JPH0153670B2 - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- JPH0153670B2 JPH0153670B2 JP56131282A JP13128281A JPH0153670B2 JP H0153670 B2 JPH0153670 B2 JP H0153670B2 JP 56131282 A JP56131282 A JP 56131282A JP 13128281 A JP13128281 A JP 13128281A JP H0153670 B2 JPH0153670 B2 JP H0153670B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- group
- naphthyl
- proline
- asymmetric
- ethylamide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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- Pyrrole Compounds (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は新規な不斉アミド誘導体およびそれを
ガスクロマトグラフイーの固定相に用いて、不斉
炭素に結合した―NH―基、―CONH―基、―
OH基、―CN基あるいは―COO―基を有する化
合物の鏡像体混合物を分離し、分析する方法に関
するものである。
不斉炭素を有する化合物の鏡像体混合物をガス
クロマトグラフイーにより直接分離し、分析する
ための光学活性固定相としてカルボン酸アミドが
有効なことはよく知られている。しかしながら、
現在報告されている光学活性なカルボン酸アミド
固定相にはそれぞれ得失があり、たとえばN―ラ
ウロイル―(S)―1―(α―ナフチル)エチル
アミンは不斉炭素に結合した―NH―基、―
CONH―基を有する化合物の鏡像体混合物の分
離には優れた威力を発揮する〔S.Weinstein等、
J.Chromatogr.、126、97(1976)〕が、ガラス管
壁との親和性が悪く、カラムの作成が極めて困難
な上に不斉炭素に結合した―COO―基、―OH基
や―CN基を有する化合物の分離には不適であ
り、適用範囲が比較的狭い。また、O―置換マン
デル酸の1―フエニルエチルアミドやtert―ブチ
ルアミドはα―オキシカルボン酸エステル等の不
斉炭素に結合した―COO―基を有する化合物の
鏡像体混合物を分離し得るという特徴を有するも
のの、アシル化アミンやカルボン酸アミド等の不
斉炭素に結合した―NH―基や―CONH―基を有
する化合物に対しては分離能が低く〔W.A.
Ko¨nig等、J.Chromatogr.、200、189(1980)〕、実
用的な固定相とは言い難い。これらに対し本発明
者等の見出した第一菊酸等の1―(α―ナフチ
ル)エチルアミドは不斉炭素に結合した―NH―
基、―CONH―基あるいは―COO―基を有する
化合物の鏡像体混合物の分離に優れた威力を発揮
するだけでなく、不斉炭素に結合した―CN基を
有する化合物やメントールなどのアルコール類の
鏡像体混合物の分離も可能ならしめる等、極めて
優秀なる性能を有する〔N.i等J.
Chromatogr.、213、137(1981)〕ものの、固定相
としての最高使用温度が比較的低く、適用化合物
の範囲が自ずと制限されていた。
本発明者らはかかる状況のもとで実用的な固定
相の開発を目標に鋭意検討を続けた結果、N―ラ
ウロイル―(S)―1―(α―ナフチル)エチル
アミンのスペーサとしてプロリンを挿入した構造
を有するN―アシル―プロリンの1―(α―ナフ
チル)エチルアミドが不斉炭素に結合した―NH
―基、―CONH―基、―OH基、―CN基あるい
は―COO―基を有する化合物の鏡像体混合物の
分離に優れた効果を示すのみならず、固定相とし
ての使用温度の範囲が室温付近から200℃付近ま
でと極めて広く、しかもガラス管壁との親和性が
良く、容易に高い分離効率を有するカラムを作り
得るなど極めて実用的な固定相であることを見出
し本発明に至つたものである。
即ち、本発明は一般式〔〕
〔式中、Rはアルキル基を表わす。※は不斉炭素
を表わし、酸成分であるプロリンおよびアミン成
分である1―(α―ナフチル)エチルアミンはと
