member 20, if the length of the string-like members 6a and 6b is sufficient or the string-like members 6a and 6b are flexible, the second member 2 rotates with the elastic member 22 separated from the end surface 11. This corresponds to the movement of the knee joint when a person with normal muscles corresponding to the string-like members 6a and 6b bends their leg backwards.

これに対し、図２Ｃに示すように、紐状部材６ａ短くした場合、第二の部材２を回動部材２０とともに反時計回り（矢印Ｂ参照）に回動させると、第二の部材２は、紐状部材６ａの張力によってバネ３２に抗して第一の部材１の方向に次第に近接する。そのため、第二の部材２は、弾性部材２２が端部１１と接触して回転を停止させる。これは、紐状部材６ａに相当する上記筋肉が萎縮している人が足を後ろに曲げた場合、関節の詰りを生じて関節に痛みを生じ、足を曲げることができなくなる場合の膝関節の動きに対応付けられる。 In contrast, as shown in FIG. 2C, when the string-like member 6a is shortened and the second member 2 is rotated counterclockwise (see arrow B) together with the rotating member 20, the tension of the string-like member 6a causes the second member 2 to gradually approach the first member 1 against the spring 32. As a result, the elastic member 22 of the second member 2 comes into contact with the end 11 and stops the rotation. This corresponds to the movement of the knee joint when a person with atrophy of the muscle corresponding to the string-like member 6a bends his/her leg backwards, causing joint blockage and pain in the joint, making it impossible to bend the leg.

また、図２Ｄに示すように、紐状部材６ｂ短くした場合、第二の部材２を回動部材２０とともに時計回り（矢印Ｂ参照）に回動させると、第二の部材２は、紐状部材６ｂの張力によってバネ３２に抗して第一の部材１の方向に次第に近接する。そのため、第二の部材２は、弾性部材２２が端部１１と接触して回転を停止させる。これは、紐状部材６ｂに相当する上記筋肉が萎縮している人が足を蹴り出した場合、関節の詰りを生じて関節に痛みを生じ、足を伸ばすことができなくなる場合の膝関節の動きに対応付けられる。 As shown in FIG. 2D, when the string-like member 6b is shortened, rotating the second member 2 together with the rotating member 20 clockwise (see arrow B) causes the second member 2 to gradually approach the first member 1 against the spring 32 due to the tension of the string-like member 6b. As a result, the elastic member 22 of the second member 2 comes into contact with the end 11 and stops the rotation. This corresponds to the movement of the knee joint when a person with atrophy of the muscle corresponding to the string-like member 6b kicks out the leg, causing joint blockage and pain in the joint, making it impossible to straighten the leg.

図２Ｅは、紐状部材６ａ及び６ｂに代えて、紐状部材６ｃをフック１３ｃとフック２３ｃとの間に架け渡した以外、図２Ａと同様である。図２Ｅにおいて、第二の部材２を揺動させると、紐状部材６ｃの長さが十分であるか柔軟である場合、第二の部材２は、弾性部材２２が端面１１と離隔した状態で揺動する。これは、紐状部材６ｃに相当する筋肉が正常な人が膝を屈曲させた場合の膝関節の動きに対応付けられる。これに対し、図２Ｆに示すように、紐状部材６ｃを短くした場合、第二の部材２を時計回り（矢印Ｂの方向）に回動させると、紐状部材６ｃの張力によって、第一の部材１の方向に次第に近接するため、第二の部材２は、弾性部材２２が端部１１と接触して回転を停止させる。これは、紐状部材６ｃに相当する筋肉が萎縮している人が足を前方に蹴り出した場合、関節の詰りを生じて関節に痛みを生じ、足を伸ばすことができなくなる場合の膝関節の動きに対応付けられる。 2E is the same as FIG. 2A, except that instead of the string-like members 6a and 6b, the string-like member 6c is hung between the hooks 13c and 23c. In FIG. 2E, when the second member 2 is swung, if the length of the string-like member 6c is sufficient or if it is flexible, the second member 2 swings with the elastic member 22 separated from the end surface 11. This corresponds to the movement of the knee joint when a person with normal muscles corresponding to the string-like member 6c bends the knee. In contrast, as shown in FIG. 2F, when the string-like member 6c is shortened and the second member 2 is rotated clockwise (in the direction of arrow B), the tension of the string-like member 6c gradually moves closer to the direction of the first member 1, so that the elastic member 22 of the second member 2 comes into contact with the end 11 and stops rotating. This corresponds to the movement of the knee joint when a person with atrophy of the muscle corresponding to the string-like member 6c kicks forward, causing joint blockage and pain, making it impossible to straighten the leg.

したがって、図２Ａ～図２Ｆの人体模型によれば、膝関節の動きを、その周囲の筋肉の状態と関節の詰りとを関連付けて説明することができる。 Therefore, using the human body model in Figures 2A to 2F, it is possible to explain the movement of the knee joint by relating it to the state of the surrounding muscles and the stiffness of the joint.

