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意味・対訳 形容詞・副詞の最上級の語尾、thou に伴う動詞(2 人称単数現在形および過去形)の語尾
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研究社 新英和中辞典での「es t」の意味 |
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遺伝子名称シソーラスでの「es t」の意味 |
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Est
| fly | 遺伝子名 | Est |
| 同義語（エイリアス） | Est6; Carboxylic-ester hydrolase 6; est-6; EST-6; EST6; Esterase-6 precursor; CG6917; Est-6; Carboxylesterase-6; Est-D; Esterase 6; EST-5; Esterase-6; est6; Est-5; Carboxyl ester hydrolase | |
| SWISS-PROTのID | SWISS-PROT:P08171 | |
| EntrezGeneのID | EntrezGene:39392 | |
| その他のDBのID | FlyBase:FBgn0000592 |
| human | 遺伝子名 | EST |
| 同義語（エイリアス） | SULT1E1; Sulfotransferase, estrogen-preferring; Estrogen sulfotransferase; EST-1; MGC34459; STE | |
| SWISS-PROTのID | SWISS-PROT:P49888 | |
| EntrezGeneのID | EntrezGene:6783 | |
| その他のDBのID | HGNC:11377 |
| human | 遺伝子名 | EST |
| 同義語（エイリアス） | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8; COT proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; MAP3K8; C-COT; TPL2; Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8; c-COT; COT; Cancer Osaka thyroid oncogene; ESTF; Tpl-2; FLJ10486 | |
| SWISS-PROTのID | SWISS-PROT:P41279 | |
| EntrezGeneのID | EntrezGene:1326 | |
| その他のDBのID | HGNC:6860 |
| mouse | 遺伝子名 | Est |
| 同義語（エイリアス） | Cot; COT proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8; Tpl2; Cot/Tpl2; C-COT; Estf; Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8; Map3k8; c-COT; Cancer Osaka thyroid oncogene; Tpl-2 | |
| SWISS-PROTのID | SWISS-PROT:Q07174 | |
| EntrezGeneのID | EntrezGene:26410 | |
| その他のDBのID | MGI:1346878 |
本文中に表示されているデータベースの説明
- SWISS-PROT
- スイスバイオインフォマティクス研究所と欧州バイオインフォマティクス研究所によって開発・運営されているタンパク質のアミノ酸配列のデータベース。
- EntrezGene
- NCBIによって運営されている遺伝子データベース。染色体上の位置、配列、発現、構造、機能、ホモロジーデータなどが含まれている。
- FlyBase
- 米英の大学のショウジョウバエの研究者などにより運営される、ショウジョウバエの生態や遺伝子情報に関するデータベース。
- HGNC
- HUGO遺伝子命名法委員会により運営される、ヒト遺伝子に関するデータベース。
- MGI
- 様々なプロジェクトによる、研究用マウスの遺伝的・生物学的なデータを提供するデータベース。
Wiktionary英語版での「es t」の意味 |
-est
出典:『Wiktionary』 (2026/03/06 01:03 UTC 版)
語源 1
From 中期英語 -est, from 古期英語 -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative -er. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, Dutch -st, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.
Via PIE cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), see Pleistocene, protist.
使用する際の注意点
等位語
- -er
関連する語
- -most
語源 2
From 中期英語 -est, -st, from 古期英語 -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-zi, from Proto-Indo-European *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern German -st).
接尾辞
-est
発音
- IPA: /est/
接尾辞
-est
語形変化
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -est | — |
| accusative | -este | — |
| genitive | -este | — |
| dative | -este | — |
語源 2
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs + *-tHós.
接尾辞
-est
語形変化
派生した語
- Middle English: -est, -ist, -yst, -ast (especially Northern)
語源 3
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Anglian 古期英語 -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti).
接尾辞
-est
派生した語
- Middle English: -est, -ist, -yst, -st (especially Late Middle English), -ost, -ust (Southwestern, West Midland)
語源 1
In the present, inherited from 古期英語 -ast (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs with paragogic -t added from when þū follows (compare Northern 中期英語 -es), from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési.
In the past, inherited from 古期英語 -est, from Proto-West Germanic *-ēs (with paragogic -t added as above), from Proto-Germanic *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁si (in *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of *dʰédʰeh₁ti); this suffix is initially limited to weak verbs, but is extended to strong verbs beginning in the latter half of the 14th century (although not yet in Chaucer).