もに光学活性体である。〕
で示される新規なプロリンの1―(α―ナフチ
ル)エチルアミド誘導体およびこれをガスクロマ
トグラフイーの固定相に用いて不斉炭素に結合し
た―NH―基、―CONH―基、―OH基、―CN
基または―COO―基を有する化合物の鏡像体混
合物を分離し分析する方法を提供するものであ
る。
一般式〔〕で示されるプロリンの1―(α―
ナフチル)エチルアミド誘導体において好適なプ
ロリンのN―置換基としてラウロイル基を挙げる
ことができる。
一般式〔〕で示されるアミド誘導体は、保護
基としてたとえばN―tert―ブチルオキシカルボ
ニル基を導入したD―またはL―プロリンと
(+)または(−)の1―(α―ナフチル)エチ
ルアミンとを既知のアミド化反応により酸アミド
としたのち、保護基をはずしてプロリンの1―
(α―ナフチル)エチルアミドを得、次いでこの
プロリンの1―(α―ナフチル)エチルアミドと
アルキルカルボン酸とのアミド化反応により容易
に合成することができる。
本発明になるプロリンの1―(α―ナフチル)
エチルアミドの代表例を以下に示す。
化合物 (1)
N―ラウロイル―L―プロリン (+)―1―
(α―ナフチル)エチルアミド
融点:67〜68℃
〔α〕20 D:−114゜(C=0.28%、クロロホルム)
元素分析値
C(%) H(%) N(%)
実測値 77.3 9.7 6.2
計算値 77.3 9.4 6.2
(C29H42N2O2として)
化合物 (2)
N―ラウロイル―L―プロリン (−)―1―
(α―ナフチル)エチルアミド
融点:59〜62℃
〔α〕20 D−62.2゜(C=0.32%,クロロホルム)
元素分析値 C(%) H(%) N(%)
実測値 77.3 9.4 6.2
計算値 76.6 9.6 6.1
(C29H42N2O2として)
本発明によつて得られた不斉なプロリンの1―
(α―ナフチル)エチルアミドをガスクロマトグ
ラフイーの固定相に使用し、不斉炭素に結合した
―NH―基、―CONH―基、―OH基、―CN基
あるいは―COO―基を有する化合物の鏡像体混
合物を分離、分析する場合、従来一般に用いられ
ている種々の方法、即ち固定相担体に担持させて
カラムに充てんする充てんカラム方式、固定相で
カラムの内部表面を被覆するオープンチユーブラ
ーキヤピラリーカラム方式などがそのまま適用で
きるが、この種化合物の鏡像体混合物の分離係数
は小さいことが多く、実用的な分離を達成するた
めには理論段数を向上させることが容易で、分離
能の優れたキヤピラリーカラムが好適である。
以下、実施例によつて本発明を具体的に説明す
るが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない
ことは言うまでもない。
実施例 1
N―tert―ブチルオキシカルボニル―L―プロ
リン2.15gおよび(−)―1―(α―ナフチル)
エチルアミン1.71gに脱水テトラヒドロフラン20
mlを加えて溶かし、氷冷しながらN,N′―ジシ
クロヘキシルカルボジイミド2.2gおよび1―ヒ
ドロキシベンゾトリアゾール1.5gを加え、氷冷
下2時間、さらに室温で2時間撹拌したのち一夜
放置した。この液を減圧下で溶媒を留去したのち
残留物に4N塩酸のジオキサン溶液を加えて溶か
し、室温で6時間撹拌し、一夜放置した。この液
を減圧下で溶媒を留去したのち残留物にクロロホ
ルムおよび水を加えて振り、生成物を水層に抽出
した。水層にアンモニア水を加えアルカリ性とし
クロロホルムを加えて振り、生成物をクロロホル
ム層に逆抽出したのち無水硫酸ナトリウムで脱水
し、溶媒を減圧下で留去し、L―プロリンの
(−)―1―(α―ナフチル)エチルアミド2.9g
を得た。このものの構造は元素分析、NMR、
MSにより確認された。
ついで、ここで得られたL―プリリンンの
(−)―1―(α―ナフチル)エチルアミド1.43
gにラウロイルクロリド2.0gおよびピリジン0.8
gを加え、脱水ジオキサン30mlを加えて溶かし、
室温で2時間撹拌したのち溶媒を減圧下で留去
し、N―ラウロイル―L―プロリン (−)―1
―(α―ナフチル)エチルアミドの粗製物2.85g
を得た。この粗製物をメタノールに溶かし、n―
ヘキサンで洗浄したのちシリカゲルクロマトグラ
フイー(溶離液:n―ヘキサンおよびクロロホル
ム)により精製し、白色固体の精製N―ラウロイ
ル―L―プロリン (−)―1―(α―ナフチ
