guillotineとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

The official guillotine (sense 1) of Luxembourg, last used in 1821.

An engraving of Maximilien Robespierre being executed by guillotine (sense 1) on 28 July 1794 for his role in the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

A guillotine (sense 2.1.1) used to trim the edges of stacks of paper.

A double tonsil guillotine (sense 2.1.2) or tonsilotome, formerly used to excise both tonsils in the throat at the same time.

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɡɪlətiːn/, /ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/, /ˌɡiːjəˈtiːn/
• (General American) IPA: /ˈɡɪləˌtin/, /ˈɡi(j)əˌtin/
• ハイフネーション: guil‧lo‧tine

語源 1

Borrowed from French guillotine, named after the French physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (1738–1814), who proposed its use for capital punishment.

名詞

guillotine (plural guillotines)

1. (historical, also figuratively) A machine used for the application of capital punishment by decapitation, consisting of a tall upright frame from which is suspended a heavy diagonal-edged blade which is dropped onto the neck of the person to be executed; also, execution using this machine.
   • 1837, Thomas Carlyle, “The Procession”, in The French Revolution: A History […], volume I (The Bastille), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, book IV (States-General), pages 143–144:

     For two-and-twenty years he [Joseph-Ignace Guillotin], unguillotined, shall hear nothing but guillotine, see nothing but guillotine; then dying, shall through long centuries wander, as it were, a disconsolate ghost, on the wrong side of Styx and Lethe; his name like to outlive [Julius] Cæsar’s.

2. (by extension)
   1. A device or machine with a cutting blade.
      1. A device used for cutting the pages of books, stacks of paper, etc., to straight edges, usually by means of a hinged or sliding blade attached to a flat platform.
      2. (surgery) An instrument with a sliding blade for cutting the tonsils, uvula, or other body parts.

         Hyponyms: (for tonsils) tonsillotome, tonsilotome, (for the uvula) uvulotome

   2. (law, politics, informal)
      1. (British) A parliamentary procedure for fixing the dates when various stages of discussion of a bill must end, to ensure that the enactment of the bill proceeds expeditiously.
         • 2019 October 22, Stephen Kerr, Member of Parliament for Stirling, “Second Reading of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill”, in House of Commons Debates (House of Commons)‎, volume 666, archived from the original on 24 October 2019, column 860:

           The right hon. Gentleman is making a great stooshie about time in relation to this Bill, but was it not the case that, when the SNP [Scottish National Party] Scottish Government introduced their continuity Bill in the Scottish Parliament, they operated a ruthless guillotine to prevent proper scrutiny of it? That is the case; they ran a guillotine on that Bill, and there was a very limited amount of time allowed for debate and scrutiny, yet he complains about that happening here.

      2. (US) A legislative motion that debate be ended and a vote taken; a cloture.

派生語

語源 2

Borrowed from French guillotiner (“to execute with a guillotine, to guillotine”), from guillotine (see etymology 1) + -er (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs).

動詞

guillotine (third-person singular simple present guillotines, present participle guillotining, simple past and past participle guillotined) (transitive)

1. To use a guillotine (on someone or something).
   1. (also figuratively) To execute (someone) with a guillotine.

      Many counterrevolutionaries were guillotined during the French Revolution.

      • 2013 July 20, “The attack of the MOOCs”, in The Economist‎, volume 408, number 8845, archived from the original on 17 July 2020:

        Besides providing online courses to their own (generally fee-paying) students, universities have felt obliged to join the MOOC revolution to avoid being guillotined by it.

   2. To cut or trim (a body part, a stack of paper, etc.) with a guillotine.
2. (law, politics, informal)
   1. (British) To end discussion (about a parliamentary bill or part of one) by invoking a guillotine procedure.
   2. (US) To end (a legislative debate) by invoking cloture.

派生語

Notes

参照

Further reading

• guillotine on Wikipedia.Wikipedia