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JP3625612B2 - Multistory parking - Google Patents
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JP3625612B2 - Multistory parking - Google Patents

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JP3625612B2
JP3625612B2 JP12206797A JP12206797A JP3625612B2 JP 3625612 B2 JP3625612 B2 JP 3625612B2 JP 12206797 A JP12206797 A JP 12206797A JP 12206797 A JP12206797 A JP 12206797A JP 3625612 B2 JP3625612 B2 JP 3625612B2
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fire
floor
parking
parking area
smoke
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JP12206797A
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JPH10311156A (en
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千州 赤松
泰幸 北
達雄 岡本
直人 下野
章夫 古平
勉 長岡
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Takenaka Corp
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Takenaka Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は立体駐車場に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
この種の立体駐車場にあっては、建築基準法によって定められた床面積以下に防火区画を施し、万一の火災時には、高熱や火災による煙を有効に排気する必要がある。
従来の立体駐車場のうち、例えば小規模な立体駐車場においては、立体駐車場の外壁部の殆どを開放面とし、夫々の防火区画をこれらの開放面に接して設けることで上記基準を満たすことができた。
また、近年の多層立体駐車場には、火災時等に高温となっても構造的な性能低下が少ない耐火鋼を用いる場合が多い。この耐火鋼を使用するに際しては、上記耐火鋼の性能を考慮して、駐車領域が外気に対して一定面積以上開口している場合に限って耐火被覆を省略することができる。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、大面積の立体駐車場の場合、駐車場平面のうち中央部付近に位置する防火区画については必ずしも上記のような開放面を確保することができない。そのため、建築基準を満足させるべく、このような防火区画については、上方の外気に連通する開口シャフトを設けて自然通気路を確保したり、駐車場の外方まで通じる排気ダクトを有する強制排気設備を設けるなどの手法で対処していた。
ただし、上記のごとく開口シャフトを設置することは、それだけ駐車領域を減少させることとなる。
また、強制排気設備を設けたとしても、排煙機能をこれらの設備のみに負担させるには問題がある。つまり、万一の装置の故障、あるいは、停電等の不測の事態が生じた場合に、これらに対応できる設備が別途必要になるばかりでなく、永年に亘って装置の機能・信頼性を維持するには限界があるからである。
さらには、これら開口シャフトあるいは強制排気設備を備えることで建設コストが嵩むという不都合も生じる。
一方、当該大面積立体駐車場の中央部付近に耐火鋼を用いた場合、たとえ当該領域に開口シャフト等を設けて十分な排煙機能を持たせたとしても、外気への開放性を有しないことを理由に、耐火被覆を施さなければならないという無駄が生じていた。
以上のごとく、従来の方式によって大面積の立体駐車場を建設する場合には、種々の不都合があり、未だ改善の余地があった。
【0004】
本発明の目的は、このような従来技術の欠点を解消し、良好な延焼防止機能および排煙機能を有する立体駐車場を提供することにある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
この目的を達成するための本発明の特徴構成を、図1から図3に示した例を参考に説明する。
(構成1)
本発明の立体駐車場は、請求項1に記載したごとく、駐車スペース2と車路3とからなる駐車領域Aを複数有する駐車場を各階に設け、前記車路3にその床11を上下に貫通する排煙用開口5を設けて、各階の駐車領域Aを、それらの排煙用開口5を通して、最上階直上の屋外に連通させると共に、前記駐車領域Aの周囲の天井に、多段階に亘って降下位置を決定できる多段階遮蔽機構Sを少なくとも一つ設け、特定の駐車領域Aで火災が発生した場合に、当該特定の駐車領域Aの周囲に設けた前記多段階遮蔽機構Sを、天井と床との中間高さまで下降させる第1遮蔽状態に操作すると共に、当該特定の駐車領域Aに対して鉛直方向に位置する上方階の前記駐車領域Aについても、周囲の天井に設けた前記多段階遮蔽機構Sを前記第1遮蔽状態に操作する制御装置10を備えた点に特徴を有する。
(作用・効果)
本発明の立体駐車場では、各階の駐車場に設けた夫々の駐車領域の車路に、その床を上下に貫通する排煙用開口を設けて、各階の駐車領域を、それらの排煙用開口を通して、最上階直上の屋外に連通させてあるから、火災によって発生した煙は、その浮力により、当該排煙用開口を介して最上階直上の屋外に自然排出される。