＜股関節の人体模型＞
図３Ａは、股関節周りの人体模型の一実施形態であり、基板３と、骨盤の一方の寛骨臼を模した第一の部材１と、脚部を模した第二の部材２とを備える。第二の部材２は、大腿骨を模した近位部材２ａと、これに丁番２ｃで連結された脛骨及び足を模した遠位部材２ｂとからなり、近位部材２ａの先端部側面に大腿骨頭を模した球状体２５が細長い円柱状の軸２６を介して取り付けられている。そして、第一の部材１の側面に設けられた２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂで球状体２５を上下から挟み込むことで、第一の部材１を第二の部材２に連結している。この場合、２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂの間隔を球状体２５の直径よりも僅かに小さくすることにより、第二の部材２が第一の部材１から容易に離脱しないようにできる。かくして、第二の部材２は第一の部材１に対してボールジョイントのように三次元空間において自由回転またはスイベル式に揺動可能に連結される。また、第二の部材２は上記軸２６の長さだけ、第一の部材１の方向に摺動することができる（図３Ａの両矢印参照）。したがって、図３Ａの人体模型は、第二の部材２を第一の部材１の方向に摺動させることにより、股関節の動きを股関節が詰る様子とともに再現することができる。 <Hip joint model>
3A shows one embodiment of a human body model around a hip joint, which includes a base plate 3, a first member 1 simulating one acetabulum of a pelvis, and a second member 2 simulating a leg. The second member 2 is composed of a proximal member 2a simulating a femur, and a distal member 2b simulating a tibia and a foot connected to the proximal member 2a by a hinge 2c, and a spherical body 25 simulating a femoral head is attached to the side surface of the tip of the proximal member 2a via a thin cylindrical shaft 26. The first member 1 is connected to the second member 2 by sandwiching the spherical body 25 from above and below with two U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b provided on the side surface of the first member 1. In this case, the distance between the two U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b can be made slightly smaller than the diameter of the spherical body 25 to prevent the second member 2 from easily coming off the first member 1. Thus, the second member 2 is connected to the first member 1 so as to be able to freely rotate or swing in a swivel manner in three-dimensional space like a ball joint. Also, the second member 2 can slide in the direction of the first member 1 by the length of the shaft 26 (see the double arrow in FIG. 3A). Therefore, the human body model in FIG. 3A can reproduce the movement of the hip joint as well as the state of the hip joint becoming stuck by sliding the second member 2 in the direction of the first member 1.

また、球状体２５に対向する第一の部材１の外面にスポンジ等の弾性部材３２を配置しておくことにより、球状体２５が弾性部材３２を押圧した場合、弾性部材３２の反発力により押し返されるようにしてもよい。この場合、弾性部材３２は、第二の部材２を第一の部材１から離隔する方向に付勢する手段として機能する。なお、上記基板３としては、例えば、壁自体の他、壁に掛けて鉛直に配置できる厚板などを用いることができる。また、この人体模型をパソコン等の電子機器を用いて画面上に表示する場合は、３Ｄコンピュータグラフィックスによって示すことができる。 In addition, by arranging an elastic member 32 such as a sponge on the outer surface of the first member 1 facing the spherical body 25, when the spherical body 25 presses the elastic member 32, it may be pushed back by the repulsive force of the elastic member 32. In this case, the elastic member 32 functions as a means for biasing the second member 2 in a direction away from the first member 1. As the substrate 3, for example, in addition to the wall itself, a thick board that can be hung vertically on a wall can be used. When this human body model is displayed on a screen using an electronic device such as a personal computer, it can be displayed using 3D computer graphics.

図３Ｂは、股関節周りの人体模型の別の実施形態であり、以下に説明する点以外は、図３Ａと同様である。図３Ｂの実施形態では、２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂが球状体２５を前後から挟み込むことで、第一の部材１を第二の部材２に連結し、しかも、２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂが第一の部材１から水平方向に対してやや下方に傾斜して取り付けられている。図３Ｂの場合も、図３Ａの場合と同様に、２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂの間隔を球状体２５の直径よりも僅かに小さくすることにより、第二の部材２が第一の部材１から容易に離脱しないようにでき、かくして、第二の部材２は第一の部材１に対してボールジョイントのように三次元空間において自由回転またはスイベル式に揺動可能に連結される。 Figure 3B shows another embodiment of the human body model around the hip joint, which is similar to Figure 3A except for the points described below. In the embodiment of Figure 3B, the first member 1 is connected to the second member 2 by sandwiching the spherical body 25 between two U-shaped metal fittings 15a and 15b from the front and rear, and the two U-shaped metal fittings 15a and 15b are attached to the first member 1 at a slight downward inclination from the horizontal direction. In the case of Figure 3B, as in the case of Figure 3A, the distance between the two U-shaped metal fittings 15a and 15b is made slightly smaller than the diameter of the spherical body 25, so that the second member 2 does not easily come off the first member 1, and thus the second member 2 is connected to the first member 1 so as to be able to freely rotate or swing in a swivel manner in three-dimensional space like a ball joint.

図３Ａのように２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂを上下に配置した場合、第二の部材２で模された脚部の内旋と外旋の自由度は高まるが、該脚部の内転と外転の可動範囲が制限される一方、図３Ｂのように２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂを前後に配置した場合、該脚部の内旋と外旋の自由度は低減するが、脚部の内転と外転の可動範囲が広がることから、より人体に近い動きが再現できるというメリットがある。 When two U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b are arranged one above the other as in Figure 3A, the degree of freedom of internal and external rotation of the leg simulated by the second member 2 increases, but the range of movement of the leg for adduction and abduction is limited. On the other hand, when two U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b are arranged in front and behind each other as in Figure 3B, the degree of freedom of internal and external rotation of the leg decreases, but the range of movement of the leg for adduction and abduction increases, which has the advantage of reproducing movements closer to those of the human body.

また、図３Ｂのように２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂを第一の部材１から水平方向に対してやや下方に傾斜して取り付けたので、人間が立って脚部に体重が掛かったときに生じる内側方向と上側方向への関節の詰まりを再現できるので、より人体に近い動きを再現できるというメリットがある。 In addition, as shown in Figure 3B, the two U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b are attached to the first member 1 at a slight downward incline from the horizontal direction, which has the advantage of reproducing the movement of the joints inward and upward that occurs when a person stands and puts weight on their legs, making it possible to reproduce movements that are closer to those of the human body.

