JPS632325B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS632325B2 JPS632325B2 JP4648481A JP4648481A JPS632325B2 JP S632325 B2 JPS632325 B2 JP S632325B2 JP 4648481 A JP4648481 A JP 4648481A JP 4648481 A JP4648481 A JP 4648481A JP S632325 B2 JPS632325 B2 JP S632325B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- pipe
- radiation
- thickness
- outer diameter
- measuring device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B15/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electromagnetic waves or particle radiation, e.g. by the use of microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays or electrons
- G01B15/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electromagnetic waves or particle radiation, e.g. by the use of microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays or electrons for measuring thickness
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Length-Measuring Devices Using Wave Or Particle Radiation (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Description
本発明は金属パイプの肉厚分布の測定装置に係
わり、特に圧延によつて製造されるシームレスパ
イプの圧延途中の肉厚分布および最終製品の肉厚
分布を測定するのに好適な測定装置に関する。
シームレスパイプは丸棒や角材から製造され
る。すなわち、先ず、ピアシングミルにおいて丸
棒や角材に穴をあけ、エロンゲータやプラグミル
あるいはマンドレルミルにおいて、所定の第1図
aに示すように、均一な肉厚と寸法をもつたパイ
プに仕上げる。各圧延工程では、内径と外径の偏
心(同図b)や、偏肉(同図c)や欠肉(同図
d)といつた形状不良が発生しないように圧延を
おこなうことが極めて重要である。これらの不良
をできるだけ小さくするには万が一不良が発生し
たとき、その不良を検出し、圧延に対しなんらか
の修正を加えることが必要になる。従来よりパイ
プの外周形状や外径の分布を測定することは可能
であつたが、パイプの内周形状や肉厚分布を測定
する有効な手段はなかつた。
本発明の目的は金属パイプの肉厚分布を精度良
く検出する装置を提供する所にある。
このために本発明はパイプを透過するように放
射線(X線、γ線等)を発生する放射線源と、透
過した放射線の強度を測定する強度計と、パイプ
の外径を測定する検出器とからなる測定部と、該
測定部と該パイプを相対的に該パイプの中心軸の
まわりに回転させる手段と、該強度計と外径検出
器の出力によりパイプ肉厚の分布を検出する装置
を設け、この肉厚分布検出装置において、透過強
度から放射線通過途上のパイプの二つの部分の肉
厚の和と、その部分の外径との差を求めることに
より、パイプの肉厚分布を求めるようにした。パ
イプの肉厚分布がわかれば外周と内周の中心の偏
心や欠肉、偏肉も比較的容易に求めることができ
る。
本発明の実施例を述べる前に、パイプを透過し
た放射線の強度に関する基本的な特徴を述べる。
ここでは第2図のようにパイプ外周のほぼ中心に
あたる点Oを通る放射線(入射強度I0)を考え
る。第2図のようにこの点0を通る、互いに直交
するX、Y軸を定め、放射線をY軸のなす角θを
回転角と呼ぶことになる。また、パイプ内周は半
径rで、中心が(0、−δr)にある円であるとす
る。また放射線の侵入方向から図のようにA、
B、B′、A′をとる、このとき原点OからA、
A′までの距離をR1、R2とする。このときパイプ
の厚さ、′′は次のように表わされる。
=R1−√2−2 2+δr・cosθ……(1)
A′B′=R2−√2−2 2−δr・cosθ……(
2)
なお、上記(1)式および(2)式の導き方は次の通り
である。すなわち、三角形の余弦定理により
r2−x2+δr2−2δr・xcos(180゜−θ)
=x2+δr2+2δr+xcosθ
ゆえに、x2+2(δr・cosθ)x+δr2−r2=O
2次方程式の解の公式により、
x=−δrcosθ+√2 2−(2−2)
=−δrcosθ+√2−2(1−2)
=−δrcosθ+√2−2 2
ゆえに、=−
=R1−(√2−2 2−δrcosθ)
=R1−√2−2 2+δrcosθ)
同様に、′′=′−′
=R2−(δrcosθ+√2−2 2)
=R2−(√2−2 2−δrcosθ)
となるのである。
一方、放射線の透過強度Iは透過する物体の厚
さによつて決まることが知られており、第2図の
場合には次式が成り立つ。
I=I0・C・exp{−(+′′)/d0}……(3)
ここでCは金属表面への入射角度等で決まる入
射効率係数、d0は金属中での放射線減衰係数を意
味している。ここで透過係数Kを次式で定義す
る。
K=d0・loI0C/I ……(4)
(4)式に(1)〜(3)式を適用すると次式が得られる。
K=(R1+R2)−2√2−2 2θ…(5)
また、第3図のように、内周の中心がY軸から
θAだけズレた所にあるときは一般に次式が成り立
つ。
K=D(θ)−2√2−2 2(−A)……
(6)
ここでD(θ)はR1+R2、すなわち放射線方向
のパイプの外径を表している。ここでK′を(7)式
で定義すると(8)式が成り立つ。
K′≡(D(θ)−K/2)2 ……(7)
K′=r2−δr2・sin2(θ−θA) ……(8)
透過強度Iを測定すれば(4)式から透過係数Kの
値が決まり、さらに外径D(θ)を測定すれば(7)
式よりK′の値が求まる。
(8)式はこのK′が放射線の回転角θとともに第
4図のよう変化することを示している。(8)式と第
9図を参考にすると次のことが言える。
(i) もし測定値K′が周期πの周期的特性を示す
ならば、パイプに偏心が発生している。
(ii) このときK′の最大値の平方根はパイプの内
径rに相当し、最大となる角度方向に内径の中
心がある。
(iii) さらに、K′の最大値と最小値の差分の平方
根は偏心の大きさδrに相当する。
(iv) 測定値K′に周期性がない場合は、偏心δrは
ゼロとみなされ、K′の平方根が内径rに相当
する。
実際にはパイプ内径、表面に凹凸があり、さら
に偏肉、欠肉のため第4図のようなきれいな曲線
は得られないで、第5図のような曲線がえられ
る。しかし、それらの原因による変動は、第5図
に示したように、偏心による変動に比べ高周波の
変動となる。したがつて平滑処理によりこれらの
高周波成分を除去すれば、第4図のような肉厚分
布に関係した波形をとり出すことができる。
なお(8)式は次のように変形できる。
K′=(r2−δr2/2)+δr2/2cos(2θ−2θA)
=(r2−δr2/2)−δr2/2cos(2α−2θA)……
(8′)
ただしαはX軸から時計回り方向に測つた回転
角度を意味する。
次に第6図を用いて上記の方式を具体的に説明
する。第6図において1はパイプ、2は放射線
源、3は透過線強度検出計、4a,4bはパイプ