また、本構成の立体駐車場では、前記駐車領域の周囲の天井に、天井と床との間において多段階に亘って降下位置を決定できる多段階遮蔽機構を少なくとも一つ設けてあり、火災発生時には、当該多段階遮蔽機構が、制御装置によって天井と床との中間高さまで降ろされる第1遮蔽状態まで動作される。この結果、多段階遮蔽機構の下端部から上方の空間においては煙を滞留させることができ、煙が他の駐車領域に拡散するのを防止することができる。
一方、第1遮蔽状態となった多段階遮蔽機構の下端部から下方の空間は、周囲の駐車領域から新鮮な空気を流入させる空気流入口として機能する。流入する新鮮な空気は排煙に比べて低温であるから、高温の煙の下方に流入して当該煙を積極的に上方に押し上げる。よって、煙を多段階遮蔽機構の内部に拘束することができ、排煙用開口からの煙の排出を促進することができる。
また、第1遮蔽状態となった多段階遮蔽機構の下端部から下方の空間は、駐車場利用者の避難路としても機能する。前述のごとく、周囲から流入した新鮮な空気は煙を積極的に上方に押し上げるから、当該駐車領域の空間を、煙で満たされた上方空間と、新鮮な空気で満たされた下方空間とが明瞭に分けられる。この結果、駐車場利用者が煙を吸引するのを防止するとともに、非難時の視界を確保することができる。
さらに、火災が発生した駐車領域で多段階遮蔽機構を第1遮蔽状態に動作させる場合には、その鉛直方向上方に位置する別の駐車領域についても、前記多段階遮蔽機構を第1遮蔽状態に動作する。
本構成であれば、当該上方に位置する別の駐車領域においても、その周囲の駐車領域から新鮮な空気を流入させることができて、さらに上方階への煙の排出を効率的に行うことができる。
以上のように、本構成の立体駐車場であれば、従来の大規模立体駐車場で必要としていた特別な排気ダクトや排気用の電動ファン等の設備を用いなくても、火災により発生した煙を確実に自然排気することができ、駐車場利用者の避難経路を確保することができる。
【0006】
(構成2)
本発明の立体駐車場は、請求項2に記載したごとく、前記駐車領域Aの周囲を、固定壁Bと複数の前記多段階遮蔽機構Sとで取り囲んで構成することができる。
(作用・効果)
本構成の場合、前記駐車領域の周囲であって固定壁で構成されていない部分は、原則として全て前記多段階遮蔽機構で構成してある。つまり、固定壁で構成されていない部分であって、隣接する駐車領域との連絡開口部等には、全て前記多段階遮蔽機構を設ける。このため、先の構成1で述べたような排煙用開口と多段階遮蔽機構とを併用したことによる排煙効果が、全ての連絡開口部等で発揮されることとなり、当該駐車領域全体としての排煙効果をさらに向上させることができる。
この場合に、避難経路の確保等がより確実に行われること、および、当該多段階遮蔽機構以外の固定壁の部分が、煙の拡散、延焼を確実に防止することはいうまでもない。
【0007】
(構成3)
本発明の立体駐車場は、請求項3に記載したごとく、前記特定の駐車領域Aにおける火災が最盛期に達した際に、前記特定の駐車領域Aの周囲の天井に設けた前記多段階遮蔽機構Sを床まで降下させる第2遮蔽状態に操作するように構成してもよい。
(作用・効果)
本構成のごとく、多段階遮蔽機構を床まで降下させる第2遮蔽状態とすることで、火災が最盛期に達した場合でも、隣接する防火区画に火災が延焼するのを防止することができる。
【0008】
尚、上記課題を解決するための手段の説明中、図面を参照し、図面との対照を便利にするために符号を記すが、当該記入により本発明が添付図面の構成に限定されるものではない。
【0009】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明の実施例を図面に基づいて説明する。
【0010】
(概要)
本発明に係る立体駐車場1の平面図の一例を図1に示す。図1は、複数の階からなる立体駐車場1のうちの特定の階を示したものである。
特定階の駐車場は、駐車スペース2と車路3とからなる駐車領域Aが複数集まって構成されている。当該実施形態においては、この駐車領域Aは、防火区画を意味する。当該防火区画は、火災時に延焼の拡大を防ぎ避難を容易にするために、一定面積以内毎に耐火構造の床、壁、防火戸等によりなされる区画である。本実施形態においては、以下、前記駐車領域Aを防火区画aとして説明する。
本発明に係る立体駐車場1は、単一のフロア上における合計面積が3000m以下となるように制限した防火区画aを複数設けて構成してある。この単一フロア上において3000m以下という制限は、当該立体駐車場1の構造が多層階吹き抜けであることを鑑みれば、一般の建築基準よりも緩和されたものであるといえる。即ち、本発明の立体駐車場1においては、後述するごとく、車路3に通気開口5を設けて火災時の排煙特性を良好なものにすると共に、鉄骨材料として耐火鋼を使用している結果、従来よりも制限面積を広げた場合にも十分な安全性を確保できるからである。
尚、図1では省略してあるが、複数の防火区画aを取り囲む周囲の余白部分にも駐車スペース2が設けてある。ただし、これらの駐車場は側方の外気に開口させて構成することができるから、車路3には特に通気開口5を設ける必要はない。
【0011】
(立体駐車場の具体的構成)
図2には、特定の防火区画aの模式的な平面図を示す。防火区画aの内部は、駐車スペース2と車路3とで構成する。
車路3および駐車スペース2は、原則としてコンクリート等を用いた通常のスラブ床で構成するが、車路3の中央部に対しては、下階の駐車領域Aと連通する通気開口5を車路3の延出方向に沿って断続的に設ける。
防火区画aの周囲は、固定壁Bすなわち固定の防火壁bと複数の開口部6とで構成してある。当該開口部6の天井7の部分には、多段階に亘って降下位置を決定できる多段階遮蔽機構Sを設けてある。
以下、これらの通気開口5および多段階遮蔽機構Sの詳細を示す。
【0012】
〈通気開口〉
図2に示すごとく、防火区画aの三箇所の車路3に対し、その延出方向に沿って通気開口5を断続的に設けてある。通気開口5を、駐車スペース2を除いた車路3に形成するのは、車両火災の発生時に、その直上に駐車してある他の車両に延焼するのを防止するためである。