２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂの傾斜角度は、図３Ｂに示すように、鉛直方向Ａに対する傾斜方向Ｂの角度をθとした場合、θ＝６０～８０°の範囲とするのが好ましく、６５～７５°の範囲とするのがより好ましく、７０°とするのが特に好ましい。この傾斜角度θは、例えば、Ｕ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂが垂直に固定された第一の部材の側面を鉛直方向に対して９０°－θの角度だけ下向きに傾斜させることにより形成することができる。また、Ｕ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂが固定された第一の部材の側面の傾斜角度を可動にして、例えば、θ＝６０～８０°の範囲の任意の角度でＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂを固定できるようにしてもよい。 As shown in FIG. 3B, when the angle of the inclination direction B relative to the vertical direction A is θ, the inclination angle of the two U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b is preferably in the range of θ=60 to 80°, more preferably in the range of 65 to 75°, and particularly preferably 70°. This inclination angle θ can be formed, for example, by inclining the side surface of the first member to which the U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b are fixed vertically downward by an angle of 90°-θ relative to the vertical direction. In addition, the inclination angle of the side surface of the first member to which the U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b are fixed may be made variable so that the U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b can be fixed at any angle, for example, in the range of θ=60 to 80°.

また、Ｕ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂの傾斜角度θに対応させて、球状体２５の軸２６も鉛直方向Ａに対して傾斜角度θをなして外方に向けて下方に傾斜するように配置されることが好ましい。図３Ｃでは、近位部材２ａの近位端の内側面を鉛直方向に対して９０°－θの角度だけ上方に向けて外側に傾斜するように成形し、この傾斜した内側面から垂直方向に軸２６が延びるように配置しているが、これに限定されるものではない。 It is also preferable that the axis 26 of the spherical body 25 is arranged so as to be inclined downward and outward at an angle θ with respect to the vertical direction A, corresponding to the inclination angle θ of the U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b. In FIG. 3C, the inner surface of the proximal end of the proximal member 2a is molded so as to be inclined outward and upward at an angle of 90°-θ with respect to the vertical direction, and the axis 26 is arranged to extend vertically from this inclined inner surface, but this is not limited to this.

図３Ｂの実施形態において、第一の部材１は、骨盤の寛骨の一方を模した形状の平板１６を備える。図３Ｃに示されるように、平板１６は、Ｕ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂの上部と片側（図３ＣのＵ字金具１５ｂの側すなわち人体の背側）に隣接する湾部１６ａと、座骨を模した下部１６ｂと、腸骨を模した上部１６ｃとを備える。この平板１６は、第一の部材１に隣接した基部１６ｄを介して基板３に取り付けられている。 In the embodiment of FIG. 3B, the first member 1 comprises a flat plate 16 shaped to resemble one of the hip bones of the pelvis. As shown in FIG. 3C, the flat plate 16 comprises a bay portion 16a adjacent to the upper portion and one side (the side of the U-shaped metal fitting 15b in FIG. 3C, i.e., the back side of the human body) of the U-shaped metal fittings 15a and 15b, a lower portion 16b simulating an ischium, and an upper portion 16c simulating an ilium. The flat plate 16 is attached to the substrate 3 via a base portion 16d adjacent to the first member 1.

図３Ａ～図３Ｃの人体模型によれば、股関節の動きを、その周囲の筋肉の状態と関節の詰りとを関連付けて説明することができる。
例えば、図３Ｂの実施形態において、第一の部材の底部に設けられたフック１３ａと第二の部材２の近位部材２ａの遠位端の内側に設けられたフック２３ｂとの間に内転筋群（大・長・短内転筋、恥骨筋、外閉鎖筋）を模した紐状部材６ａを架け渡して、これらの筋肉の柔軟性が損なわれた場合に足を外転させる（すなわち、外側に開く）ことにより生じる股関節の詰まり（すなわち、図３Ｂ及び図３Ｃで球状体２５が弾性部材３２を押圧する方向に移動する現象、以下同様）のメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 The mannequin of Figures 3A to 3C allows the movement of the hip joint to be explained in relation to the state of the surrounding muscles and the stiffness of the joint.
For example, in the embodiment of Figure 3B, a string-like member 6a simulating the adductor muscles (adductor major, long and short adductor muscles, pectineus muscle, obturator externus muscle) is suspended between hook 13a provided at the bottom of the first member and hook 23b provided on the inside of the distal end of proximal member 2a of the second member 2, so that the mechanism of hip joint blockage caused by abducting the foot (i.e., opening outward) when the flexibility of these muscles is impaired (i.e., the phenomenon in which spherical body 25 moves in the direction pressing against elastic member 32 in Figures 3B and 3C; the same applies below) can be explained to the patient.

また、図３Ｂの近位部材２ａの外面に設けられたフック２３ｃと平板１６の前方上方の任意の箇所に大腿筋膜張筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことで、これらの筋肉の柔軟性が損なわれた場合に生じるガニ股現象や外旋することに起因する股関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 In addition, by bridging a string-like member (not shown) that resembles the tensor fasciae latae muscle between the hook 23c on the outer surface of the proximal member 2a in FIG. 3B and any location on the front upper side of the plate 16, it is possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of hip joint blockage caused by external rotation and the bow-legged phenomenon that occurs when the flexibility of these muscles is impaired.

また、図３Ｂの遠位部材２ｂの近位端の前面に設けられたフック２３ａと平板１６の前方下方の任意の箇所に大腿直筋等を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことで、これらの筋肉の柔軟性が損なわれた場合に足を後方に上げたり蹴り出したりすることにより生じる股関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 In addition, by bridging a string-like member (not shown) simulating the rectus femoris muscle, etc., between the hook 23a provided on the front surface of the proximal end of the distal member 2b in FIG. 3B and any location on the lower front of the plate 16, it is possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of hip joint blockage that occurs when the leg is raised backward or kicked out when the flexibility of these muscles is impaired.