表面までの距離を測定する距離計、5は放射線源
2、検出計3、距離計4a,4bを一体として回
転させる回転移動機構、6は信号処理装置を表わ
している。放射線源2と強度検出計3は、回転中
心Oをとおる線分PP′上に対向配置し、距離計4
aと4bも回転中心Oを通る線分′上に対向配
置する。これらの回転中心を通る2つの線分
PP′、′のなす角度θPは任意に設計できるが、
ここでは第6図のように90゜の場合を説明する。
回転移動機構5は図示していない駆動装置により
一定角度ずつ回転できる。回転移動機構5が一定
角度回転する毎に距離計4aと4bでは、パイプ
表面までの距離を測定する。回転移動機構5の回
転角がθのときのそれらの値をZ1(θ)、Z2(θ)
とする。距離計4aと4bから回転中心までの距
離をL1,L2とすると、信号処理装置6はこの測
定結果Z1(θ)、Z2(θ)により、回転中心からパ
イプ1つの外周上の直線QQ′上の二点までの距離
R1(θ)、R2(θ)を次式で求める。
R1(θ)=L1−Z1(θ) ……(9)
R2(θ)=L2−Z2(θ) ……(10)
R1(θ)、R2(θ)の測定と同時に検出計3によ
り放射線の透過強度Iが測定され、信号処理装置
6は透過係数K(θ)を次式で演算する。
K(θ)=−d0lo(I/I0C) ……(11)
信号処理装置6はこのR1(θ)、R2(θ)および
K(θ)を記憶する。信号処理装置6がR1(θ)、
R2(θ)およびK(θ)を演算し、それらの値を
記憶すると、回転移動機構5は一定角度だけ角度
を進める。その回転位置で再び回転中心から外周
までの距離を透過強度が測定される。このように
して測定したR1(θ)、R2(θ)、K(θ)を信号処
理装置6の記憶部に第1表の如く記憶する。R1
(θ)とR2(θ)の測定方向と、K(θ)の測定方
向は90゜ずれているので、′方向のパイプ表面ま
での距離は距離計4a,4bがさらに90゜回転し
たときに測定できる。このとき、(9)、(10)式から外
径R1(θ)とR2(θ)が求まる。
The present invention relates to a measuring device for measuring the wall thickness distribution of a metal pipe, and more particularly to a measuring device suitable for measuring the wall thickness distribution of a seamless pipe manufactured by rolling during rolling and the wall thickness distribution of a final product. Seamless pipes are manufactured from round or square rods. That is, first, a hole is made in a round bar or square material using a piercing mill, and then a pipe with uniform wall thickness and dimensions is finished using an elongator, plug mill, or mandrel mill as shown in FIG. 1a. In each rolling process, it is extremely important to perform rolling to avoid shape defects such as eccentricity between the inner and outer diameters (b in the same figure), uneven thickness (c in the same figure), and under-thickness (d in the same figure). It is. In order to minimize these defects, if a defect occurs, it is necessary to detect the defect and make some kind of correction to the rolling process. Although it has conventionally been possible to measure the outer peripheral shape and outer diameter distribution of a pipe, there has been no effective means for measuring the inner peripheral shape and wall thickness distribution of a pipe. An object of the present invention is to provide a device that accurately detects the wall thickness distribution of a metal pipe. To this end, the present invention includes a radiation source that generates radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, etc.) so as to pass through the pipe, an intensity meter that measures the intensity of the transmitted radiation, and a detector that measures the outer diameter of the pipe. a measuring section, a means for relatively rotating the measuring section and the pipe around the central axis of the pipe, and a device for detecting the distribution of pipe wall thickness from the outputs of the strength meter and the outer diameter detector. This wall thickness distribution detection device calculates the wall thickness distribution of the pipe by calculating the difference between the sum of the wall thicknesses of two parts of the pipe through which the radiation passes and the outer diameter of those parts from the transmitted intensity. I made it. If the wall thickness distribution of the pipe is known, eccentricity, lack of thickness, and uneven thickness at the center of the outer and inner circumferences can be determined relatively easily. Before describing embodiments of the present invention, basic characteristics regarding the intensity of radiation transmitted through a pipe will be described.