この通気開口5は、下階の防火区画aと連通するよう構成してあり、仮に、特定の防火区画aで火災が発生した場合には、火災の煙や高温の空気を効率的に上方階に排出させる機能を有する。本実施形態においては、煙の流れをスムーズにし、排煙効率をより向上させるために、各階に設ける通気開口5が上下方向において一致するように構成してある。
立体駐車場1が複数の階からなる場合には、最下階を除いてその上方に位置する駐車フロアの車路3に前記通気開口5を設ける。最上階の駐車フロアが屋上を利用するものである場合には、屋上の車路3にも通気開口5を設ける。また、最上階の駐車フロアが屋上ではなく通常の屋根を有する場合には、所定の開口部を当該屋根に設けておくとよい。屋根に開口部を設ける場合には、当該開口部の形状寸法は必ずしも前記通気開口5と同じである必要はない。
【0013】
本実施形態における一つの通気開口5のサイズは、例えば1m×5mである。この通気開口5を、約3000mの面積を有する一つの防火区画aに対して約20箇所に設ける。
前記通気開口5には、路面高さを均一にし、車両の通行が円滑となるようにグレーチング等を取り付けておく。
【0014】
通気開口5のサイズ・設置箇所数の決定に際しては、立体駐車場1の柱・梁等の構造部材には耐火鋼を用いることを条件としている。つまり、上記の通気開口5のサイズ・設置箇所数は、火災時に発生する熱に対して耐力の低下が少ないという耐火鋼の性能が発揮されることを前提として求めたものである。
尚、耐火鋼を用いることで以下の利点も得られる。
即ち、柱・梁等が露出している部分に対する耐火被覆を省略できるから、耐火被覆の吹付け作業そのものが不要になる。また、その後の径年変化によって耐火被覆剥がれ落ちることもないから、補修・清掃等のメンテナンスが不要となる。さらに、耐火被覆を省略できる結果美観性に優れたものになるばかりでなく、柱・梁等の露出部分に直接塗装等を施せば美観をより向上させることもできる、等である。
【0015】
〈多段階遮蔽機構〉
図2および図3に示すごとく、防火区画aの周囲に設けた複数の開口部6は、常時においては車両あるいは駐車場利用者の通路として機能すると共に、駐車場内の空気の自然循環経路としても機能する。そして、車高の高い車両が余裕をもって通行できるようにするため、或いは、空気の自然循環流量を大きく確保するためには、常時において当該開口部6はできるかぎり大きく開口していることが望ましい。特に、火災発生時に周囲の防火区画aから新鮮な空気を流入させる必要性から、前記開口部6は、防火区画aの周囲に分散配置するのが望ましい。
【0016】
前記多段階遮蔽機構Sは、前記開口部6の天井7の付近に設けることとし、常時においては、天井構造部材に対して下方に突出しない状態となるように構成する。例えば、当該多段階遮蔽機構Sは巻取式シャッターで構成し、天井7部分の鉄骨梁部材等に設けておく。本構成であれば常時において開口部6の面積を大きく確保することができる。
また、このような多段階遮蔽機構Sを採用することで、従来必要であった固定垂壁をなくすことができるから、立体駐車場1の構造を簡略化することもできる。
【0017】
天井構造部材の所定の位置には、火災時等に当該巻取式シャッターを作動させるための煙センサー8や温度センサー9を設けてある。当該煙センサー8は、主に、火災が発生したこと或いは火災が初期状態であることを検知する。これに対し、前記温度センサー9は、主に、火災が盛期に達したことを検知する。これら煙センサー8或いは温度センサー9による検知信号は、立体駐車場1に付属して設けた制御装置10によって処理され、火災であると判断した場合には、当該制御装置10が前記多段階遮蔽機構Sを動作させる。
例えば、特定の防火区画aで火災が発生し、煙が天井部分に達すると、前記煙センサー8が当該火災の発生を検知する。この場合には、当該防火区画aの周囲に設けた前記多段階遮蔽機構Sを、第1遮蔽状態に動作させる。ここで、第1遮蔽状態とは、前記多段階遮蔽機構Sの下端部を天井から約1.5mの高さまで降下させた状態をいう。尚、本実施形態では、天井高さの設定は約3.5mである。よって、第1遮蔽状態にあっては、多段階遮蔽機構Sの下端部は床11から2mの高さに位置することとなる。
当該第1遮蔽状態は、火災により発生した高温の煙を、隣接する防火区画aに拡散させることなく上方の階に排出させるための状態である。つまり、多段階遮蔽機構Sで当該防火区画aの上方空間を仕切ることにより、高温の煙を防火区画aの内部に滞留・拘束させつつ通気開口5より上方に排出させることができる。
多段階遮蔽機構Sの下端部から下方の空間は、隣接する防火区画aから当該防火区画aに向けて新鮮な空気を流入させるための空気流入口となる。煙よりも低温の新鮮な空気は、煙の下方に流れ込み、煙を積極的に上方に押し上げるから、前記通気開口5からの排煙を促進させると共に、当該防火区画aに煙が充満するのを抑制する。
また、多段階遮蔽機構Sの下端部から下方の空間は、駐車場利用者の避難路となる。この場合に、煙で満たされた上方空間と、新鮮な空気で満たされた下方空間とが明瞭に分けられる結果、避難中の駐車場利用者が煙を吸引するような事態の発生を防止でき、非難する方向の視界を確保することもできる。
【0018】
火災が発生した防火区画aの周囲に設けた多段階遮蔽機構Sが第1遮蔽状態に動作された場合には、この階の鉛直方向上方に位置する別の階においても多段階遮蔽機構Sが第1遮蔽状態まで動作される。これにより、上方の階においても煙の拡散を有効に防止し、さらに上方階への煙の排出を促進することができる。
尚、火災が発生した防火区画aに隣接する防火区画aにおいては、多段階遮蔽機構Sを必ずしも連動させる必要はなく、個々に設けた前記温度センサー9等の検知結果に基づいて、前記多段階遮蔽機構Sを独立に動作させれば十分と考える。
【0019】
前記多段階遮蔽機構Sが第1遮蔽状態に動作された段階では、スプリンクラー設備等が動作して消火が行われる。しかし、仮に、火災の勢いが増し、火災が盛期となった場合には、前記温度センサー9が当該盛期状態を検知する。この検知結果に基づき、前記制御装置10は前記多段階遮蔽機構Sをさらに第2遮蔽状態に動作させる。ここで、第2遮蔽状態とは、前記多段階遮蔽機構Sの下端部を床11まで降下させた状態をいう。
