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JPH0561336B2 - - Google Patents
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JPH0561336B2 - - Google Patents

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Publication number
JPH0561336B2
JPH0561336B2 JP63263388A JP26338888A JPH0561336B2 JP H0561336 B2 JPH0561336 B2 JP H0561336B2 JP 63263388 A JP63263388 A JP 63263388A JP 26338888 A JP26338888 A JP 26338888A JP H0561336 B2 JPH0561336 B2 JP H0561336B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
alloy
electrode
life
replaced
hydrogen storage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP63263388A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH02111837A (en
Inventor
Tetsuo Sakai
Hiroshi Ishikawa
Keisuke Oguro
Akihiko Kato
Hiroshi Myamura
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST
Original Assignee
Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Agency of Industrial Science and Technology filed Critical Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
Priority to JP63263388A priority Critical patent/JPH02111837A/en
Publication of JPH02111837A publication Critical patent/JPH02111837A/en
Publication of JPH0561336B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0561336B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/383Hydrogen absorbing alloys
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]

産業上の利用分野 本発明は、正極に酸化ニツケル極、酸化銀極、
空気極などを用いるアルカリ二次電池の負極とし
て利用できる水素吸蔵電極に関する。 従来の技術とその問題点 水素吸蔵合金を負極に用いたアルカリ二次電池
は、従来の鉛電池、ニツケル/カドミウム電池に
比べて、エネルギー密度が高い、低温特性や高電
流特性がよい、無公害であるなどの利点を有して
おり、新しい高性能二次電池として注目を集めて
いる。最近までの研究開発動向については、「水
素エネルギーシステム,11巻,p.13−29,1986」
の解説文献に詳しい。 電極材料としてはLaNi5系、TiNi系などの合
金が利用されるが、従来の水素吸蔵用に開発され
た合金、たとえば、LaNi5,CaNi5,Ti2Niなど
は、電極として利用した場合にはアルカリ電解液
中では合金が酸化されるため、非常に寿命が短い
といつた問題があつた。そこで、これらの問題を
解決するために、合金構成元素の一部を他の元素
で置換して、多成分化することによつて、電極の
耐久性を高める試みがなされている(フイリツプ
ス・ジヤーナル・オブ・リサーチ,39巻,p.1−
94,1984)。多成分を有する電極材料は、各金属
を一定の成分比になるように混合し、それを高温
で溶解して製造されるが、合金の溶解温度、アニ
ール温度等の製造方法を変えても、合金の性質を
改善することは期待できないため、合金の性質の
改善は、配合する金属の種類及び割合を変えるこ
とにより行われている。たとえば、放電深度100
%で300回の充放電サイクル試験を行うと、
LaNi5では初期電気容量約300mAh/gの15%し
か残存しないが、LaNi2.5Co2.5では初期電気容量
約250mAh/gの60%が残存し、これに微量の
Si,Al,Tiなどを加えた合金、たとえばLaNi2.5
Co2.4Al0.1では初期電気容量約230mAh/gの80
%が残存し、その電極寿命が著しく改善されるこ
とが知られている。このように、希土類元素−ニ
ツケル−コバルト系合金は、実用に適する電極寿
命を持ち、電極材料として有望な候補のひとつと
されている。 発明が解決しようとする問題点 上記LaNi2.5Co2.5系合金は電極寿命が大幅に改
善されたものではあるが、電極寿命を改善すると
電気容量が著しく低下するといつた問題や、ニツ
ケルの半分近くを高価なコバルトで置換せしめる
ため、合金コストが大幅に上がることなどの問題
を持つている。本発明は、このような問題を解決
するもので、より安価なMmNi5合金系において、
高容量で長寿命の電極を提供することを目的とす
る。 問題を解決する為の手段 本発明は、原料希土類金属として安価なMm
(ミツシユメタル)を用い、一般式Mm1-xZrx
Ni5-y・Alyで示され、ZrとAlの両元素を同時に
含有し、Mmの一部をZrで、Niの一部をAlで置
換することを特徴とする合金で、X,Yが各々X
=0.1〜0.2,Y=0.7〜0.8である合金を用いた水
素吸蔵電極である。 なお、原料ミツシユメタルとしてはLa:25〜
30%、Ce:45〜50%、Nd:15〜18%を含有する
一般品や、ランタンリツチミツシユメタルと称さ
れるLa:55%、Ce:22%、Nd:16%を含有する
ものなどが使用できる。 作 用 本発明者らは、水素吸蔵合金の合金組成と水素
吸蔵特性及び電極性能との関係を広範、かつ詳細
に調べた結果、本発明の合金を用いた電極におい
て、高い電気容量と長寿命が得られることを見出
した。 まず、MmNi5合金はCeの含有量が多いため水
素解離圧が20℃で約10気圧と高く、これを水素吸
蔵電極として使用できる大気圧以下の範囲に下げ
るためにはNiを他の元素で置換する必要がある。
水素解離圧を下げる効果のある元素としてはSi,
Cr,Mn及びAlが知られている。このうちSi,
Cr,Mnはいずれもその効果が小さく、また、大
量に置換すると水素吸蔵量すなわち電気容量が大
幅に低下してしまうため不適当である。唯一Al
置換のみが、電気容量の低下が少なく、所定の範
囲に水素解離圧を下げることができる。 ただ、Al置換のみを行つたMmNi5-yAly三元系
合金においては、電極寿命を顕著に改善すること
はできない。本発明の一般式Mm1-xZrxNi5-yAly
で示され、ZrとAlの両元素を同時に含有する合
金においてのみ顕著な寿命の向上が見られた。
Zrの作用は明らかではないが、Zrは粒界におい
てZrNi5として析出すやすく、耐食性、触媒能に
優れるZrNi5の薄膜が本発明の組成物の表面に形
成され、該薄膜が、電極の寿命の向上させること
が考えられる。しかも、MmNi5-x-yZrxAly四元
系合金のように、Niの一部をZrで置換した場合
には顕著な効果はなく、Mmの一部をZrで、Ni
の一部をAlで置換したMm1-xZrx・Ni5-yAly四元
系合金の場合のみ高い電気容量を維持したまま
で、大幅な寿命の向上が達成できることを見出し
た。これは、MmNi5-x-yZrxAly四元系合金の場
合、粒界においてZrNi5が析出するとMmが過剰
となり、酸化分解を受けやすいMmの単体が析出
し、該単体がZrNi5の薄膜の保護効果を相殺し、
結果として顕著な効果がなくなると考えられる。 本発明の合金においては、MmをZrで置換する
と水素解離圧が若干上昇するが、NiのAl置換率
を増すと水素解離圧が大きく下がるので、合金の
水素解離圧を電極として使用しやすい10-3〜10-1
気圧の範囲に保つためにはAlの置換率Yを0.7以
上とするのが良い。そして、Zr及びAlの置換率
X及びYが増加すると、電極寿命は長くなるが、
電気容量が下がる傾向にある。また、Alの置換
をY=1付近まで行うと、合金の水素吸蔵の触媒