Here, consider radiation (incident intensity I 0 ) passing through a point O, which is approximately at the center of the outer circumference of the pipe, as shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, the X and Y axes that pass through this point 0 and are perpendicular to each other are determined, and the angle θ that the Y axis forms with the ray is called the rotation angle. It is also assumed that the inner circumference of the pipe is a circle with radius r and the center at (0, -δr). Also, from the direction of radiation penetration, A,
Take B, B', A', then from the origin O to A,
Let the distances to A' be R 1 and R 2 . In this case, the thickness of the pipe, ′′, is expressed as follows. =R 1 −√ 2 − 2 2 +δr・cosθ……(1) A′B′=R 2 −√ 2 − 2 2 −δr・cosθ……(
2) The method for deriving the above equations (1) and (2) is as follows. That is, according to the triangle cosine theorem, r 2 −x 2 + δr 2 −2δr・xcos (180°−θ) = x 2 + δr 2 +2δr + xcosθ Therefore, x 2 +2 (δr・cosθ)x+δr 2 −r 2 =O Quadratic equation According to the solution formula , _ _ _ _ _ _ − 2 2 −δrcosθ) = R 1 −√ 2 − 2 2 +δrcosθ) Similarly, ′′=′−′ = R 2 −(δrcosθ+√ 2 − 2 2 ) = R 2 −(√ 2 − 2 2 −δrcosθ ). On the other hand, it is known that the transmitted intensity I of radiation is determined by the thickness of the object through which it passes, and in the case of FIG. 2, the following equation holds true. I=I 0・C・exp{−(+′′)/d 0 }……(3) Here, C is the incidence efficiency coefficient determined by the angle of incidence on the metal surface, etc., and d 0 is the radiation attenuation in the metal. It means a coefficient. Here, the transmission coefficient K is defined by the following equation. K=d 0 · lo I 0 C/I (4) Applying equations (1) to (3) to equation (4), the following equation is obtained. K=(R 1 + R 2 )−2√ 2 − 2 2 θ…(5) Also, as shown in Figure 3, when the center of the inner circumference is offset from the Y axis by θ A , the following formula is generally used. holds true. K=D(θ)−2√ 2 − 2 2 (− A )……
(6) Here, D(θ) represents R 1 +R 2 , that is, the outer diameter of the pipe in the radial direction. Here, if K' is defined by equation (7), equation (8) holds true. K′≡(D(θ)−K/2) 2 …(7) K′=r 2 −δr 2・sin 2 (θ−θ A ) …(8) If the transmitted intensity I is measured, (4 The value of the transmission coefficient K is determined from the equation ), and if the outer diameter D (θ) is further measured, (7)
The value of K′ can be found from the formula. Equation (8) shows that this K' changes with the rotation angle θ of the radiation as shown in Figure 4. Referring to equation (8) and Figure 9, the following can be said. (i) If the measured value K' exhibits periodic characteristics with period π, eccentricity has occurred in the pipe. (ii) At this time, the square root of the maximum value of K' corresponds to the inner diameter r of the pipe, and the center of the inner diameter is in the angular direction where it is the maximum. (iii) Furthermore, the square root of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of K′ corresponds to the eccentricity size δr. (iv) If the measured value K' has no periodicity, the eccentricity δr is considered to be zero, and the square root of K' corresponds to the inner diameter r. In reality, there are irregularities in the inner diameter and surface of the pipe, as well as uneven thickness and missing thickness, so it is not possible to obtain a clean curve as shown in Fig. 4, but a curve as shown in Fig. 5. However, as shown in FIG. 5, the fluctuations due to these causes are higher frequency fluctuations than the fluctuations due to eccentricity. Therefore, by removing these high frequency components by smoothing processing, a waveform related to the wall thickness distribution as shown in FIG. 4 can be extracted. Note that equation (8) can be transformed as follows. K' = (r 2 - δr 2 /2) + δr 2 /2cos (2θ-2θ A ) = (r 2 - δr 2 /2) - δr 2 /2cos (2α-2θ A )...
(8') However, α means the rotation angle measured clockwise from the X axis. Next, the above method will be specifically explained using FIG. 6. In Fig. 6, 1 is a pipe, 2 is a radiation source, 3 is a transmitted radiation intensity detector, 4a, 4b are distance meters that measure the distance to the pipe surface, 5 is a radiation source 2, a detector 3, a distance meter 4a, 4b is rotated as a unit, and 6 represents a signal processing device. The radiation source 2 and the intensity detector 3 are arranged facing each other on a line segment PP' passing through the center of rotation O, and the distance meter 4
A and 4b are also placed oppositely on a line segment ' passing through the center of rotation O. Two line segments passing through these centers of rotation
The angle θ P between PP′ and ′ can be arbitrarily designed, but
Here, the case of 90° as shown in FIG. 6 will be explained.