ル)エチルアミド〔化合物(2)〕1.5gを得た。こ
のもののの構造は元素分析、NMR、MSにより
確認された。
ついで、ここで得られた精製N―ラウロイル―
L―プロリン (−)―1―(α―ナフチル)エ
チルアミドを内径0.25mm、長さ30mのガラスキヤ
ピラリーの内壁に塗布し、つぎの条件でN―ペン
タフルオロプロピオニル―(±)―1―フエニル
―2―(4―トリル)エチルアミンを分析し、図
―1ののガスクロマトグラムを得た。
検出器:水素炎イオン化検出器
温 度:カラム温度160℃、
気化室および検出器温度220℃
キヤリアガス:ヘリウム、流速0.85ml/min
図―1中、ピーク番号(1)は溶媒のトルエン、(2)
はN―ペンタフルオロプロピオニル―(−)―1
―フエニル―2―(4―トリル)エチルアミン、
(3)はN―ペンタフルオロプロピオニル―(+)―
1―フエニル―2―(4―トリル)エチルアミン
の各ピークである。(2)のピークが溶出するまでに
要する時間は約83分、分離係数は1.036、(2)と(3)
のピークの面積比は50:50であつた。
実施例 2
固定相として実施例1で得られた精製N―ラウ
ロイル―L―プロリン (−)―1―(α―ナフ
チル)エチルアミド〔化合物(2)〕を用い同様にし
て(±)―2―(4―クロロフエニル)イソ吉草
酸のtert―ブチルアミドを分析し、図―2のガス
クロマトグラムを得た。
図―2中、ピーク番号(1)は溶媒のトルエン、(2)
は(+)―2―(4―クロロフエニル)イソ吉草
酸のtert―ブチルアミド、(3)は(−)―2―(4
―クロロフエニル)―イソ吉草酸のtert―ブチル
アミドの各ピークである。(2)のピークが溶出する
までに要する時間は約53分、分離係数は1.051、
(2)と(3)のピークの面積比は50:50であつた。
実施例 3〜11
実施例1で得られた精製N―ラウロイル―L―
プロリン (−)―1―(α―ナフチル)エチル
アミド〔化合物(2)〕を内径0.25mm、長さ40mのガ
ラスキヤピラリーの内壁に塗布しつぎの条件下の
化合物の鏡像体混合物を分離し、分離係数を求め
た。結果を下記に表記する。
検出器:水素炎イオン化検出器
温 度:気化室および検出器温度200℃
キヤリアガス:ヘリウム、流速0.8ml/min
【表】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a novel asymmetric amide derivative and its use in a gas chromatography stationary phase, and the use of the -NH- group, -CONH- group, -
This invention relates to a method for separating and analyzing enantiomeric mixtures of compounds having OH, -CN, or -COO groups. It is well known that carboxylic acid amides are effective as optically active stationary phases for directly separating and analyzing enantiomeric mixtures of compounds having asymmetric carbon atoms by gas chromatography. however,
Currently reported optically active carboxylic acid amide stationary phases each have advantages and disadvantages. For example, N-lauroyl-(S)-1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamine has an -NH- group bonded to an asymmetric carbon, -
It exhibits excellent power in separating enantiomeric mixtures of compounds containing CONH groups [S. Weinstein et al.