活性が著しく低下するため、40℃以上の温度で数
十回充放電を繰り返して活性化する操作が必要と
なり、実用上不都合である。したがつて、合金の
組成範囲としては、使用温度等電池の用途にもよ
るが、X=0.1〜0.2,Y=0.7〜0.8が好ましい。 本発明の水素吸蔵合金は、(Mm+Zr):(Ni+
Al)=1:5の比率であることが、合金の水素解
離圧を低下させ、電極寿命を改善するために必要
であるが、このような比率をもつ合金は、特開昭
57−140847号公報にも記載されている。 しかしながら、この文献中に記載されている合
金が(Mm+Zr):(Ni+Al)=1:5の比率をも
つためには0<X≦1/30である必要がある。こ
の様な合金では、以下の表1のNo.1の場合よりも
Zrの含有量がさらに少なくなるので、電極とし
ての寿命が短くなり、実用に供し得ない。 本発明の合金において、その組成の一部である
Zrは耐蝕性に優れた金属であることが知られて
いる。そこで、類似の性質を有する金属元素、た
とえば、Ti,Nb,Mo,Ta,WなどをZrの代わ
りとして置換した場合においても同様な寿命改善
の効果が予想される。しかしながら、これらの金
属元素でMmを置換しても寿命の顕著な向上は見
られなかつた。また、本発明の合金において、そ
の組成の一部であるAlは、合金の水素解離圧を
下げること、及び合金の耐蝕性を高めること、の
両方において有効に作用していると考えられる。
そして、いまのところ理由は不明であるが、Zr
とAlの両方の元素を、それぞれLa及びNiと置換
した場合にのみ相乗効果が発現し、電極寿命が顕
著に改善されることが明らかとなつた。 実施例 以下実施例により本発明を説明する。 実施例 1 市販のMm(ミツシユメタル)及び純度99.5%
以上のZr,Ni,Alの金属を用い、表1に示す様
な合金組成になるように秤量し、アルゴンアーク
溶解炉で、それぞれ加熱溶解して試料合金を得
た。これを1100℃でアニールした後、機械粉砕
し、143ミクロン(100メツシユ)以下の粉末とし
た。この粉末に対して重量比で4:1の割合で銅
メツキしたものに10wt.%のFEP粉末を加えて混
合して、300mg,13mmφのペレツトに成型した。
この両側をニツケルメツシユで挟み300℃で5分
間ホツトプレスすることによつて試験電極を得
た。この電極を負極とし、正極に酸化ニツケル電
極を、電解液として6M KOHを用いる試験用電
池を構成した。照合電極として酸化水銀電極を用
い、照合電極に対して−0.6Vを放電の終了とし、
放電容量は合金1g当たりに換算して示した。な
お、充電は40mAで2.5時間、放電は40mAで行
い、試験温度20℃とした。 結果は表1の通りであるが、比較のためMm・
Ni5-x-yAlxZry及びMmNi1-xAlxの合金電極の結
果も示した。試料No.7のMmNi4.2Al0.8に対して、
No.5,6で示すようにNiを少量のZrで置換して
も、電気容量が数%程度低下する代わりに、寿命
が数%程度向上するだけで目立つた性能向上は得
られないことがわかる。これに対して、No.1〜4
で示すようにZrをMmの一部と置換した場合、電
気容量
Industrial Application Field The present invention has a positive electrode including a nickel oxide electrode, a silver oxide electrode,
This invention relates to a hydrogen storage electrode that can be used as a negative electrode for an alkaline secondary battery using an air electrode or the like. Conventional technologies and their problems Alkaline secondary batteries that use hydrogen storage alloys as negative electrodes have higher energy density, better low temperature and high current characteristics, and are non-polluting compared to conventional lead batteries and nickel/cadmium batteries. It has the following advantages and is attracting attention as a new high-performance secondary battery. For recent research and development trends, see "Hydrogen Energy Systems, Vol. 11, p. 13-29, 1986."
Detailed explanatory literature. Alloys such as LaNi 5 and TiNi are used as electrode materials, but alloys developed for conventional hydrogen storage, such as LaNi 5 , CaNi 5 , and Ti 2 Ni, cannot be used as electrodes. The problem was that the alloy was oxidized in an alkaline electrolyte, resulting in a very short lifespan. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, attempts have been made to increase the durability of electrodes by replacing some of the constituent elements of the alloy with other elements to create a multi-component alloy (Philips Journal).・Of Research, Volume 39, p.1−
94, 1984). Electrode materials with multiple components are manufactured by mixing metals in a fixed component ratio and melting them at high temperatures, but even if the manufacturing method such as the melting temperature and annealing temperature of the alloy is changed, Since it is not expected to improve the properties of the alloy, the properties of the alloy are improved by changing the types and proportions of the metals to be blended. For example, depth of discharge 100
When performing a 300 charge/discharge cycle test at %,
In LaNi 5 , only 15% of the initial electrical capacity of approximately 300mAh/g remains, but in LaNi 2.5 Co 2.5, 60% of the initial electrical capacity of approximately 250mAh/g remains, with a trace amount remaining.
Alloys containing Si, Al, Ti, etc., such as LaNi 2.5
Co 2.4 Al 0.1 has an initial electrical capacity of approximately 230mAh/g.