The rotational movement mechanism 5 can be rotated by a constant angle by a drive device (not shown). The distance meters 4a and 4b measure the distance to the pipe surface every time the rotational movement mechanism 5 rotates by a certain angle. When the rotation angle of the rotational movement mechanism 5 is θ, these values are Z 1 (θ) and Z 2 (θ)
shall be. If the distances from the distance meters 4a and 4b to the rotation center are L 1 and L 2 , the signal processing device 6 uses the measurement results Z 1 (θ) and Z 2 (θ) to determine the distance from the rotation center to the outer circumference of one pipe. Distance between two points on straight line QQ′
Find R 1 (θ) and R 2 (θ) using the following formulas. R 1 (θ)=L 1 −Z 1 (θ) ……(9) R 2 (θ)=L 2 −Z 2 (θ) ……(10) R 1 (θ), R 2 (θ) At the same time as the measurement, the radiation transmission intensity I is measured by the detector 3, and the signal processing device 6 calculates the transmission coefficient K(θ) using the following equation. K(θ)=−d 0 lo (I/I 0 C) (11) The signal processing device 6 stores these R 1 (θ), R 2 (θ), and K(θ). The signal processing device 6 has R 1 (θ),
When R 2 (θ) and K(θ) are calculated and their values are stored, the rotational movement mechanism 5 advances the angle by a certain angle. At that rotational position, the transmitted intensity is measured again at the distance from the rotation center to the outer periphery. R 1 (θ), R 2 (θ), and K(θ) thus measured are stored in the storage section of the signal processing device 6 as shown in Table 1. R 1
(θ) and R 2 (θ) and the measurement direction of K (θ) are 90 degrees apart, so the distance to the pipe surface in the ' direction is determined when the distance meters 4a and 4b are further rotated 90 degrees. can be measured. At this time, the outer diameters R 1 (θ) and R 2 (θ) are found from equations (9) and (10).
【表】
第1表(b)は第1表(a)のデータを測定の方向がそ
ろうように並びかえたものである。ここでαiはX
−X′軸から時計回り方向に測つた角度を表わす。
第1表(b)のようにαi方向から測定したデータの組
を{R1i、R2i、Ki}と表わす(i=1〜p)。こ
のとき(7)式のK′に相当する値fiを次式より決定す
る。
このfiは第4図、第5図に示したような周期π
の周期関数を主成分として含む(偏心δrが零のと
きは一定値)。そこで信号処理装置6ではf1、f2、
……、fPから主成分をとり出す処理をおこなう。
その主成分波形を次式で定義する。
y=bcos(2αi−2θA) ……(13)
このyは次のように表わすこともできる。
y=a1x1i+a2x2i ……(14)
ただし
a1=bcos2θA、a2=bsin2θA ……(15)
x1i=cos2αi、x2i=−sin2αi ……(16)
さらにJを次のように定義する。
ただし′i=i−i
Jは測定値と(13)式の誤差の分散を表わす。
このJを最小にするようにa1、a2を求め、この
a1、a2からb、θAを決定する。これは次の式から
決定できる。
これらは次の式と等価である。
左辺の行列の値は回転機構5の回転送り方法を
決定すれば決まる。したがつて上式より容易に
a1、a2が求まる。このときb、θAは次式により決
まる。
b=√1 2+2 2 ……(21)
θA=1/2cos-1(a1/√1 2+2 2) ……(22)
以上の計算によりfiの平均値i、fiの主成分の
振幅b、位相θAが決まり、fiの主成分が完全に求
まつたことになる。このとき(13)式と(8′)式
から次の関係がなり立つ。
δr2/2=b ……(23)
r2−δr2/2=i ……(24)
∴δr=√2 ……(25)
ここでδrは回転中心と内径の中心の間の距離を
表わす。したがつて内径の中心座標(C、C)
は次式で求まる。
C=δr・sinθA
C=δr・cosθA ……(27)
一方外周の中心座標は次のようにして求める。
すなわち角度θの方向の線分が外周と交わる2点
の中点の座標(X〓、Y〓)を求める。