当該第2遮蔽状態により、隣接する防火区画aに火災が延焼するのを防止することができる。
尚、仮に隣接する防火区画aや上方階の防火区画aに火災が延焼し、これらの防火区画aでも火災が最盛期に達した場合には、夫々の防火区画aに設けてある多段階遮蔽機構Sも第2遮蔽状態に動作させる。この場合の第2遮蔽状態への動作も夫々の防火区画aにおいて独立に行えば十分である。
【0020】
(排煙機能の検証)
以上の通気開口5および多段階遮蔽機構Sを設けた当該立体駐車場1が、火災発生時に良好な排煙機能を発揮し、必要な避難時間を確保できるかどうかについては、別途、実験により検証した。
先ず、特定の階で車両火災が発生した場合の火災経過時間と火災室温度との関係を求めることにより、本発明の立体駐車場1が、日本建築センターによる建築物の総合防火設計法に適合するか否かを確認した。
この結果、火災発生後30分程度経過した時点でも火災室内の温度が約300度に維持できることが確認できた。一般に、耐火鋼の火災時の耐力については、600度で一定時間保持した場合の耐力低下等で評価されるが、火災室内の温度が約300度に維持できることを鑑みれば、耐火鋼製の柱・梁の耐火性能は十分に発揮できるものと考えられる。
また、特定の階で排気量1500cc程度の乗用車が火災を起こしたと想定して、特定階及びその上方階での排煙がどのように行われるかを模擬検証した。この場合に、駐車場の利用者が火災発生から避難を完了するまでに必要な時間は約120秒とし、煙の最下端の高さ、即ち煙の下層高さの限界を約2mとした。
検証の結果、火災発生階においては、煙の温度は120秒経過後にはおよそ80度に上昇した。しかし、煙の下層高さは床11から2m以上に維持されるので、火災発生階での避難は支障なく行うことができることが確認できた。
一方、火災発生階の上方階においては、排煙の温度が冷却されて浮力を失うこと等に起因して、煙の下層高さが下降する程度は火災発生階よりも速い。しかし、火災発生後120秒経過した時点においても、煙の下層高さは2mを維持していた。
さらに、当該上方階での煙の温度については、120秒経過した時点では40度程度であり、火災発生階に比べて温度上昇の程度はかなり遅いことが確認できた。
このように、立体駐車場1を耐火鋼を用いて形成すると共に、上記態様の通気開口5および多段階遮蔽機構Sを設けた場合には、火災時に良好な排煙機能等を発揮することができ、必要な避難時間を確保できることがわかった。
【0021】
(効果)
このように、本発明の立体駐車場1であれば、多段階遮蔽機構Sを第1遮蔽状態に動作させることで、火災により発生した煙を確実に自然排気することができ、駐車場利用者の避難経路を確保することができる。仮に火災が盛期に達した場合には、多段階遮蔽機構Sを第2遮蔽状態に動作させることで隣接する防火区画aへの延焼を防止することができる。
また、従来の大規模立体駐車場1で必要としていた特別な排気ダクトや排気用の電動ファン等の設備が不要となるから、初期の設備コストあるいはその後の立体駐車場1の維持管理の手間等を削減することができる。
【0022】
〔別実施形態〕
〈1〉 上記実施形態においては、特定の防火区画aで火災が発生した場合に、当該防火区画aおよびその鉛直上方に位置する防火区画aの周囲に設けた多段階遮蔽機構Sを第1遮蔽状態に動作させる例を示した。
しかし、当該実施形態に限られるものではなく、上方の階に係る防火区画aについても、個々に設けた煙センサー8、温度センサー9等の検知結果に基づいて独立に多段階遮蔽機構Sを動作させるものであってもよい。
本構成であれば、特定の防火区画aに係る多段階遮蔽機構Sの動作を、他の防火区画aにある多段階遮蔽機構Sの動作と連動させる必要がないから、多段階遮蔽機構Sおよび制御装置をより簡便な構成にすることができる。
【0023】
〈2〉 火災を検知するシステムとしては、上記実施形態の煙センサー8等を用いるものに替えて、各種の赤外線センサーを用いるものとしてもよい。
例えば、テレビカメラ等を用いた画像処理が可能なシステムを構成しておけば、火災の発生を検知できるばかりでなく、火災の発生箇所を正確に認識することができる。よって、火災発生箇所近傍のスプリンクラーを集中的に動作させること等が可能となって、早期の消火が可能となる。
また、画像処理による火災検知システムであれば、火災状態の変化を連続して把握できるから、火災が初期状態にあること、或いは、盛期に達したことを一台の装置で認識することができ、検知システムの構成を簡略化することも可能である。
さらには、駐車場利用者の体温を検知することで、火災発生箇所の近傍に存在する駐車場利用者の避難状況を確認することも可能であるから、安全上非常に好ましい消火システムを構成することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の立体駐車場の平面を示す説明図
【図2】本発明の立体駐車場に係る特定の駐車領域の平面図
【図3】本発明の立体駐車場に係る特定の駐車領域の側面図
【符号の説明】
2 駐車スペース
3 車路
5 通気開口
10 制御装置
11 床
A 駐車領域
B 固定壁
S 多段階遮蔽機構
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a multi-story parking lot.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In this type of multistory parking lot, it is necessary to provide a fire prevention section below the floor area defined by the Building Standards Law, and in the event of a fire, it is necessary to effectively exhaust high heat and fire smoke.
