governor-essとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Originally from 中期英語 governeresse, from Old French governeresse. In this form (with -o-; unlike governeress, governer seems to have never been more common than the -o- form) and later uses, directly from governor +‎ -ess.

名詞

governoress (plural governoresses)

1. (now nonstandard) A woman employed to educate children in private households. [from 1826 (mention)/1855; -e- form: c. 1422]

   Synonym: governess

   • [1826, Peter Smith, An Analytical System of English Grammar; […], Edinburgh: […] Oliver & Boyd, […]; and Geo[rge] B[yrom] Whittaker, London, page 17:

     How are the following nouns improperly formed, and what should they be? viz.—Lifes, knifes, dwarves, mischieves—boxs, churchs, dishs, fishs—enemys, flys, skys, spys—louses, mouses, oxes, pennys—arcanums, datums, erratums, phænomenons—bacheloress, benefactoress, governoress—boys books, girls dolls, childs rattle—diligence sake; Jane’s, Margaret’s, and Isabella’s mother; John’s, Peter’s, and Frank’s books.]

   • 1855 January 4, “Who Is Mrs. Nightingale”, in D. P. Thompson, editor, Green Mountain Freeman, Montpelier, Vt., front page, column 6:

     […] when the hospital established in London for sick governoresses was about to fail for want of proper management, she stepped forward and consented to be placed at its head. Derbyshire and Hampshire were exchanged for the narrow, dreary establishment in Harley street, to which she devoted all her time and fortune. While her friends missed her at assemblies, lectures, concerts, exhibitions and all the entertainments for taste and intellect with which London in its season abounds, she whose powers could have best appreciated these, was sitting beside the bed and soothing the last complaints of some poor, dying, homeless, querulous governess.

   • 1986 December 24, “From little terror to Princess Perfect . . .”, in Western Evening Herald, number 31,478, Plymouth, page 29, column 2:

     It took a firm governoress, boarding school and a finishing school to get rid of the rough edges — and, by her late teens, the young Princess [Alexandra] was emerging as a beautiful and serene woman.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:governoress.
2. (dated) A female governor. [from 1869; -e- form: c. 1425 (c. 1370)]

   Synonyms: (dated) governess, (rare) gubernatrix

   • 1869 February 25, Redpath [pseudonym], “Redpath Visits the State Capital. a. d. 1900.”, in Iron County Register, volume II, number 29, Ironton, Mo., page [3], column 2:

     I was introduced by Mrs. Onward, the Governoress, to Mrs. Sapient, the Speakeress of the House.

   • 1997 December 14, Frank G. Logan, “‘Gubernatorial’ is a wacky thing to call a governor”, in Home News Tribune, page I1, column 4:

     Our modern governors (even the current governoress) do not deserve to be belittled as some sort of “gubers.”

   • 2005 May 30, Orman Arnold, “New dividing line: An enthusiast”, in Tri-City Herald, page A12, column 4:

     The liberals in control now are just doing what they want. Let’s get things going and separate the states and maybe northern California might like to jump in also. We don’t even have a legal “governoress,” she just thinks she is.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:governoress.
3. (dated) The wife of a governor. [from 1820]

   Synonym: (dated) governess

   • 1820, chapter V, in De Clifford; or, Passion more Powerful than Reason. […], volume I, London: […] [T]he Minerva Press for A[nthony] K[ing] Newman and Co. […], →OCLC, pages 164–165:

     Colonel Braddyll, soon after his marriage, was chosen governor of ⸺, in India, and Mrs. Braddyll, as governoress, or governor’s lady, was in the height of her glory.

   • 1936 July 29, Virginia Woolf, “3157: To Jane Bussy”, in Nigel Nicolson, Joanne Trautmann, editors, Leave the Letters Till We’re Dead: The Letters of Virginia Woolf, volumes VI (1936–1941), London: The Hogarth Press, published 1980, →ISBN, page 60:

     That reminds me—my old mother in law was here with the Governor and Governoress of Gambia [Southorns] the other day.

   • 1980 October 24, Tom McEwen, “M-A Is Back In Stride In Win Circle”, in The Tampa Tribune, 86th year, number 256, Tampa, Fla., page 1-C, column 1:

     “We have strong ties to all,” said Governoress [Adele Khoury] Graham.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:governoress.

使用する際の注意点

• This form, governoress, which seems to be first attested in 1820 (in sense 3), has never been standard in sense 1. In the obsolete form with e, governeress, used since Middle English (see governeresse), it seems to have been acceptable until the 17th century, being replaced with the contracted governess.
• In the “female governor” sense, this originally referred generally to any woman who ruled or governed. This sense is not attested with the -o- form, which specifically refers to a female chief executive officer of a first-level division of a country.