X〓={R1(θ)−R2(θ)}・sinθ……(28)
Yθ={R1(θ)−R2(θ)}・cosθ……(29)
同様にθ=0゜〜180゜の間で、Nケの方向の線分
の中点をそれぞれ求める。ここでθ方向の直線と
それに直交する直線のそれぞれに関し中点をとう
る垂直線を考えるとそれぞれ以下のように表わさ
れる。
y−Y〓=−tanθ・(x−X〓) ……(30)
y−Y〓+90=−tan(θ+90)・(x−X〓+90)
……(31)
0゜<θ<180゜
ただし、θ=0゜では(31)式のかわりにx=
X〓+90、θ=90゜では(30)式のかわりにx=X〓を
用いる。このように2つの直線の方程式が与えら
れたとき、外周の中心はこの2つの直線の交点
(x〜〓、y〜〓)の近傍にある。交点の座標(x〜〓
、y〜
〓)は(30)、(31)式から、次式で求めることが
できる。
x〜〓={(Y〓−Y〓+90)+tanθ・X〓
+1/tanθX〓+90)}sin2θ/2 ……(32)
y〜〓=Y〓−tanθ・(x〜〓−X〓) ……(33)
0≦θ≦180゜の間にあるN本の直線を互いに直
交する直線の組にわけると、そのような組の数は
N/2となり、その各々に対し交点座標を求め
る。それらを(x〜〓i、y〜〓i)i=1〜N/2とし
、
外周の平均的中心座標(xC、yC)を次式から求め
る。
先に原点Oからの偏心量δYを求めたが外径と
内径の偏心量は次の式から決まる。
このが真の偏心量を表わす。
以上により外径の分布、内径の偏心量、内径の
平均的半径が求まつた。このようにして第3図の
ような内径と外径の幾何学的関係が決まり、肉厚
分布が決つたことになる。
次に内部に大きな欠肉、偏肉がある場合も含め
た一般的なデータ処理方法を説明する。例えば第
7図のように偏肉がある場合、θ0方向の透過強度
は正常形状の場合に比べると小さくなるので、
K′は第5図のかわりに第8図aのように、丸印
で囲つた所で偏肉等により不規則に変化する。第
8図aのK′に対し、基本波成分の周波数より2
倍以上高いカツトオフ周波数を持つローパスフイ
ルタにより平滑処理をおこなえば第8図bのよう
な波形が得られる。この平滑処理の過程で微小な
欠陥は除かれる。第8図bの変動分を次のように
表わす。
y=y0(α)−g(α) ……(37)
ここで右辺の第1項が本来の内部形状に基づく
成分、g(α)が欠陥部を表わしている。欠陥を
識別するKはこの2つを分離する必要がある。y0
(α)は例えば(13)式右辺のように表わされる
ので、(37)式にそれを代入して微分すると
dy/dα+2bsin(2α−2θA)−dg(α)/dα……(38
)
ここで、αにα−π/4を代入し、両辺を2で割
つたものをy′とおく。すなわち
すなわちy′は(38)を位相シフトしてゲイン変
換して得られる波形である。(37)式と(39)式
より
ここでg(α)は欠陥部だけで非零であり、g
(α)の微分値もその領域で非零となる。微分項
をπ/4だけ位相シフトしていることを考えるとy
−y′は第9図のように局所的に非零になる関係で
あることがわかる。第9図のうち斜線の部分すな
わち、−g(α)をとり出し、符号反転して第8図
bに重ね合せれば、本来の内径関数y=y0(α)
に相当する波形を復元できる。復元した波形を用
いてb、θAもしくはr、δrを決定する手法は前述
のとおりである。すなわち
このJを最少にするようにa1、a2を決めること
は前に述べたとおりだから省略する。
以上述べた信号処理装置6の処理フローを第1
0図に示す。
以上の実施例ではパイプが動かないことを仮定
していたが、パイプ圧延中にパイプは長手方向に
移動するとともに、パイプ軸心を中心に回転運動
をしていることが多い。このパイプの運動はパイ
プ形状の測定精度を低下させる恐れがあり、これ
を補償する必要があるが、反面、この運動をうま
く利用すれば測定機構を簡単にすることができ
る。
ここでは先ず直線運動が測定に及ぼす影響とそ
の補償方法を述べる。直線運動しているパイプを
第6図の測定装置で測定すると、透過強度の測定
点の軌跡は第11図のようにスパイラル状にな
る。このため、同一断面において全周方向からの
透過強度測定ができないことになる。パイプの長
手方向への移動速度がゆつくりしていれば、全周
方向の測定が完了するまでの長手方向移動距離は
短かいので、ほぼ同一断面の測定がおこなわれた
としても良い。一方、長手方向への移動速度が早
い場合には全周方向の測定が同一断面上でおこな
われるように、測定装置をパイプと同じ速度で移
動する必要がある。
第12図にその1実施例を示す。図中、1はパ
イプ、100はパイプ厚測定装置、101は移動
台、102は該移動台を駆動するモータ、103
a,103bはプーリ、104はパイプ速度検出
器を示している。モータ102は、ある断面の測
定が始まるタイミングから後、速度検出器104
で検出したパイプ直進速度で移動台101を移動
させる。プーリの径をR、プーリの速度変換比を
n、パイプの直進速度をvとするとモータの回転
数は次式で求まる。
ω=v/nR
パイプの全周方向の測定が完了すると、モータ
は逆転し、移動台101は測定開始時の位置まで
戻る。なお、パイプ厚測定装置の移動装置として
は、パイプの直進運動と同じ速度で移動できるも
のであればどのようなものでも良いし、パイプの
直進速度検出計のかわりに、パイプ圧延機の圧延
速度を用いても良い。第13図は第12図のパイ
プ厚検出装置100の構造を示したもので、第1
3図は軸心方向からみたパイプ厚検出装置を示し
ている。図中1はパイプ、2は放射線源、3は透
過強度検出計を表わす。さらに4a,4bはパイ
プ表面までの距離計を表わす。
パイプの長手方向への走行と同じ速度で検出装
置100が移動しているので、パイプの自転にと
もなつて360゜の方向からの透過強度と外径の測定
ができる。それらのデータからパイプ肉厚分布を
求める手段は第6図の実施例と全く同じであるの
で省略する。
以上のごとく、本発明によれば、比較的簡単な
装置で、パイプ肉厚の分布を求めることができる[Table] Table 1 (b) is the data in Table 1 (a) rearranged so that the measurement directions are aligned. Here α i is X
It represents the angle measured clockwise from the −X′ axis.