% remains, and its electrode life is known to be significantly improved. As described above, the rare earth element-nickel-cobalt alloy has an electrode life suitable for practical use and is considered to be one of the promising candidates as an electrode material. Problems to be Solved by the Invention Although the LaNi 2.5 Co 2.5 alloy mentioned above has a significantly improved electrode life, it has problems such as the fact that improving the electrode life significantly reduces the capacitance, and it has almost half the capacity of nickel. The problem is that the cost of the alloy increases significantly because it has to be replaced with expensive cobalt. The present invention solves these problems, and in the cheaper MmNi 5 alloy system,
The aim is to provide electrodes with high capacity and long life. Means for Solving the Problem The present invention is based on Mm, which is inexpensive as a raw material rare earth metal.
(Mitsushi Metal) using the general formula Mm 1-x Zr x
Ni 5-y・Al y is an alloy containing both Zr and Al at the same time, and is characterized by replacing part of Mm with Zr and part of Ni with Al. are each X
This is a hydrogen storage electrode using an alloy in which Y = 0.1 to 0.2 and Y = 0.7 to 0.8. In addition, the raw material Mitsushi Metal is La: 25 ~
General products containing 30%, Ce: 45-50%, Nd: 15-18%, and products containing La: 55%, Ce: 22%, Nd: 16%, called lanthanum rich metal. etc. can be used. Effect As a result of extensive and detailed investigation into the relationship between the alloy composition of hydrogen storage alloys, hydrogen storage properties, and electrode performance, the present inventors found that electrodes using the alloy of the present invention have high capacitance and long life. was found to be obtained. First, MmNi 5 alloy has a high hydrogen dissociation pressure of approximately 10 atm at 20°C due to its high Ce content. Need to be replaced.
Elements that have the effect of lowering the hydrogen dissociation pressure are Si,
Cr, Mn and Al are known. Of these, Si,
Both Cr and Mn are unsuitable because their effects are small, and if they are replaced in large quantities, the amount of hydrogen storage, that is, the electric capacity, decreases significantly. Only Al
Only substitution can lower the hydrogen dissociation pressure within a predetermined range with less decrease in capacitance. However, in the MmNi 5-y Al y ternary alloy in which only Al substitution is performed, the electrode life cannot be significantly improved. General formula of the present invention Mm 1-x Zr x Ni 5-y Al y
A significant improvement in life was observed only in alloys containing both Zr and Al at the same time.
Although the action of Zr is not clear, Zr tends to precipitate as ZrNi 5 at grain boundaries, and a thin film of ZrNi 5 , which has excellent corrosion resistance and catalytic ability, is formed on the surface of the composition of the present invention, and this thin film will last the life of the electrode. It is possible to improve the Moreover, there is no noticeable effect when part of Ni is replaced with Zr, as in the MmNi 5-xy Zr x Al y quaternary alloy;
It was discovered that only in the case of a quaternary Mm 1-x Zr x Ni 5-y Al y alloy in which a portion of the aluminum is replaced with Al, a significant improvement in life can be achieved while maintaining high capacitance. This is because in the case of the MmNi 5-xy Zr x Al y quaternary alloy, when ZrNi 5 precipitates at the grain boundaries, Mm becomes excessive, and a simple substance of Mm, which is susceptible to oxidative decomposition, precipitates, and this simple substance forms a thin film of ZrNi 5 . offset the protective effect of
It is thought that as a result, there will be no significant effect. In the alloy of the present invention, the hydrogen dissociation pressure slightly increases when Mm is replaced with Zr, but the hydrogen dissociation pressure decreases significantly when the Al substitution rate of Ni is increased, so the hydrogen dissociation pressure of the alloy can be easily used as an electrode10 -3 ~10 -1