J. Chromatogr., 126 , 97 (1976)] has poor affinity with the glass tube wall, making it extremely difficult to create a column, and in addition, -COO- groups, -OH groups, and -CN bonded to asymmetric carbons. It is unsuitable for separating compounds having groups and has a relatively narrow range of applicability. In addition, 1-phenylethylamide and tert-butyramide of O-substituted mandelic acid are characterized in that they can separate enantiomeric mixtures of compounds having a -COO- group bonded to an asymmetric carbon, such as α-oxycarboxylic acid esters. However, the separation ability is low for compounds with -NH- or -CONH- groups bonded to asymmetric carbons such as acylated amines and carboxylic acid amides [WA
Ko¨nig et al., J. Chromatogr., 200 , 189 (1980)], it cannot be called a practical stationary phase. On the other hand, 1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamide, such as daisies chrysanthemum acid, discovered by the present inventors, has -NH-
It not only exhibits excellent power in separating enantiomeric mixtures of compounds having -CONH-, -CONH-, or -COO- groups, but also works well in separating enantiomeric mixtures of compounds having -CN groups bonded to asymmetric carbons and alcohols such as menthol. It has extremely excellent performance, making it possible to separate enantiomeric mixtures [N.i et al. J.
Chromatogr., 213 , 137 (1981)], but the maximum temperature at which it can be used as a stationary phase is relatively low, which naturally limits the range of applicable compounds. Under these circumstances, the present inventors continued intensive studies with the aim of developing a practical stationary phase, and as a result, they inserted proline as a spacer in N-lauroyl-(S)-1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamine. 1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamide of N-acyl-proline with the structure bonded to the asymmetric carbon -NH
Not only does it have an excellent effect on separating enantiomeric mixtures of compounds containing - group, -CONH- group, -OH group, -CN group, or -COO- group, but the temperature range for use as a stationary phase is around room temperature. We discovered that this is an extremely practical stationary phase that has a wide temperature range from 100 to 200°C, has good affinity with glass tube walls, and can easily be used to create columns with high separation efficiency.This led to the present invention. be. That is, the present invention is based on the general formula [] [In the formula, R represents an alkyl group. * represents an asymmetric carbon, and both the acid component proline and the amine component 1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamine are optically active. ] A novel 1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamide derivative of proline shown by and using this as a stationary phase for gas chromatography, the -NH- group, -CONH- group, -OH group, - CN
It provides a method for separating and analyzing enantiomeric mixtures of compounds having a group or a -COO- group. 1-(α-
A lauroyl group can be mentioned as a suitable N-substituent of proline in the naphthyl)ethylamide derivative. The amide derivative represented by the general formula [] includes D- or L-proline into which an N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl group has been introduced as a protecting group, and (+) or (-) 1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamine. was made into an acid amide by a known amidation reaction, the protecting group was removed and the 1-
It can be easily synthesized by obtaining (α-naphthyl)ethylamide and then amidation reaction between 1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamide of proline and an alkylcarboxylic acid. 1-(α-naphthyl) of proline according to the present invention
Representative examples of ethylamide are shown below. Compound (1) N-lauroyl-L-proline (+)-1-
(α-naphthyl)ethylamide Melting point: 67-68℃ [α] 20 D : -114゜ (C = 0.28%, chloroform) Elemental analysis value C (%) H (%) N (%) Actual value 77.3 9.7 6.2 Calculated value 77.3 9.4 6.2 (C 29 H 42 N 2 O 2 ) Compound (2) N-Lauroyl-L-Proline (-)-1-