As shown in Table 1 (b), a set of data measured from the α i direction is expressed as {R 1i , R 2i , K i } (i=1 to p). At this time, the value f i corresponding to K' in equation (7) is determined from the following equation. This f i is the period π as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
Contains the periodic function of as the main component (constant value when eccentricity δr is zero). Therefore, in the signal processing device 6, f 1 , f 2 ,
. . . performs processing to extract the principal components from f P.
The principal component waveform is defined by the following equation. y=bcos(2α i −2θ A ) (13) This y can also be expressed as follows. y=a 1 x 1i +a 2 x 2i ……(14) However, a 1 = bcos2θ A , a 2 = bsin2θ A ……(15) x 1i = cos2α i , x 2i = −sin2α i ……(16) Furthermore J is defined as follows. However,′ i = i − i J represents the variance of the error between the measured value and equation (13).
Find a 1 and a 2 so as to minimize this J, and
Determine b and θ A from a 1 and a 2 . This can be determined from the following formula. These are equivalent to the following expressions. The value of the matrix on the left side is determined by determining the rotational feeding method of the rotating mechanism 5. Therefore, it is easier than the above formula
Find a 1 and a 2 . At this time, b and θ A are determined by the following equation. b=√ 1 2 + 2 2 ... (21) θ A = 1/2cos -1 (a 1 /√ 1 2 + 2 2 ) ... (22) By the above calculation, the average value i of f i , f i The amplitude b and phase θ A of the principal component of f i have been determined, and the principal component of f i has been completely determined. At this time, the following relationship holds from equations (13) and (8'). δr 2 /2 = b ... (23) r 2 - δr 2 /2 = i ... (24) ∴δr = √2 ... (25) Here, δr represents the distance between the center of rotation and the center of the inner diameter. Therefore, the center coordinates of the inner diameter ( C , C )
is determined by the following formula. C = δr・sinθ A C = δr・cosθ A ...(27) On the other hand, the center coordinates of the outer periphery are determined as follows.
That is, the coordinates (X〓, Y〓) of the midpoint of two points where the line segment in the direction of angle θ intersects with the outer circumference are determined. X〓={R 1 (θ)−R 2 (θ)}・sinθ……(28) Yθ={R 1 (θ)−R 2 (θ)}・cosθ……(29) Similarly, θ=0 Find the midpoint of each line segment in N directions between 180° and 180°. Here, if we consider a vertical line that takes the midpoint of each of the straight line in the θ direction and the straight line orthogonal to it, each of them is expressed as follows. y−Y〓=−tanθ・(x−X〓) ……(30) y−Y〓 +90 =−tan(θ+90)・(x−X〓 +90 )
...(31) 0゜<θ<180゜ However, when θ=0゜, instead of equation (31), x=
When X〓 +90 and θ=90°, use x=X〓 instead of equation (30). When the equations of two straight lines are given in this way, the center of the outer periphery is near the intersection of these two straight lines (x~〓, y~〓). Coordinates of intersection (x~〓
,y~
〓) can be calculated from equations (30) and (31) using the following equation. x〜〓={(Y〓−Y〓 +90 )+tanθ・X〓+1/tanθX〓 +90 )}sin2θ/2……(32) y〜〓=Y〓−tanθ・(x〜〓−X〓 ) ...(33) If N straight lines between 0≦θ≦180° are divided into sets of straight lines that are orthogonal to each other, the number of such sets is N/2, and the coordinates of the intersection points for each of them are demand. Let them be (x~〓 i , y~〓 i )i=1~N/2,
The average center coordinates (x C , y C ) of the outer periphery are found from the following equation. The amount of eccentricity δY from the origin O was previously determined, and the amount of eccentricity between the outer diameter and the inner diameter is determined by the following formula. This represents the true amount of eccentricity. As described above, the distribution of the outer diameter, the amount of eccentricity of the inner diameter, and the average radius of the inner diameter were determined. In this way, the geometrical relationship between the inner diameter and the outer diameter as shown in FIG. 3 is determined, and the wall thickness distribution is determined. Next, we will explain the general data processing method, including when there is a large lack of thickness or uneven thickness inside. For example, if there is uneven thickness as shown in Figure 7, the transmitted intensity in the θ 0 direction will be smaller than in the case of a normal shape.
K' changes irregularly due to uneven thickness etc. in the area surrounded by a circle as shown in Fig. 8a instead of Fig. 5. For K′ in Figure 8a, 2 from the frequency of the fundamental wave component.