Among conventional multistory parking lots, for example, in a small-scale multistory parking lot, most of the outer walls of the multistory parking lot are open surfaces, and each fire prevention section is provided in contact with these open surfaces to satisfy the above criteria. I was able to.
Also, in recent multi-story parking lots, fireproof steel is often used which has little structural deterioration even when the temperature is high during a fire or the like. When using this refractory steel, the refractory coating can be omitted only when the parking area is open to a certain area or more with respect to the outside air in consideration of the performance of the refractory steel.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the case of a large-area three-dimensional parking lot, it is not always possible to ensure an open surface as described above for the fire prevention section located near the center of the parking lot plane. Therefore, in order to satisfy the building standards, for such fire prevention compartments, forced exhaust equipment that has an open shaft that communicates with the upper outside air to secure a natural ventilation path or an exhaust duct that leads to the outside of the parking lot It was dealt with by the technique such as providing.
However, installing the opening shaft as described above reduces the parking area accordingly.
In addition, even if forced exhaust facilities are provided, there is a problem in placing only the exhaust function on the smoke exhaust function. In other words, in the unlikely event of equipment failure or unforeseen circumstances such as a power outage, not only will it be necessary to provide additional equipment that can handle these, but it will also maintain the function and reliability of the equipment for many years. This is because there is a limit.
Further, the provision of these opening shafts or forced exhaust facilities causes a disadvantage that the construction cost increases.
On the other hand, when refractory steel is used near the center of the large area multistory parking lot, even if an opening shaft or the like is provided in the area to provide a sufficient smoke exhausting function, it does not have openness to the outside air. For this reason, there was a waste that a fireproof coating had to be applied.
As described above, in the case of constructing a multi-story parking lot with a conventional method, there are various inconveniences and there is still room for improvement.
[0004]
An object of the present invention is to eliminate such drawbacks of the prior art and provide a multilevel parking lot having a good fire spread prevention function and a smoke exhaust function.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
A characteristic configuration of the present invention for achieving this object will be described with reference to the example shown in FIGS.
(Configuration 1)
As described in claim 1, the multi-level parking lot of the present invention is provided with a parking lot having a plurality of parking areas A composed of a parking space 2 and a roadway 3 on each floor, and the floor 11 is placed up and down on the roadway 3. provided smoke opening 5 penetrating, each floor of the parking area a, through their smoke opening 5, Rutotomoni communicated with the outdoor directly above the top floor, the ceiling around the parking area a, multistage At least one multi-stage shielding mechanism S that can determine the descending position is provided. When a fire occurs in a specific parking area A, the multi-stage shielding mechanism S provided around the specific parking area A is provided. The parking area A on the upper floor located in the vertical direction with respect to the specific parking area A is also provided on the surrounding ceiling while operating to the first shielding state where it is lowered to an intermediate height between the ceiling and the floor. The multistage shielding mechanism S is formed into the first shielding shape. It has a feature in that a control device 10 to be operated.
(Action / Effect)
In the three-dimensional parking lot of the present invention, the parking area of each floor is provided with an opening for exhausting smoke passing through the floor in the parking area of each parking area provided in the parking area of each floor, Since it communicates with the outdoors directly above the top floor through the opening , smoke generated by the fire is naturally discharged to the outdoors directly above the top floor through the smoke exhaust opening due to its buoyancy.
Further, in the multi-story parking lot of this configuration, at least one multi-stage shielding mechanism capable of determining a descending position in multiple stages between the ceiling and the floor is provided on the ceiling around the parking area, and a fire is generated. Sometimes, the multistage shielding mechanism is operated to the first shielding state where the control device lowers to an intermediate height between the ceiling and the floor. As a result, smoke can be retained in the space above the lower end of the multistage shielding mechanism, and the smoke can be prevented from diffusing to other parking areas.
On the other hand, the space below the lower end of the multistage shielding mechanism in the first shielding state functions as an air inlet through which fresh air flows from the surrounding parking area. Since the fresh air that flows in is cooler than the flue gas, it flows into the lower part of the hot smoke and positively pushes the smoke upward. Therefore, smoke can be restrained inside the multistage shielding mechanism, and the discharge of smoke from the smoke exhaust opening can be promoted.
In addition, the space below the lower end of the multistage shielding mechanism that is in the first shielding state also functions as an evacuation path for parking lot users. As described above, the fresh air flowing in from the surroundings actively pushes the smoke upward, so that the space in the parking area is clearly divided into the upper space filled with smoke and the lower space filled with fresh air. It is divided into. As a result, it is possible to prevent the parking lot user from sucking smoke, and to ensure visibility when accused.
Further, when the multi-stage shielding mechanism is operated in the first shielding state in the parking area where the fire has occurred, the multi-stage shielding mechanism is also brought into the first shielding state for another parking area located above the vertical direction. Operate.
If it is this structure, also in another parking area located in the upper part, fresh air can be made to flow in from the surrounding parking area, and smoke can be efficiently discharged to the upper floor. it can.
As described above, in the case of a multistory parking lot with this configuration, smoke generated by a fire can be obtained without using special exhaust ducts and electric fans for exhaust, which were necessary in conventional large-scale multistory parking lots. Can be surely exhausted naturally, and an evacuation route for parking lot users can be secured.