(α-naphthyl)ethylamide Melting point: 59-62℃ [α] 20 D -62.2゜ (C = 0.32%, chloroform) Elemental analysis value C (%) H (%) N (%) Actual value 77.3 9.4 6.2 Calculated value 76.6 9.6 6.1 (C 29 H 42 N 2 O 2 ) 1- of the asymmetric proline obtained by the present invention
(α-Naphthyl)ethylamide is used as the stationary phase for gas chromatography, and is a mirror image of a compound having an -NH- group, -CONH- group, -OH group, -CN group, or -COO- group bonded to an asymmetric carbon. When separating and analyzing a mixture of substances, there are various methods commonly used: the packed column method, in which the stationary phase is supported on a carrier and packed into the column, and the open tubular capillary method, in which the internal surface of the column is coated with the stationary phase. Column methods can be applied as is, but the separation coefficient for enantiomeric mixtures of these types of compounds is often small, and in order to achieve practical separation, it is easy to increase the number of theoretical plates. Capillary columns are preferred. EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically explained below with reference to Examples, but it goes without saying that the present invention is not limited thereto. Example 1 2.15 g of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-proline and (-)-1-(α-naphthyl)
1.71g of ethylamine and 20% of dehydrated tetrahydrofuran
ml was added to dissolve the mixture, and while cooling with ice, 2.2 g of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 1.5 g of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole were added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours under ice cooling and further at room temperature for 2 hours, and then left overnight. After distilling off the solvent from this liquid under reduced pressure, a 4N hydrochloric acid solution in dioxane was added to the residue to dissolve it, stirred at room temperature for 6 hours, and left overnight. After distilling off the solvent from this liquid under reduced pressure, chloroform and water were added to the residue and shaken, and the product was extracted into the aqueous layer. Ammonia water was added to the aqueous layer to make it alkaline, chloroform was added and shaken, and the product was back-extracted into the chloroform layer, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure. -(α-naphthyl)ethylamide 2.9g
I got it. The structure of this thing can be determined by elemental analysis, NMR,
Confirmed by MS. Next, (-)-1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamide 1.43 of L-puriline obtained here
2.0 g of lauroyl chloride and 0.8 g of pyridine
g, add 30ml of dehydrated dioxane and dissolve.
After stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure, and N-lauroyl-L-proline (-)-1
-2.85g of crude (α-naphthyl)ethylamide
I got it. This crude product was dissolved in methanol and n-
After washing with hexane, it was purified by silica gel chromatography (eluent: n-hexane and chloroform) to give a white solid of purified N-lauroyl-L-proline (-)-1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamide [compound (2 )]1.5g was obtained. The structure of this product was confirmed by elemental analysis, NMR, and MS. Next, the purified N-lauroyl obtained here
L-proline (-)-1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamide was applied to the inner wall of a glass capillary with an inner diameter of 0.25 mm and a length of 30 m, and N-pentafluoropropionyl-(±)-1-phenyl was applied under the following conditions. -2-(4-Tolyl)ethylamine was analyzed and the gas chromatogram shown in Figure 1 was obtained. Detector: Flame ionization detector temperature: Column temperature 160℃, vaporization chamber and detector temperature 220℃ Carrier gas: Helium, flow rate 0.85ml/min In Figure 1, peak number (1) is the solvent toluene, (2 )
is N-pentafluoropropionyl-(-)-1
-phenyl-2-(4-tolyl)ethylamine,
(3) is N-pentafluoropropionyl-(+)-
These are the peaks of 1-phenyl-2-(4-tolyl)ethylamine. The time required for the peak (2) to elute is approximately 83 minutes, the separation coefficient is 1.036, and the separation coefficient between (2) and (3) is approximately 83 minutes.