If smoothing processing is performed using a low-pass filter having a cutoff frequency that is more than twice as high, a waveform as shown in FIG. 8b can be obtained. During this smoothing process, minute defects are removed. The variation in FIG. 8b is expressed as follows. y=y 0 (α)−g(α) (37) Here, the first term on the right side represents the component based on the original internal shape, and g(α) represents the defective portion. K, which identifies defects, needs to separate these two. y 0
For example, (α) is expressed as the right-hand side of equation (13), so if you substitute it into equation (37) and differentiate it, dy/dα+2bsin(2α−2θ A )−dg(α)/dα……(38
) Here, substitute α-π/4 for α and divide both sides by 2, and let y' be the result. i.e. That is, y' is a waveform obtained by phase shifting and gain conversion of (38). From equations (37) and (39), Here, g(α) is non-zero only at the defective part, and g
The differential value of (α) also becomes non-zero in that region. Considering that the differential term is phase-shifted by π/4, it can be seen that y - y' is a locally non-zero relationship as shown in FIG. If we take out the shaded part in Figure 9, i.e. -g(α), invert the sign and superimpose it on Figure 8b, we get the original inner diameter function y=y 0 (α)
The waveform corresponding to can be restored. The method of determining b, θ A or r, δr using the restored waveform is as described above. i.e. Determining a 1 and a 2 so as to minimize J is as described above, so it will be omitted here. The processing flow of the signal processing device 6 described above is described in the first
Shown in Figure 0. In the above embodiments, it was assumed that the pipe did not move, but during pipe rolling, the pipe often moves in the longitudinal direction and rotates around the pipe axis. This movement of the pipe may reduce the measurement accuracy of the pipe shape, and it is necessary to compensate for this, but on the other hand, if this movement is effectively utilized, the measurement mechanism can be simplified. First, we will discuss the effects of linear motion on measurements and how to compensate for them. When a linearly moving pipe is measured using the measuring device shown in FIG. 6, the locus of the measurement points of transmitted intensity becomes a spiral shape as shown in FIG. 11. For this reason, it is not possible to measure the transmitted intensity from all circumferential directions in the same cross section. If the speed of movement in the longitudinal direction of the pipe is slow, the distance of movement in the longitudinal direction until the measurement in the entire circumferential direction is completed is short, so it is possible to measure almost the same cross section. On the other hand, if the moving speed in the longitudinal direction is fast, it is necessary to move the measuring device at the same speed as the pipe so that measurements in the entire circumferential direction are performed on the same cross section. FIG. 12 shows one embodiment. In the figure, 1 is a pipe, 100 is a pipe thickness measuring device, 101 is a moving table, 102 is a motor that drives the moving table, 103
103a and 103b are pulleys, and 104 is a pipe speed detector. The motor 102 is connected to the speed detector 104 after the measurement of a certain cross section starts.
The moving table 101 is moved at the pipe straight speed detected in . If the diameter of the pulley is R, the speed conversion ratio of the pulley is n, and the straight speed of the pipe is v, then the rotation speed of the motor can be determined by the following equation. ω=v/nR When the measurement in the entire circumferential direction of the pipe is completed, the motor is reversely rotated and the moving table 101 returns to the position at the start of the measurement. The moving device for the pipe thickness measuring device may be any device as long as it can move at the same speed as the linear movement of the pipe, and instead of a linear speed detector, it can be used to measure the rolling speed of the pipe rolling machine. You may also use FIG. 13 shows the structure of the pipe thickness detection device 100 shown in FIG.
Figure 3 shows the pipe thickness detection device viewed from the axial direction. In the figure, 1 represents a pipe, 2 a radiation source, and 3 a transmitted intensity detector. Furthermore, 4a and 4b represent distance meters to the pipe surface. Since the detection device 100 is moving at the same speed as the pipe travels in the longitudinal direction, it is possible to measure the transmitted intensity and outer diameter from 360° directions as the pipe rotates. The means for determining the pipe wall thickness distribution from these data is exactly the same as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, and will therefore be omitted. As described above, according to the present invention, the distribution of pipe wall thickness can be determined with a relatively simple device.
第1図a,b,c,dは、パイプの断面形状の
種々の例、第2図は、パイプの透過速度を説明す
るための図、第3図は、任意の方向に偏心が発生
している場合の透過強度を説明するための図、第
4図は、回転角θと透過パラメータK1の関係を
示す図、第5図はK1の測定データの例を示す図、
第6図は本発明による肉厚測定装置の第1の実施
例を示す図、第7図は、偏肉がある場合のパイプ
の断面形状を示す図、第8図a,bは、偏肉があ
る場合の透過パラメータの測定例を示す図、第9
図は、偏肉分を分離する方法を説明するための
図、第10図は、本発明によるパイプ厚検出のデ
ータ処理フロー図、第11図は、パイプが長手方
向に移動する場合の測定点の移動を示す図、第1
2図は、本発明による第2の実施例で用いる長手
方向移動機構を示す図、第13図は、パイプ自転
を利用した本発明による第2の実施例を示す図で
ある。
1……パイプ、2……放射線源、3……透過強
度検出計、4a,4b……距離計、5……回転移
動機構、6……信号処理装置、100……パイプ
厚測定装置、101……移動台、102……モー
タ、103a,103b……プーリ、104……
パイプ速度検出器。
Figures 1 a, b, c, and d show various examples of cross-sectional shapes of pipes, Figure 2 is a diagram for explaining the permeation velocity of the pipe, and Figure 3 shows eccentricity occurring in any direction. Figure 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between rotation angle θ and transmission parameter K 1 , Figure 5 is a diagram showing an example of measurement data of K 1 ,
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the first embodiment of the wall thickness measuring device according to the present invention, FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the cross-sectional shape of a pipe when there is uneven thickness, and FIGS. 8 a and b are diagrams showing uneven thickness. Figure 9 shows an example of measurement of transmission parameters when
The figure is a diagram for explaining the method of separating uneven thickness, Figure 10 is a data processing flow diagram for pipe thickness detection according to the present invention, and Figure 11 is a diagram showing measurement points when the pipe moves in the longitudinal direction. Figure 1 showing the movement of
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a longitudinal movement mechanism used in a second embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a second embodiment of the present invention that utilizes pipe rotation. DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1... Pipe, 2... Radiation source, 3... Transmission intensity detector, 4a, 4b... Distance meter, 5... Rotation movement mechanism, 6... Signal processing device, 100... Pipe thickness measuring device, 101 ...Moving table, 102...Motor, 103a, 103b...Pulley, 104...