[0006]
(Configuration 2)
As described in claim 2, the multilevel parking lot of the present invention can be configured by surrounding the parking area A with the fixed wall B and the plurality of multistage shielding mechanisms S.
(Action / Effect)
In the case of this structure, the part which is not comprised by the fixed wall around the said parking area | region is comprised by the said multistage shielding mechanism in principle. That is, the multi-stage shielding mechanism is provided in all the portions that are not formed by the fixed wall and are connected to the adjacent parking area. For this reason, the smoke emission effect by combining the smoke exhaust opening and the multistage shielding mechanism as described in the previous configuration 1 is exhibited in all the communication openings and the like as the entire parking area. The smoke exhausting effect can be further improved.
In this case, it is needless to say that securing of an evacuation route or the like is more reliably performed, and that the portion of the fixed wall other than the multistage shielding mechanism reliably prevents smoke diffusion and fire spread.
[0007]
(Configuration 3)
As described in claim 3, the multilevel parking lot of the present invention has the multistage shielding provided on the ceiling around the specific parking area A when a fire in the specific parking area A reaches its peak. You may comprise so that the mechanism S may be operated to the 2nd shielding state which descends to a floor.
(Action / Effect)
As in this configuration, by setting the multistage shielding mechanism to the second shielding state in which the multistage shielding mechanism is lowered to the floor, it is possible to prevent the fire from spreading to the adjacent fire prevention section even when the fire reaches its peak.
[0008]
In the description of the means for solving the above-mentioned problems, reference is made to the drawings and reference numerals are used for convenience of comparison with the drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the configuration of the attached drawings. Absent.
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
[0010]
(Overview)
An example of the top view of the multistory parking lot 1 which concerns on this invention is shown in FIG. FIG. 1 shows a specific floor of a multilevel parking lot 1 composed of a plurality of floors.
The parking lot on the specific floor is composed of a plurality of parking areas A composed of a parking space 2 and a roadway 3. In this embodiment, the parking area A means a fire prevention zone. In order to prevent the spread of fire spread and facilitate evacuation in the event of a fire, the fire prevention compartment is a compartment made up of a fire-resistant floor, wall, fire door, etc. within a certain area. In the present embodiment, the parking area A will be described as a fire prevention zone a.
The multilevel parking garage 1 according to the present invention is configured by providing a plurality of fire prevention sections a restricted so that the total area on a single floor is 3000 m 2 or less. The restriction of 3000 m 2 or less on this single floor can be said to be more relaxed than general building standards in view of the structure of the multistory parking garage 1 being a multi-story atrium. That is, in the multistory parking lot 1 of the present invention, as will be described later, a ventilation opening 5 is provided in the roadway 3 to improve the smoke emission characteristics at the time of fire, and refractory steel is used as a steel frame material. As a result, sufficient safety can be ensured even when the restricted area is increased compared to the conventional case.
Although omitted in FIG. 1, a parking space 2 is also provided in a surrounding blank portion surrounding the plurality of fire prevention sections a. However, since these parking lots can be constructed by opening them to the outside air on the side, it is not necessary to provide the ventilation openings 5 in the roadway 3 in particular.
[0011]
(Specific configuration of multistory parking)
In FIG. 2, the typical top view of the specific fire prevention zone a is shown. The inside of the fire prevention zone a is composed of a parking space 2 and a roadway 3.
The roadway 3 and the parking space 2 are basically composed of a normal slab floor made of concrete or the like, but the central part of the roadway 3 has a vent opening 5 communicating with the parking area A on the lower floor. It is provided intermittently along the extending direction of the path 3.
The periphery of the fire prevention section a is composed of a fixed wall B, that is, a fixed fire barrier b and a plurality of openings 6. A multi-stage shielding mechanism S that can determine the lowered position over multiple stages is provided on the ceiling 7 of the opening 6.
Hereinafter, details of the ventilation opening 5 and the multistage shielding mechanism S will be described.
[0012]
<Ventilation opening>
As shown in FIG. 2, ventilation openings 5 are provided intermittently along the extending direction of the three roadways 3 in the fire prevention section a. The reason why the ventilation openings 5 are formed in the roadway 3 excluding the parking space 2 is to prevent the fire from spreading to other vehicles parked immediately above when a vehicle fire occurs.
The ventilation opening 5 is configured to communicate with the fire prevention section a on the lower floor. If a fire occurs in a specific fire prevention section a, the smoke from the fire and high-temperature air are efficiently removed from the upper floor. Has the function of discharging. In the present embodiment, in order to make the flow of smoke smooth and improve the smoke exhaust efficiency, the ventilation openings 5 provided on each floor are configured to coincide with each other in the vertical direction.
When the multi-story parking lot 1 is composed of a plurality of floors, the ventilation openings 5 are provided in the roadway 3 of the parking floor located above the floor except for the lowest floor. If the parking floor on the top floor uses the roof, a ventilation opening 5 is also provided on the roof roadway 3. Moreover, when the uppermost parking floor has a normal roof instead of a rooftop, a predetermined opening may be provided on the roof. When an opening is provided on the roof, the shape and size of the opening need not necessarily be the same as those of the ventilation opening 5.
[0013]
The size of one ventilation opening 5 in the present embodiment is, for example, 1 m × 5 m. The ventilation openings 5 are provided at about 20 places for one fire prevention section a having an area of about 3000 m 2 .
Grating or the like is attached to the vent opening 5 so that the road surface height is uniform and the vehicle passes smoothly.