In order to maintain the atmospheric pressure within the range, the Al substitution rate Y is preferably 0.7 or more. As the Zr and Al substitution rates X and Y increase, the electrode life becomes longer; however,
Electric capacity tends to decrease. In addition, when Al is replaced to a value close to Y=1, the hydrogen storage catalytic activity of the alloy decreases significantly, so it is necessary to repeat charging and discharging several dozen times at a temperature of 40°C or higher for activation. This is extremely inconvenient. Therefore, the composition range of the alloy is preferably X=0.1 to 0.2 and Y=0.7 to 0.8, although it depends on the use of the battery such as the operating temperature. The hydrogen storage alloy of the present invention is (Mm+Zr):(Ni+
A ratio of Al) = 1:5 is necessary to lower the hydrogen dissociation pressure of the alloy and improve the electrode life.
It is also described in Publication No. 57-140847. However, in order for the alloy described in this document to have a ratio of (Mm+Zr):(Ni+Al)=1:5, it is necessary that 0<X≦1/30. For such alloys, the
Since the Zr content is further reduced, the life as an electrode is shortened and it cannot be put to practical use. In the alloy of the present invention, part of its composition is
Zr is known to be a metal with excellent corrosion resistance. Therefore, a similar life-improving effect is expected when a metal element having similar properties, such as Ti, Nb, Mo, Ta, or W, is substituted for Zr. However, no significant improvement in life was observed even when Mm was replaced with these metal elements. Further, in the alloy of the present invention, Al, which is a part of the composition, is considered to be effective in both lowering the hydrogen dissociation pressure of the alloy and increasing the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
And, although the reason is currently unknown, Zr
It has become clear that a synergistic effect occurs only when both elements, Al and Al, are replaced with La and Ni, respectively, and the electrode life is significantly improved. EXAMPLES The present invention will be explained below with reference to Examples. Example 1 Commercially available Mm (Mitsushi Metal) and purity 99.5%
Using the above metals Zr, Ni, and Al, they were weighed so as to have the alloy composition shown in Table 1, and each was heated and melted in an argon arc melting furnace to obtain a sample alloy. This was annealed at 1100°C and then mechanically pulverized to form a powder of 143 microns (100 mesh) or less. This powder was plated with copper at a weight ratio of 4:1, and 10 wt.% FEP powder was added and mixed to form pellets of 300 mg and 13 mm in diameter.
Both sides of this were sandwiched between nickel meshes and hot pressed at 300°C for 5 minutes to obtain a test electrode. A test battery was constructed using this electrode as a negative electrode, a nickel oxide electrode as a positive electrode, and 6M KOH as an electrolyte. A mercury oxide electrode was used as the reference electrode, and the discharge ended at -0.6V with respect to the reference electrode.
The discharge capacity is expressed in terms of 1g of alloy. Note that charging was performed at 40 mA for 2.5 hours, discharging was performed at 40 mA, and the test temperature was 20°C. The results are shown in Table 1, but for comparison, Mm・
Results for alloy electrodes of Ni 5-xy Al x Zry and MmNi 1-x Al x are also shown. For sample No. 7 MmNi 4.2 Al 0.8 ,
As shown in Nos. 5 and 6, even if Ni is replaced with a small amount of Zr, the capacitance will decrease by a few percent, but the life will only increase by a few percent, and no noticeable performance improvement will be obtained. Recognize. On the other hand, No. 1 to 4
When Zr is replaced with a part of Mm as shown in