また、例えば、図３Ｃの近位部材２ａの近位端の後方に設けられたフック２３ｅと平板１６の後方端の中央に設けられたフック１３ｄとの間に外旋筋群（梨状筋・上下双子筋・内閉鎖筋・大腿方形筋）を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡して、これらの筋肉の柔軟性が損なわれた場合に足を内旋させることにより生じる股関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 In addition, for example, by suspending a string-like member (not shown) simulating the external rotator muscles (piriformis, superior and inferior gemellus, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris) between hook 23e provided at the rear of the proximal end of proximal member 2a in FIG. 3C and hook 13d provided in the center of the rear end of plate 16, it is possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of hip joint blockage caused by inward rotation of the foot when the flexibility of these muscles is impaired.

また、例えば、図３Ｃの遠位部材２ｂの近位端の後方に設けられたフック２３ｆと平板１６の座骨を模した下部１６ｂに設けられたフック１３ｃとの間にハムストリング（大腿二頭筋・半腱様筋半膜様筋）を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡して、これらの筋肉の柔軟性が失われた場合に足を前方に上げることにより生じる股関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 In addition, for example, by bridging a string-like member (not shown) simulating the hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus) between hook 23f provided at the rear of the proximal end of distal member 2b in FIG. 3C and hook 13c provided on lower portion 16b simulating the ischium of plate 16, it is possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of hip joint blockage caused by lifting the leg forward when the flexibility of these muscles is lost.

また、例えば、図３Ｃの近位部材２ａの近位端の前方及び後方に設けられたフック２３ｄ及び／又は２３ｅと平板１６の腸骨を模した上部１６ｃに設けられたフック１３ｂ及び／又は１３ｅとの間に中臀筋及び／又は小臀筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡して、これらの筋肉の柔軟性が失われた場合に立ったまま左右の足を交差させることにより生じる股関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 In addition, for example, by suspending a string-like member (not shown) simulating the gluteus medius and/or gluteus minimus between hooks 23d and/or 23e provided at the front and rear of the proximal end of proximal member 2a in FIG. 3C and hooks 13b and/or 13e provided at upper portion 16c simulating the ilium of plate 16, it is possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of hip joint blockage that occurs when the left and right legs are crossed while standing if the flexibility of these muscles is lost.

＜肩関節の人体模型＞
図４Ａは、肩関節周りの人体模型の一実施形態であり、基板３と、胸郭を模した縦長部材１ａとその後方に固定された肩甲骨を模した板材１ｂと、該板材１ｂの外方先端に固定された関節窩を模した板材１ｃとを備えてなる。縦長部材１ａ、板材１ｂ及び板材１ｃが第一の部材１に相当する。第二の部材２は、上腕骨を模した近位部材２ａと、これに丁番２ｃで連結された前腕を模した遠位部材２ｂとからなり、近位部材２ａの先端部側面に上腕骨頭を模した球状体２５が細長い円柱状の軸２６を介して取り付けられている。そして、板材１ｃに固定された２つのＵ字金具１５ａ,１５ｂで球状体２５を図の左右（即ち、人体の前後）から挟み込むことで、第一の部材１を第二の部材２に連結している。この場合、２つのＵ字金具１５ａ，１５ｂの間隔を球状体２５の直径よりも僅かに小さくすることにより、第二の部材２が第一の部材１から容易に離脱しないようにできる。かくして、第二の部材２は第一の部材１に対してボールジョイントのように三次元空間において自由回転またはスイベル式に揺動可能に連結される。また、図４Ｂに示すように、第二の部材２は上記軸２６の長さだけ、第一の部材１の方向に摺動することができる（図４Ｂの両矢印参照）。したがって、図４Ａの人体模型は、第二の部材２を第一の部材１の方向に摺動させることにより、肩関節の動きを肩関節が詰る様子とともに再現することができる。 <Shoulder joint anatomical model>
4A shows one embodiment of a human body model around a shoulder joint, which includes a base plate 3, a vertical member 1a simulating a thorax, a plate member 1b simulating a scapula fixed to the rear of the member 1a, and a plate member 1c simulating a glenoid cavity fixed to the outer tip of the plate member 1b. The vertical member 1a, the plate member 1b, and the plate member 1c correspond to the first member 1. The second member 2 includes a proximal member 2a simulating a humerus, and a distal member 2b simulating a forearm connected to the proximal member 2a by a hinge 2c. A spherical body 25 simulating a humeral head is attached to the side of the tip of the proximal member 2a via a thin cylindrical shaft 26. The spherical body 25 is sandwiched between two U-shaped metal fittings 15a and 15b fixed to the plate member 1c from the left and right of the figure (i.e., the front and rear of the human body), thereby connecting the first member 1 to the second member 2. In this case, by making the distance between the two U-shaped metal fittings 15a, 15b slightly smaller than the diameter of the spherical body 25, the second member 2 can be prevented from easily coming off the first member 1. Thus, the second member 2 is connected to the first member 1 so as to be able to freely rotate or swing in a swivel-like manner in three-dimensional space like a ball joint. Also, as shown in Fig. 4B, the second member 2 can slide in the direction of the first member 1 by the length of the shaft 26 (see the double arrow in Fig. 4B). Therefore, the human body model in Fig. 4A can reproduce the movement of the shoulder joint as well as the state in which the shoulder joint is jammed, by sliding the second member 2 in the direction of the first member 1.

また、球状体２５に対向する板材１ｃの外面にスポンジ等の弾性部材３２を配置しておくことにより、球状体２５が弾性部材３２を押圧した場合、弾性部材３２の反発力により押し返されるようにしてもよい。この場合、弾性部材３２は、第二の部材２を第一の部材１から離隔する方向に付勢する手段として機能する。なお、上記基板３としては、例えば、壁自体の他、壁に掛けて鉛直に配置できる厚板などを用いることができる。また、この人体模型をパソコン等の電子機器を用いて画面上に表示する場合は、３Ｄコンピュータグラフィックスによって示すことができる。 In addition, by arranging an elastic member 32 such as a sponge on the outer surface of the plate material 1c facing the spherical body 25, when the spherical body 25 presses the elastic member 32, it may be pushed back by the repulsive force of the elastic member 32. In this case, the elastic member 32 functions as a means for biasing the second member 2 in a direction away from the first member 1. As the substrate 3, for example, in addition to the wall itself, a thick plate that can be hung vertically on a wall can be used. When this human body model is displayed on a screen using an electronic device such as a personal computer, it can be displayed using 3D computer graphics.