[0014]
In determining the size and the number of installation locations of the ventilation openings 5, it is assumed that fireproof steel is used for structural members such as columns and beams of the multi-story parking lot 1. That is, the size and the number of installation locations of the vent openings 5 are determined on the assumption that the performance of the refractory steel is exhibited such that the decrease in the proof stress is small with respect to the heat generated in the event of a fire.
In addition, the following advantages are also obtained by using refractory steel.
That is, since the fireproof coating on the exposed portions of the pillars, beams and the like can be omitted, the spraying work of the fireproof coating itself becomes unnecessary. In addition, since the fireproof coating does not peel off due to subsequent changes in diameter, maintenance such as repair and cleaning becomes unnecessary. Further, as a result of the omission of the fireproof coating, not only is it excellent in aesthetics, but the aesthetics can be further improved by directly coating exposed portions such as columns and beams.
[0015]
<Multi-stage shielding mechanism>
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the plurality of openings 6 provided around the fire prevention section a function as a passage for a vehicle or a parking lot user at all times and also as a natural circulation path for air in the parking lot. Function. In order to allow a vehicle with a high vehicle height to pass with a sufficient margin or to ensure a large natural circulation flow rate of air, it is desirable that the opening 6 is always as large as possible. In particular, it is desirable to disperse and arrange the openings 6 around the fire prevention compartment a because of the need to allow fresh air to flow from the surrounding fire prevention compartment a when a fire occurs.
[0016]
The multistage shielding mechanism S is provided in the vicinity of the ceiling 7 of the opening 6 and is configured so as not to protrude downward with respect to the ceiling structural member at normal times. For example, the multistage shielding mechanism S is constituted by a winding shutter and is provided on a steel beam member or the like in the ceiling 7 part. If it is this structure, the area of the opening part 6 can always be ensured large.
In addition, by adopting such a multistage shielding mechanism S, it is possible to eliminate the fixed hanging wall that has been necessary in the past, and thus the structure of the multistory parking lot 1 can be simplified.
[0017]
A smoke sensor 8 and a temperature sensor 9 for operating the retractable shutter in a fire or the like are provided at predetermined positions of the ceiling structural member. The smoke sensor 8 mainly detects that a fire has occurred or that the fire is in an initial state. In contrast, the temperature sensor 9 mainly detects that the fire has reached its peak. The detection signals from the smoke sensor 8 or the temperature sensor 9 are processed by the control device 10 provided attached to the multi-story parking lot 1, and when it is determined that there is a fire, the control device 10 detects the multistage shielding mechanism. Operate S.
For example, when a fire occurs in a specific fire prevention zone a and smoke reaches the ceiling, the smoke sensor 8 detects the occurrence of the fire. In this case, the multistage shielding mechanism S provided around the fire prevention section a is operated to the first shielding state. Here, the first shielding state refers to a state where the lower end portion of the multistage shielding mechanism S is lowered to a height of about 1.5 m from the ceiling. In the present embodiment, the ceiling height is set to about 3.5 m. Therefore, in the first shielding state, the lower end portion of the multistage shielding mechanism S is located at a height of 2 m from the floor 11.
The said 1st shielding state is a state for discharging the high temperature smoke which generate | occur | produced by the fire to the upper floor, without diffusing to the adjacent fire prevention zone a. That is, by partitioning the upper space of the fire prevention compartment a by the multistage shielding mechanism S, high-temperature smoke can be discharged above the vent opening 5 while staying and restraining inside the fire prevention compartment a.
The space below the lower end of the multistage shielding mechanism S serves as an air inlet for allowing fresh air to flow from the adjacent fire prevention compartment a toward the fire prevention compartment a. The fresh air having a temperature lower than that of the smoke flows into the lower part of the smoke and positively pushes the smoke upward. This promotes the exhausting of the smoke from the vent opening 5 and also causes the fire prevention section a to be filled with the smoke. Suppress.
Moreover, the space below the lower end part of the multistage shielding mechanism S becomes an evacuation route for the parking lot user. In this case, the upper space filled with smoke and the lower space filled with fresh air are clearly separated, so that it is possible to prevent the occurrence of a situation in which the evacuated parking lot user sucks smoke. , It is possible to secure a view in the direction of blame.
[0018]
When the multi-stage shielding mechanism S provided around the fire prevention zone a where the fire has occurred is operated in the first shielding state, the multi-stage shielding mechanism S is also provided on another floor located above the floor in the vertical direction. It is operated up to the first shielding state. Thereby, it is possible to effectively prevent the smoke from being diffused even in the upper floor and further promote the discharge of smoke to the upper floor.
In the fire prevention section a adjacent to the fire prevention section a in which a fire has occurred, the multistage shielding mechanism S does not necessarily have to be interlocked, and based on the detection result of the temperature sensor 9 provided individually, the multistage It is considered sufficient to operate the shielding mechanism S independently.
[0019]
At the stage where the multistage shielding mechanism S is operated to the first shielding state, the sprinkler equipment or the like operates to extinguish the fire. However, if the momentum of the fire increases and the fire reaches its peak, the temperature sensor 9 detects the peak state. Based on the detection result, the control device 10 further operates the multistage shielding mechanism S to the second shielding state. Here, the second shielding state refers to a state where the lower end portion of the multistage shielding mechanism S is lowered to the floor 11.
By the said 2nd shielding state, it can prevent that a fire spreads to the adjacent fire prevention zone a.
In addition, if a fire spreads to the adjacent fire prevention compartment a or the fire prevention compartment a on the upper floor and the fire reaches the peak in these fire prevention compartments a, the multi-stage shielding provided in each fire prevention compartment a The mechanism S is also operated in the second shielding state. In this case, it is sufficient to perform the operation to the second shielding state independently in each fire prevention section a.