【表】 の低下を引き起こすことなく、耐久性を大幅に向
上させることができた。また、Zrの含有量が多
くなる程、初期容量が若干低下するものの、寿命
が大幅に長くなつた。従来の代表的な長寿命合
金、たとえばLaNi2
[Table] We were able to significantly improve durability without causing any deterioration. Furthermore, as the Zr content increased, although the initial capacity decreased slightly, the lifespan became significantly longer. Conventional typical long-life alloys, such as LaNi 2

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 1 一般式Mm1-xZrxNi5-yAly(Mm:ミツシユメ
タル)で示され、ZrとAlの両元素を同時に含有
し、Mmの一部をZrで、Niの一部をAlで置換す
ることを特徴とする合金で、X,Yが各々X=
0.1〜0.2,Y=0.7〜0.8である合金を用いた水素
吸蔵電極。
1 It is represented by the general formula Mm 1-x Zr x Ni 5-y Al y (Mm: Mitsushi Metal), and contains both Zr and Al at the same time, with part of Mm being Zr and part of Ni being Al. An alloy characterized in that X and Y are each substituted with X=
A hydrogen storage electrode using an alloy in which Y=0.1 to 0.2 and Y=0.7 to 0.8.
JP63263388A 1988-10-18 1988-10-18 Hydrogen storage electrode Granted JPH02111837A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP63263388A JPH02111837A (en) 1988-10-18 1988-10-18 Hydrogen storage electrode

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP63263388A JPH02111837A (en) 1988-10-18 1988-10-18 Hydrogen storage electrode

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH02111837A JPH02111837A (en) 1990-04-24
JPH0561336B2 true JPH0561336B2 (en) 1993-09-06

Family

ID=17388799

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP63263388A Granted JPH02111837A (en) 1988-10-18 1988-10-18 Hydrogen storage electrode

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH02111837A (en)

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5841333B2 (en) * 1981-02-26 1983-09-12 工業技術院長 Alloy for hydrogen storage
JPS59143036A (en) * 1983-02-02 1984-08-16 Agency Of Ind Science & Technol Ternary alloy of rare earth element for occluding hydrogen
JPS6043451A (en) * 1983-08-15 1985-03-08 Daido Steel Co Ltd Hydrogen storage material with excellent hydrogen purification properties

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH02111837A (en) 1990-04-24

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