別の表記
- -ist, -yst
- -st (especially Late Middle English); -ost, -ust (Southwestern, West Midland)
発音
- IPA: /-əst/
接尾辞
-est (East Midland, Kent, Southern, West Midland)
- Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs (other than preterite-presents).
- Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs; see -edest
- (especially Late Middle English) Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs
使用する際の注意点
- After the Early Middle English period, this suffix almost entirely supplants earlier -st in strong and class 1 weak verbs in the Central and Southeast Midlands and increasingly becomes an alternative option to that suffix elsewhere. However, a countervailing tendency to syncopate the vowel of this suffix operates, especially in Later Middle English and after vowel-final verb stems; both syncopated and unsyncopated forms coexisted in the Early Modern standard.
- In Northern Middle English -es is found instead of this suffix in the present tense; both forms may be found in North Midland Middle English and to a limited degree, further south (especially in Early Middle English, reflecting Anglian Old English -as). Contrarily, the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs usually takes the basic past suffix -ed, -t without further suffixation in Northern Middle English (i.e. Midland þou lovedest, but Northern þou lufed) throughout the period.
- When this suffix is followed by þou, it may function as a clitic attached to the word bearing this suffix; see -estou, -este.
派生した語
参照
- ^ “-est, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ^ Sandved, Arthur (1985), “10. Inflection”, in Introduction to Chaucerian English (Chaucer Studies; 11), Part II: Morphology, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 83.
- ^ Dobson, E[ric] J. (1957), English pronunciation 1500-1700, second edition, volume II: Phonology, Oxford: Clarendon Press, published 1968, →OCLC, § 315, page 886.
- ^ Brunner, Karl (1963), “III: Inflexions and their Use”, in Grahame Johnson, transl., An Outline of Middle English Grammar, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, translation of Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik (in German), →ISBN, →OCLC, § 68, page 70; reprinted 1965.
語源 2
Inherited from 古期英語 -est, -ost, from Proto-West Germanic *-ist, *-ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-istHos. Northern 中期英語 -ast is potentially influenced by Old Norse -astr.
別の表記
- -ist, -yst
- -ast (especially Northern)
発音
- IPA: /-əst/
接尾辞
-est (plural and weak singular -este)
- Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives; more, -er.
- Used to form the superlative degree of adverbs; more, -er.
使用する際の注意点
- Unlike in the modern English standard, this suffix may be appended to adjectives or adverbs of any length; in fact, periphrastic comparison with more or mest, most is rather uncommon. Like in Early Modern English and nonstandard modern English, this periphrastic comparative may be combined with the synthetic comparative to form a pleonastic "double comparative"; most grettest (“largest”, literally “most largest”).
- Irregular comparatives formed with this suffix may induce umlaut or shortening of the vowel of the root it is appended to; most of these compete with regular forms, which increasingly predominate in later Middle English (e.g. lengest, longest, both "longer"; deppest, depest, both "deeper").
- The vowel of this suffix is occasionally syncopated, both continuing Old English -st and as a new development in Middle English; this has resulted in assimilation of the final consonant of the root in grest, alternative form of grettest (“greatest, largest”).
参照
- “-est, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- Mossé, Fernand (1952), “IX. Elements of the Sentence”, in James A. Walker, transl., A Handbook of Middle English, I. Grammar: Part Three. The Sentence, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, translation of Manuel du l'Anglais de Moyen Age des Origines au XIVe Siècle (in French), →OCLC, § 115, page 92.
- d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Orthographical Notes”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 84, page 220.
- Logan, H[arry] M. (1973), “V. Grammar”, in The dialect of the Life of Saint Katherine: A linguistic study of the phonology and inflections (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 130), The Hague: Mouton, →OCLC, page 183.
- Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Adjectives: Comparison”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, page 279; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, , →ISBN.
Est
est.
Weblio例文辞書での「es t」に類似した例文 |
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est
そう
that
それだ
だもん
はく
そこだ
That's the point.
あれだ
あれだ
あれだ
明らかなさま
have
since
どのもの
which
est.
そうだ.
そうだ.
そうだって.
So they say.
そうだって.
そのようだ。
そうね。
You’re right.
Ya.
ええと、そうねえ。
Uh.
Right.
ええと、そうねえ。
そうですねえ.
〈ためらって〉 Well, let me see.
yes
I guess.
You betcha.
そうですとも
O yes.
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