E.S.T.とは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From 中期英語 -est, from 古期英語 -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative -er. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, Dutch -st, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.

Via PIE cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), see Pleistocene, protist.

接尾辞

-est

1. Used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs.

   longest, biggest, fastest, motliest

使用する際の注意点

• See -er for notes on the usage of this suffix to form superlatives.
• Occasionally, the -est suffix is added to a verbal adjective as a substitute for most. An example is winningest.

等位語

• -er

関連する語

• -most

語源 2

From 中期英語 -est, -st, from 古期英語 -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-zi, from Proto-Indo-European *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern German -st).

接尾辞

-est

1. (archaic, dialectal) Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)

   goest, makest, wentest, madest

別の表記

• -'st, -st

参考

• -eth
• thou

アナグラム

• tes, Tse, StE, set, TSE, Set, seṭ, ETS, STE, tse, ETs, TEs, Ste, Ste., SET

語源 1

From Proto-Germanic *-ustaz, *-istaz.

別の表記

• -ost, -ust

接尾辞

-est

1. suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs

   eornost ― earnest

   þēnest ― service

   ofost ― haste

   orrest ― battle, combat

語形変化

Strong ō-stem:

派生語

語源 2

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.

接尾辞

-est

1. alternative form of -ost (“used to form superlative adjectives and adverbs”)

   ‎glēaw (“wise”) + ‎-est → ‎glēawest (“wisest”)

   ‎late (“late”) + ‎-est → ‎latest (“latest”)

   ‎smæl (“narrow; small”) + ‎-est → ‎smælest (“narrowest; smallest”)

語形変化

派生した語

• Middle English: -est, -ist, -yst, -ast (especially Northern)
  • English: -est
  • Middle Scots: -ast, -est
    • Scots: -est

語源 3

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Anglian 古期英語 -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti).

別の表記

• -es — Anglian

接尾辞

-est

1. Forms the second-person singular of class I weak verbs

   ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-est → ‎fremest (“you perform”)

派生した語

• Middle English: -est, -ist, -yst, -st (especially Late Middle English), -ost, -ust (Southwestern, West Midland)
  • English: -est, -st (archaic)
  • → Middle Scots: -est, -ist (literary, under Chaucerian influence)

別の表記

• -ist, -yst
• -st (especially Late Middle English); -ost, -ust (Southwestern, West Midland)

発音

• IPA: /-əst/

接尾辞

-est (East Midland, Kent, Southern, West Midland)

1. Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs (other than preterite-presents).
2. Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs; see -edest
3. (especially Late Middle English) Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs

使用する際の注意点

• After the Early Middle English period, this suffix almost entirely supplants earlier -st in strong and class 1 weak verbs in the Central and Southeast Midlands and increasingly becomes an alternative option to that suffix elsewhere. However, a countervailing tendency to syncopate the vowel of this suffix operates, especially in Later Middle English and after vowel-final verb stems; both syncopated and unsyncopated forms coexisted in the Early Modern standard.
• In Northern Middle English -es is found instead of this suffix in the present tense; both forms may be found in North Midland Middle English and to a limited degree, further south (especially in Early Middle English, reflecting Anglian Old English -as). Contrarily, the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs usually takes the basic past suffix -ed, -t without further suffixation in Northern Middle English (i.e. Midland þou lovedest, but Northern þou lufed) throughout the period.
• When this suffix is followed by þou, it may function as a clitic attached to the word bearing this suffix; see -estou, -este.

派生した語

• English: -est, -st (archaic)
• → Middle Scots: -est, -ist (literary, under Chaucerian influence)

参照

語源 2

Inherited from 古期英語 -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos. Northern 中期英語 -ast is potentially influenced by Old Norse -astr.

別の表記

• -ist, -yst
• -ast (especially Northern)

発音

• IPA: /-əst/

接尾辞

-est (plural and weak singular -este)

1. Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives; more, -er.
2. Used to form the superlative degree of adverbs; more, -er.

使用する際の注意点

• Unlike in the modern English standard, this suffix may be appended to adjectives or adverbs of any length; in fact, periphrastic comparison with more or mest, most is rather uncommon. Like in Early Modern English and nonstandard modern English, this periphrastic comparative may be combined with the synthetic comparative to form a pleonastic "double comparative"; most grettest (“largest”, literally “most largest”).
• Irregular comparatives formed with this suffix may induce umlaut or shortening of the vowel of the root it is appended to; most of these compete with regular forms, which increasingly predominate in later Middle English (e.g. lengest, longest, both "longer"; deppest, depest, both "deeper").
• The vowel of this suffix is occasionally syncopated, both continuing Old English -st and as a new development in Middle English; this has resulted in assimilation of the final consonant of the root in grest, alternative form of grettest (“greatest, largest”).

派生した語

• English: -est
• Middle Scots: -ast, -est
  • Scots: -est

参照

• “-est, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• Mossé, Fernand (1952), “IX. Elements of the Sentence”, in James A. Walker, transl., A Handbook of Middle English‎, I. Grammar: Part Three. The Sentence, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, translation of Manuel du l'Anglais de Moyen Age des Origines au XIVe Siècle (in French), →OCLC, § 115, page 92.
• d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Orthographical Notes”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 84, page 220.
• Logan, H[arry] M. (1973), “V. Grammar”, in The dialect of the Life of Saint Katherine: A linguistic study of the phonology and inflections (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 130), The Hague: Mouton, →OCLC, page 183.
• Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Adjectives: Comparison”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, page 279; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, →DOI, →ISBN.

アナグラム

• tes, Tse, StE, set, TSE, Set, seṭ, ETS, STE, tse, ETs, TEs, Ste, Ste., SET