図４Ａ～図４Ｃの人体模型によれば、肩関節の動きを、その周囲の筋肉の状態と関節の詰りとを関連付けて説明することができる。
例えば、図４Ａから良く見て取れるように、人体の胸部に相当する縦長部材１ａの前面に設けたフック１３ｂと近位部材２ａの前面の中央よりやや近位端寄りに設けたフック２３ｄとの間に大胸筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができ、板材１ｃの前面に設けたフック１３ｄと遠位部材２ｂの前面の近位端付近に設けたフック２３ａとの間に上腕二頭筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができ、縦長部材１ａの前面の上部に設けたフック１３ａと上記フック２３ｄとの間に三角筋（前部）を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができる。また、図４Ｂから良く見て取れるように、近位部材２ａの内面の遠位端付近に設けたフック２３ｃと上記フック１３ｄとの間に烏口腕筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができる。これにより、大胸筋、上腕二頭筋、三角筋（前部）又は烏口腕筋の柔軟性が失われた場合に腕を後ろに上げることにより生じる肩関節の詰まり（すなわち、図４Ａ～Ｃで球状体２５が弾性部材３２を押圧する方向に移動する現象、以下同様）のメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 The mannequin of Figures 4A to 4C allows the movement of the shoulder joint to be explained in relation to the state of the surrounding muscles and the stiffness of the joint.
For example, as can be clearly seen from Fig. 4A, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the pectoralis major muscle can be stretched between the hook 13b provided on the front surface of the vertical member 1a corresponding to the chest of the human body and the hook 23d provided on the front surface of the proximal member 2a slightly closer to the proximal end than the center, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the biceps muscle can be stretched between the hook 13d provided on the front surface of the plate material 1c and the hook 23a provided near the proximal end of the front surface of the distal member 2b, and a string-like member (not shown) simulating the deltoid muscle (front part) can be stretched between the hook 13a provided at the top of the front surface of the vertical member 1a and the above hook 23d. Also, as can be clearly seen from Fig. 4B, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the coracobrachialis muscle can be stretched between the hook 23c provided near the distal end of the inner surface of the proximal member 2a and the above hook 13d. This makes it possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of shoulder joint jamming that occurs when the arm is raised back when flexibility is lost in the pectoralis major, biceps brachii, deltoid (anterior) or coracobrachialis (i.e., the phenomenon in which spherical body 25 moves in the direction pressing against elastic member 32 in Figures 4A to 4C; the same applies below).

また、例えば、上記フック１３ｂと上記フック２３ｄとの間に大胸筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したり、上記フック２３ｃと上記フック１３ｄとの間に烏口腕筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したり、又は、図４Ａ及び図４Ｂから良く見て取れる上記フック２３ｄと図４Ｃから良く見て取れる縦長部材１ａの後面の遠位端付近に設けたフック１３ｈとの間に広背筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したり、近位部材２ａの後面の中央よりやや近位端寄りに設けたフック２３ｇと部材１ｂの底端部に設けたフック１３ｇとの間に小円筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したり、近位部材２ａの前面の中央よりやや近位端寄りに設けたフック２３ｄと部材１ｂの底端部に設けたフック１３ｇとの間に大円筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができる。これにより、大胸筋、烏口腕筋、広背筋、小円筋又は大円筋の柔軟性が失われた場合に腕を外側に開くことにより生じる肩関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 In addition, for example, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the pectoralis major muscle can be stretched between the hooks 13b and 23d, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the coracobrachialis muscle can be stretched between the hooks 23c and 13d, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the latissimus dorsi muscle can be stretched between the hook 23d, which can be seen clearly in Figures 4A and 4B, and a hook 13h provided near the distal end of the rear surface of the vertically elongated member 1a, which can be seen clearly in Figure 4C, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the teres minor muscle can be stretched between the hook 23g provided slightly toward the proximal end from the center of the rear surface of the proximal member 2a and the hook 13g provided at the bottom end of the member 1b, or a string-like member (not shown) simulating the teres major muscle can be stretched between the hook 23d provided slightly toward the proximal end from the center of the front surface of the proximal member 2a and the hook 13g provided at the bottom end of the member 1b. This allows the patient to understand the mechanism of shoulder joint blockage that occurs when the arm is turned outward due to loss of flexibility in the pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, latissimus dorsi, teres minor, or teres major muscles.

また、例えば、上記フック１３ｂと上記フック２３ｄとの間に大胸筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したり、上記フック２３ｄと上記フック１３ｇとの間に大円筋又は肩甲下筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したりすることができる。これにより、大胸筋、大円筋又は肩甲下筋の柔軟性が失われた場合に腕を外旋する（すなわち、外側にねじる）ことにより生じる肩関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 For example, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the pectoralis major muscle can be stretched between the hooks 13b and 23d, or a string-like member (not shown) simulating the teres major muscle or the subscapularis muscle can be stretched between the hooks 23d and 13g. This makes it possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of shoulder joint blockage that occurs when the arm is externally rotated (i.e. twisted outward) when the flexibility of the pectoralis major muscle, teres major muscle, or subscapularis muscle is lost.