The area ratio of the peaks was 50:50. Example 2 (±)-2- The tert-butylamide of (4-chlorophenyl)isovaleric acid was analyzed and the gas chromatogram shown in Figure 2 was obtained. In Figure 2, peak number (1) is the solvent toluene, (2)
is (+)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleric acid tert-butyramide, (3) is (-)-2-(4
-chlorophenyl)-isovaleric acid tert-butylamide peaks. The time required for peak (2) to elute is approximately 53 minutes, the separation coefficient is 1.051,
The area ratio of peaks (2) and (3) was 50:50. Examples 3 to 11 Purified N-lauroyl-L- obtained in Example 1
Proline (-)-1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamide [compound (2)] was applied to the inner wall of a glass capillary with an inner diameter of 0.25 mm and a length of 40 m, and the enantiomeric mixture of the compound was separated under the following conditions. The separation coefficient was determined. The results are shown below. Detector: Hydrogen flame ionization detector temperature: Vaporization chamber and detector temperature 200℃ Carrier gas: Helium, flow rate 0.8ml/min [Table]
図―1および図―2はそれぞれ実施例1および
実施例2においてN―ペンタフルオロプロピオニ
ル―(±)―1―フエニル―2―(4―トリル)
エチルアミンおよび(±)―2―(4―クロロフ
エニル)イソ吉草酸tert―ブチルアミドを分析し
たときのガスクロマトグラムであり、縦軸は強度
を、横軸は保持時間を表わす。
Figures 1 and 2 show N-pentafluoropropionyl-(±)-1-phenyl-2-(4-tolyl) in Example 1 and Example 2, respectively.
This is a gas chromatogram obtained when ethylamine and (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)isovaleric acid tert-butylamide were analyzed, with the vertical axis representing intensity and the horizontal axis representing retention time.
Claims (1)
を表わし、酸成分であるプロリンおよびアミン成
分である1―(α―ナフチル)エチルアミンはと
もに光学活性体である。〕 で示される不斉なアミド誘導体。 2 上記一般式〔〕において、Rがウンデシル
基である特許請求の範囲第1項に記載のアミド誘
導体。 3 一般式 〔式中、Rはアルキル基を表わす。※は不斉炭素
を表わし、酸成分であるプロリンおよびアミン成
分である1―(α―ナフチル)エチルアミンはと
もに光学活性体である。〕 で示される不斉なアミド誘導体を固定相に用い
て、不斉炭素に結合した―NH―基、―CONH―
基、―OH基、―CN基または―COO―基を有す
る化合物の鏡像体混合物を分離し、分析すること
を特徴とするガスクロマトグラフイー分析法。 4 上記一般式〔〕において、Rがウンデシル
基である不斉なアミド誘導体を固定相として用い
る特許請求の範囲第3項に記載の分析法。[Claims] 1. General formula [In the formula, R represents an alkyl group. * represents an asymmetric carbon, and both the acid component proline and the amine component 1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamine are optically active. ] An asymmetric amide derivative represented by 2. The amide derivative according to claim 1, wherein in the general formula [], R is an undecyl group. 3 General formula [In the formula, R represents an alkyl group. * represents an asymmetric carbon, and both the acid component proline and the amine component 1-(α-naphthyl)ethylamine are optically active. ] Using an asymmetric amide derivative shown as the stationary phase, we can synthesize -NH- group, -CONH-
A gas chromatography analysis method characterized by separating and analyzing an enantiomeric mixture of a compound having a group, -OH group, -CN group, or -COO- group. 4. The analytical method according to claim 3, in which an asymmetric amide derivative in the above general formula [] in which R is an undecyl group is used as a stationary phase.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56131282A JPS5832862A (en) | 1981-08-20 | 1981-08-20 | Asymmetric amide derivative and gas chromatography analysis for mixture of mirror image substances using it as stationary phase |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56131282A JPS5832862A (en) | 1981-08-20 | 1981-08-20 | Asymmetric amide derivative and gas chromatography analysis for mixture of mirror image substances using it as stationary phase |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5832862A JPS5832862A (en) | 1983-02-25 |
| JPH0153670B2 true JPH0153670B2 (en) | 1989-11-15 |
Family
ID=15054296
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56131282A Granted JPS5832862A (en) | 1981-08-20 | 1981-08-20 | Asymmetric amide derivative and gas chromatography analysis for mixture of mirror image substances using it as stationary phase |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5832862A (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105806963B (en) * | 2014-12-29 | 2018-01-23 | 北大方正集团有限公司 | The method for separating and detecting of L dried meat ammonia alcohol and its enantiomter |
-
1981
- 1981-08-20 JP JP56131282A patent/JPS5832862A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5832862A (en) | 1983-02-25 |
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