Pipe speed detector.
Claims (1)
源と該パイプ透過後の該放射線の透過強度を測定
する強度計と該パイプの外径を測定する外径検出
器とからなる測定部と、該測定部と該パイプを相
対的に該パイプの中心軸のまわりに回転させる手
段と、該回転途中に測定される該透過強度と該外
径とが入力され、該パイプの肉厚分布を検出する
装置であつて、該透過強度から、該放射線が入射
される部分と該放射線が射出される部分の該パイ
プ肉厚の和を該回転角に依存して求め、該肉厚
と、該肉厚測定部分と同じ部分に対する該パイプ
の外径との差を、該回転角に依存して求めること
により、該肉厚の分布を検出する装置とを有する
ことを特徴とするパイプ厚測定装置。 2 該回転手段は、該パイプを回転させながら所
定の方向に所定の速度で移動する手段と、該測定
部を該所定の方向に該所定の速度で移動する手段
とを有することを特徴とする特許請求の範囲第1
項のパイプ厚測定装置。 3 該検出装置は、該差の内、回転角度をかえた
ときの最大値から、該パイプの内径を求め、該差
の関数の内、角度πを周期として変化する成分の
振幅から、該内径の偏心量を検出することを特徴
とする特許請求の範囲第1項又は第2項のパイプ
厚測定装置。[Claims] 1. A radiation source that irradiates radiation toward the center of a pipe, an intensity meter that measures the transmitted intensity of the radiation after passing through the pipe, and an outer diameter detector that measures the outer diameter of the pipe. a measuring section, a means for relatively rotating the measuring section and the pipe around the central axis of the pipe, and a means for inputting the transmitted intensity and the outer diameter measured during the rotation; A device for detecting wall thickness distribution, which calculates the sum of the wall thicknesses of the pipe at a portion where the radiation is incident and a portion where the radiation is emitted from the transmitted intensity, depending on the rotation angle; A device for detecting the distribution of the wall thickness by determining the difference between the thickness and the outer diameter of the pipe for the same portion as the wall thickness measurement portion depending on the rotation angle. Pipe thickness measuring device. 2. The rotating means has a means for moving the pipe in a predetermined direction at a predetermined speed while rotating the pipe, and a means for moving the measuring section in the predetermined direction at the predetermined speed. Claim 1
Section Pipe Thickness Measuring Device. 3 The detection device determines the inner diameter of the pipe from the maximum value when the rotation angle is changed among the differences, and calculates the inner diameter from the amplitude of the component that changes with the angle π as a period in the function of the difference. A pipe thickness measuring device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the pipe thickness measuring device detects the amount of eccentricity of the pipe.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4648481A JPS57161504A (en) | 1981-03-31 | 1981-03-31 | Measuring device for thickness of pipe |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4648481A JPS57161504A (en) | 1981-03-31 | 1981-03-31 | Measuring device for thickness of pipe |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS57161504A JPS57161504A (en) | 1982-10-05 |
| JPS632325B2 true JPS632325B2 (en) | 1988-01-18 |
Family
ID=12748476
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4648481A Granted JPS57161504A (en) | 1981-03-31 | 1981-03-31 | Measuring device for thickness of pipe |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS57161504A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5247980A (en) * | 1985-08-19 | 1993-09-28 | Okamoto Industries, Inc. | Anti-skid net body attachment for an automobile tire |
| JP4885662B2 (en) * | 2006-09-19 | 2012-02-29 | 株式会社日立エンジニアリング・アンド・サービス | Method and apparatus for inspecting surface rust of cylindrical member coated on surface |
| JP2008076072A (en) * | 2006-09-19 | 2008-04-03 | Hitachi Engineering & Services Co Ltd | Method for inspecting surface rust of cylindrical member with its surface coated and device therefor |
| US7877888B2 (en) * | 2007-10-25 | 2011-02-01 | General Electric Company | System and method for measuring installation dimensions for flow measurement system |
-
1981
- 1981-03-31 JP JP4648481A patent/JPS57161504A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS57161504A (en) | 1982-10-05 |
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