また、例えば、上記フック２３ｄと上記フック１３ｈとの間に広背筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したり、上記フック２３ｄと上記フック１３ｇとの間に大円筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したり、又は、遠位部材２ｂの後面の近位端付近に設けたフック２３ｈと部材１ｃの下面に設けたフック１３ｃとの間に上腕三頭筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡したり、上記フック２３ｇと部材１ｃの上面に設けたフック１３ｉとの間に三角筋（後部）を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができる。これにより、広背筋、大円筋、上腕三頭筋又は三角筋（後部）の柔軟性が失われた場合に腕を前方に上げることにより生じる肩関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 For example, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the latissimus dorsi can be stretched between the hook 23d and the hook 13h, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the teres major can be stretched between the hook 23d and the hook 13g, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the triceps can be stretched between the hook 23h provided near the proximal end of the rear surface of the distal member 2b and the hook 13c provided on the lower surface of the member 1c, or a string-like member (not shown) simulating the deltoid muscle (rear) can be stretched between the hook 23g and the hook 13i provided on the upper surface of the member 1c. This makes it possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of shoulder joint congestion caused by raising the arm forward when the flexibility of the latissimus dorsi, teres major, triceps or deltoid muscle (rear) is lost.

また、例えば、近位部材２ａの外面の近位端付近に設けたフック２３ｆと部材１ｂの頂部に設けたフック１３ｅとの間に棘上筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができ、上記フック２３ｆと上記フック１３ｉとの間に三角筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができる。これにより、棘上筋又は三角筋の柔軟性が失われた場合に腕を内側に閉じることにより生じる肩関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 For example, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the supraspinatus muscle can be stretched between hook 23f provided near the proximal end of the outer surface of proximal member 2a and hook 13e provided at the top of member 1b, and a string-like member (not shown) simulating the deltoid muscle can be stretched between hook 23f and hook 13i. This makes it possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of shoulder joint blockage caused by closing the arm inward when the flexibility of the supraspinatus muscle or deltoid muscle is lost.

また、例えば、上記フック２３ｆと部材１ｂの後面に設けたフック１３ｆとの間に棘下筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができ、上記フック２３ｆと上記フック１３ｇとの間に小円筋を模した紐状部材（図示せず）を架け渡すことができる。これにより、棘下筋又は小円筋の柔軟性が失われた場合に腕を内旋する（すなわち、内側にねじる）ことにより生じる肩関節の詰まりのメカニズムを患者に説明することができる。 For example, a string-like member (not shown) simulating the infraspinatus muscle can be stretched between the hook 23f and the hook 13f provided on the rear surface of the member 1b, and a string-like member (not shown) simulating the teres minor muscle can be stretched between the hook 23f and the hook 13g. This makes it possible to explain to the patient the mechanism of shoulder joint blockage caused by internally rotating the arm (i.e. twisting inward) when the flexibility of the infraspinatus muscle or the teres minor muscle is lost.

＜骨盤周りの人体模型＞
図５Ａは、骨盤周りの人体模型の一実施形態であり、基板３と、骨盤を模した第一の部材１と、腰椎を模した第二の部材２とを備える。第一の部材１は、その下方部で、基板３に固定された軸３１回りに揺動可能に取り付けられている。第二の部材２は、１本の紐状部材２１に互いに間隔を開けて数珠状に固定した５つのブロック２２ａ，２２ｂ，２２ｃ，２２ｄ，２２ｅを備える。紐状部材２１に対するブロック２２ａ，２２ｂ，２２ｃ，２２ｄ，２２ｅの固定方法は、特に制限されないが、例えば、ネジ、釘、接着剤を用いて固定する方法や、各ブロック２２ａ，２２ｂ，２２ｃ，２２ｄ，２２ｅを紐状部材２１に縛り付けたり、縫い付けたり、係合させたりする方法が挙げられる。紐状部材２１としては、柔軟性のあるものであれば特に限定されないが、端部に軸線方向と交差する方向の力を加えると湾曲し、力を除くと自然に直線状に復元する部材を用いることが好ましく、特にコイルスプリングを用いることが好ましい。このコイルスプリングは、ブロック２２ａ，２２ｂ，２２ｃ，２２ｄ，２２ｅの自重によっては容易に延びないバネ定数を備えるものであることが好ましい。また、ブロック２２ａ，２２ｂ，２２ｃ，２２ｄ，２２ｅそれぞれの隙間に椎間板を模してスポンジ、ゴム等の弾性部材を挿入してもよい。 <Human body model around the pelvis>
5A shows one embodiment of a human body model around a pelvis, which includes a base plate 3, a first member 1 simulating a pelvis, and a second member 2 simulating a lumbar vertebra. The first member 1 is attached at its lower part so as to be swingable around an axis 31 fixed to the base plate 3. The second member 2 includes five blocks 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, and 22e fixed to a single string-like member 21 at intervals in a beaded shape. The method of fixing the blocks 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, and 22e to the string-like member 21 is not particularly limited, and examples of the method include a method of fixing the blocks 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, and 22e to the string-like member 21 using screws, nails, or adhesives, or a method of tying, sewing, or engaging the blocks 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, and 22e to the string-like member 21. The cord-like member 21 is not particularly limited as long as it is flexible, but it is preferable to use a member that curves when a force is applied to the end in a direction intersecting the axial direction and naturally returns to a straight shape when the force is removed, and it is particularly preferable to use a coil spring. This coil spring is preferably one that has a spring constant that does not easily stretch due to the weight of the blocks 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, and 22e. In addition, an elastic member such as sponge or rubber may be inserted into the gaps between the blocks 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, and 22e to simulate an intervertebral disc.

そして、基板３に固定されたフック３３から紐状部材４１を用いて、人体の胸部を模した板材４が吊り下げられている。この板材４の中央よりも右側（人体の背中側）に設けられたフック４３ａに、紐状部材２１の上端を固定して第二の部材２を吊り下げ、吊り下がった紐状部材２１の下端をそれぞれ第一の部材１の軸３１から離隔した上方部に設けられたフック１３ａに固定する。板材４はフック４３ａの下方にブロック４４を備えている。ブロック４４は、板材４に対向する面に上下に延びた凹部（図示せず）を備え、この凹部に紐状部材２１を通過させた状態で４つのネジで板材４に締結されており、これにより、紐状部材２１の上端部をブロック４４の上記凹部と板材４との間に挟持して堅固に固定している。第一の部材１は、フック１３ａの上方に、仙骨を模した反転L字状の部材１４を備えている。部材１４の上方水平部の第一の部材１に対向する面には、ブロック４４と同様に、上下に延びた凹部（図示せず）が設けられており、部材１４は、この凹部に紐状部材２１を通過させた状態で数本のネジで第一の部材１に締結されており、これにより、紐状部材２１の下端部を部材１４の上記凹部と第一の部材１４との間に挟持して堅固に固定している。軸３１には、大腿骨を模した棒材５の上端部が回転可能に取り付けられている。棒材５は、任意の回転位置で基板３に固定できるようにすることが好ましく、図示の例は、棒材５が鉛直方向に延在した状態で基板３に固定された状態を示している。 A plate material 4 simulating the chest of a human body is suspended from a hook 33 fixed to the substrate 3 using a string-like member 41. The upper end of the string-like member 21 is fixed to a hook 43a provided on the right side (the back side of the human body) of the center of the plate material 4 to suspend the second member 2, and the lower ends of the suspended string-like members 21 are fixed to hooks 13a provided on the upper part of the first member 1, spaced apart from the axis 31. The plate material 4 is provided with a block 44 below the hook 43a. The block 44 is provided with a recess (not shown) extending vertically on the surface facing the plate material 4, and is fastened to the plate material 4 with four screws while the string-like member 21 passes through this recess, thereby firmly fixing the upper end of the string-like member 21 between the recess of the block 44 and the plate material 4. The first member 1 is provided with an inverted L-shaped member 14 simulating the sacrum above the hook 13a. The surface of the upper horizontal portion of member 14 facing first member 1 has a vertically extending recess (not shown), similar to block 44, and member 14 is fastened to first member 1 with several screws with string-like member 21 passing through this recess, thereby firmly clamping the lower end of string-like member 21 between member 14 and first member 14. The upper end of rod 5, which resembles a femur, is rotatably attached to shaft 31. It is preferable that rod 5 can be fixed to substrate 3 at any rotational position, and the illustrated example shows rod 5 fixed to substrate 3 with the rod 5 extending vertically.

図５Ａに示す人体模型は、骨盤を模した第一の部材１が軸３１回りに揺動すると、腰椎を模した第二の部材２が湾曲するので、下記のような症状の説明が可能となり、とりわけ、紐状部材２１として上記したコイルスプリングを用いた場合、第一の部材１の軸３１回りの揺動方向に応答して第二の部材２が異なる方向に大きく湾曲するので、腰椎の湾曲状態を視覚的に分かり易く説明することが可能となる。例えば、図５Ｂに示すように、太ももの筋肉、例えば、大腿直筋を模した紐状部材６ａを第一の部材１の左側（人体の腹側）に設けられたフック１３ｃと、大腿骨を模した棒材５の下端部に設けられたフック５３との間に架け渡し、紐状部材６ａの長さを縮めると、第一の部材１が軸３１回りに左側（人体の腹側）に傾斜すると同時に、第二の部材２の下側が背中側に突き出して反った状態となり、これにより、太ももの筋肉が萎縮して反り腰が生じた状態を説明することができる。また、第一の部材１の右側（人体の背中側）に設けられたフック１３ｄと、胸部を模した板材４の右側（人体の背中側）に設けられたフック４３ｄに紐状部材６ｂを架け渡し、紐状部材６ｂの長さを縮めると、上記と同様に第二の部材２の下側が背中側に突き出して反った状態となり、これにより、背筋が萎縮した場合にも反り腰が生じることを説明することができる。 In the human body model shown in Fig. 5A, when the first member 1 simulating the pelvis swings around the axis 31, the second member 2 simulating the lumbar vertebrae bends, making it possible to explain the following symptoms. In particular, when the above-mentioned coil spring is used as the string-like member 21, the second member 2 bends significantly in a different direction in response to the swinging direction of the first member 1 around the axis 31, making it possible to visually explain the curved state of the lumbar vertebrae in an easy-to-understand manner. For example, as shown in Fig. 5B, a string-like member 6a simulating a thigh muscle, for example, the rectus femoris muscle, is hung between a hook 13c provided on the left side (the abdominal side of the human body) of the first member 1 and a hook 53 provided on the lower end of a rod 5 simulating a femur, and when the length of the string-like member 6a is shortened, the first member 1 tilts to the left side (the abdominal side of the human body) around the axis 31, and at the same time, the lower side of the second member 2 protrudes and curves toward the back, which makes it possible to explain the state in which the thigh muscles have atrophied and a curved back has occurred. In addition, by hanging a string-like member 6b between a hook 13d on the right side (towards the back of the human body) of the first member 1 and a hook 43d on the right side (towards the back of the human body) of the plate material 4 that resembles the chest, and shortening the length of the string-like member 6b, the lower side of the second member 2 protrudes towards the back and is curved in the same way as above, which explains why a hunched back can also occur when the back muscles atrophy.

また、図５Ｃに示すように、ハムストリングのような大腿骨の背中側の筋肉を模した紐状部材６ｃを第一の部材１の右側（人体の背中側）に設けられたフック１３ｅと、棒材５の下端部に設けられたフック５３との間に架け渡し、紐状部材６ｃの長さを縮めると、第一の部材１が軸３１回りに右側（人体の背中側）に傾斜すると同時に、第二の部材２の中央が背中側に張り出して湾曲状態となり、これにより、ハムストリングなどの大腿骨の背中側の筋肉が萎縮してまるめ腰が生じた状態を説明することができる。また、第一の部材１の左側（人体の腹側）に設けられたフック１３ｃと、胸部を模した板材４の左側（人体の腹側）に設けられたフック４３ｃに紐状部材６ｄを架け渡し、紐状部材６ｄの長さを縮めると、上記と同様に第二の部材２の中央が背中側に張り出して湾曲状態となり、これにより、腹筋が萎縮した場合に猫背が生じることを説明することができる。上記基板３としては、例えば、壁自体の他、壁に掛けて鉛直に配置できる厚板などを用いることができるが、この人体模型をパソコン等の電子機器を用いて画面上に表示する場合は、デスクトップに最も近い最下層が基板３に相当する。 5C, when a string-like member 6c simulating a muscle on the back side of the femur such as the hamstring is stretched between a hook 13e provided on the right side (back side of the human body) of the first member 1 and a hook 53 provided on the lower end of the bar 5, and the length of the string-like member 6c is shortened, the first member 1 tilts to the right side (back side of the human body) around the axis 31, and at the same time, the center of the second member 2 protrudes toward the back and becomes curved, which can explain the state in which the muscle on the back side of the femur such as the hamstring atrophies and causes a rounded waist. Also, when a string-like member 6d is stretched between a hook 13c provided on the left side (abdominal side of the human body) of the first member 1 and a hook 43c provided on the left side (abdominal side of the human body) of the plate material 4 simulating the chest, the center of the second member 2 protrudes toward the back and becomes curved, as described above, which can explain the occurrence of a hunched back when the abdominal muscles atrophy. The substrate 3 can be, for example, the wall itself or a thick board that can be hung vertically on a wall. When the human body model is displayed on a screen using an electronic device such as a personal computer, the bottom layer closest to the desktop corresponds to the substrate 3.

本発明の人体模型は、按摩マッサージ指圧師、整形外科医等が患者を問診する際のみならず、これら専門家の教育の現場で利用することができる。 The human body model of the present invention can be used not only by massage therapists, orthopedic surgeons, etc. when interviewing patients, but also in educational settings for these professionals.

１第一の部材
１３ａ，１３ｂ，１３ｃ，１３ｄ，１３ｅフック
１５ａ，１５ｂＵ字金具
２第二の部材
２０回動部材
２１紐状部材
２２弾性部材
２２ａ，２２ｂ，２２ｃ，２２ｄ，２２ｅブロック
２３ａ，２３ｂ，２３ｃ，２３ｄ，２３ｅフック
２５球状体
２６軸
３基板
３１軸
３２弾性体（バネ、弾性部材）
３３フック
４板材
４１紐状部材
６，６ａ，６ｂ，６ｃ，６ｄ紐状部材 1 First member 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 13e Hook 15a, 15b U-shaped metal fitting 2 Second member 20 Rotating member 21 String-like member 22 Elastic member 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e Block 23a, 23b, 23c, 23d, 23e Hook 25 Spherical body 26 Shaft 3 Substrate 31 Shaft 32 Elastic body (spring, elastic member)
33 Hook 4 Plate material 41 String-like member 6, 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d String-like member

Claims

A human body dummy comprising at least a base plate (3) , a first member (1) arranged on the base plate (3) simulating the end of one of a pair of bones opposing each other to form a joint , and a second member (2) arranged on the base plate (3) simulating the end of the other bone, the second member (2) being pivotally supported by the base plate (3) at the end on the first member (1) side and rotatably arranged on the base plate (3) and slidable relative to the base plate (3) so that the second member (2) can move toward and away from the first member (1). The human body dummy also comprises a string-like member (6) stretched between the first member (1) and the second member (2), and the first member (1) and the second member (2) are brought toward each other by the tension of the string-like member (6) .

2. The mannequin according to claim 1, wherein the first member (1) represents at least the end of the scapula on the glenoid cavity side, and the second member (2) represents at least the proximal end of the humerus .

2. The mannequin of claim 1 , wherein the first member (1) represents at least a distal end of a femur and the second member (2) represents at least a proximal end of a tibia.

A human body dummy comprising at least a first member (1) simulating the end of one of a pair of bones that face each other to form a joint, and a second member (2) simulating the end of the other bone, the second member (2) being rotatably disposed at an end on the first member (1) side and capable of moving toward and away from the first member (1), wherein the second member (2) has a spherical body (25) at an end on the first member (1) side, the first member (1) having a pair of U-shaped metal fittings (15a, 15b), and the spherical body (25) is clamped by the pair of U-shaped metal fittings (15a, 15b), thereby holding the human body dummy rotatably in three-dimensional space and capable of moving toward and away from the first member (1), and further comprising a string-like member (6) stretched between the first member (1) and the second member (2), and the first member (1) and the second member (2) are brought into close proximity by the tension of the string-like member (6) .

5. The human body mannequin according to claim 4 , wherein the pair of U-shaped metal fittings (15a, 15b) are arranged parallel to each other so as to sandwich the spherical body (25) from above and below or from the front and rear.

6. The human body mannequin according to claim 5 , wherein the pair of U-shaped metal fittings (15a, 15b) are arranged parallel to each other so as to sandwich the front and rear of the spherical body (25) and extend outwardly and downwardly at an angle.

7. The mannequin according to claim 6 , wherein the pair of U-shaped metal fittings (15a, 15b) are movable so that the angle of inclination can be adjusted.

5. The mannequin according to claim 4, wherein the first member (1) represents at least the end of the scapula on the glenoid cavity side, and the second member (2) represents at least the proximal end of the humerus.

5. The mannequin according to claim 4, wherein the first member (1) represents at least one glenoid cavity of a pelvis, and the second member (2) represents at least a head of a proximal end of a femur.

5. The mannequin according to claim 1, further comprising an elastic body (22, 32) for biasing the second member (2) in a direction away from the first member (1).