[0020]
(Verification of smoke emission function)
Whether or not the multistory parking garage 1 provided with the vent opening 5 and the multistage shielding mechanism S can exhibit a good smoke exhausting function in the event of a fire and ensure the necessary evacuation time is separately verified by experiment. did.
First, by determining the relationship between fire elapsed time and fire room temperature when a vehicle fire occurs on a specific floor, the multi-story parking lot 1 of the present invention conforms to the comprehensive fire protection design method for buildings by the Japan Building Center Confirmed whether or not.
As a result, it was confirmed that the temperature in the fire room could be maintained at about 300 degrees even when about 30 minutes had passed after the occurrence of the fire. In general, the fireproof strength of fireproof steel is evaluated by a decrease in strength when it is held at 600 degrees for a certain period of time, but in view of the fact that the temperature in the fire chamber can be maintained at about 300 degrees, a fireproof steel column・ It is thought that the fire resistance of the beam can be fully demonstrated.
In addition, assuming that a passenger car with a displacement of about 1500 cc caused a fire on a specific floor, we conducted a simulation to verify how smoke was discharged on the specific floor and the upper floor. In this case, the time required for the user of the parking lot to complete the evacuation from the occurrence of the fire was set to about 120 seconds, and the limit of the lowest smoke height, that is, the lower layer height of the smoke was set to about 2 m.
As a result of the verification, on the floor where the fire occurred, the smoke temperature rose to approximately 80 degrees after 120 seconds. However, it was confirmed that evacuation on the fire floor can be performed without any trouble because the height of the lower smoke layer is maintained at 2 m or more from the floor 11.
On the other hand, in the upper floor of the fire occurrence floor, the lowering of the smoke lower level is faster than the fire occurrence floor due to the fact that the temperature of the flue gas is cooled and the buoyancy is lost. However, the height of the lower layer of smoke was maintained at 2 m even when 120 seconds had elapsed after the fire.
Furthermore, the smoke temperature on the upper floor was about 40 degrees when 120 seconds passed, and it was confirmed that the temperature rise was considerably slower than the fire floor.
Thus, while forming the multistory parking lot 1 using fireproof steel and providing the ventilation opening 5 and the multistage shielding mechanism S of the said aspect, a favorable smoke exhaustion function etc. can be exhibited at the time of a fire. It was possible to secure the necessary evacuation time.
[0021]
(effect)
Thus, if it is the multilevel parking lot 1 of this invention, the smoke produced by the fire can be naturally exhausted reliably by operating the multistage shielding mechanism S to a 1st shielding state, and a parking lot user An evacuation route can be secured. If the fire reaches its peak, it is possible to prevent the spread of fire to the adjacent fire prevention section a by operating the multistage shielding mechanism S to the second shielding state.
In addition, the equipment such as special exhaust ducts and exhaust electric fans required in the conventional large-scale multi-story parking lot 1 becomes unnecessary, so that the initial equipment cost or the time and labor for maintenance of the multi-story car park 1 thereafter is required. Can be reduced.
[0022]
[Another embodiment]
<1> In the above-described embodiment, when a fire occurs in a specific fire prevention zone a, the multistage shielding mechanism S provided around the fire protection zone a and the fire protection zone a positioned vertically above is first shielded. An example of operating the state is shown.
However, the present invention is not limited to this embodiment, and the multistage shielding mechanism S is independently operated based on the detection results of the smoke sensor 8 and the temperature sensor 9 provided for the fire prevention section a related to the upper floor. It may be allowed.
If it is this structure, since it is not necessary to link the operation | movement of the multistage shielding mechanism S which concerns on the specific fire protection zone a with the operation | movement of the multistage shielding mechanism S in another fire protection zone a, the multistage shielding mechanism S and The control device can have a simpler configuration.
[0023]
<2> As a system for detecting a fire, various infrared sensors may be used instead of the smoke sensor 8 according to the above-described embodiment.
For example, if a system capable of image processing using a television camera or the like is configured, not only the occurrence of a fire can be detected, but also the location where the fire has occurred can be recognized accurately. Therefore, it becomes possible to intensively operate the sprinklers in the vicinity of the fire occurrence point, and early fire extinguishing is possible.
In addition, since a fire detection system using image processing can keep track of changes in fire conditions, it is possible to recognize that a fire is in its initial state or has reached its peak with a single device. It is also possible to simplify the configuration of the detection system.
Furthermore, by detecting the temperature of the parking lot user, it is possible to check the evacuation status of the parking lot user existing in the vicinity of the fire occurrence point, so that a fire extinguishing system that is very preferable for safety is configured. be able to.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing a plane of a multilevel parking garage according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view of a specific parking area according to the multilevel garage according to the present invention. Side view of the area [Explanation of symbols]
2 Parking space 3 Roadway 5 Ventilation opening 10 Control device
11 Floor A Parking area B Fixed wall S Multi-stage shielding mechanism

Claims (3)

駐車スペースと車路とからなる駐車領域を複数有する駐車場を各階に設け、
前記車路にその床を上下に貫通する排煙用開口を設けて、各階の駐車領域を、それらの排煙用開口を通して、最上階直上の屋外に連通させると共に、
前記駐車領域の周囲の天井に、多段階に亘って降下位置を決定できる多段階遮蔽機構を少なくとも一つ設け、
特定の駐車領域で火災が発生した場合に、当該特定の駐車領域の周囲に設けた前記多段階遮蔽機構を、天井と床との中間高さまで下降させる第1遮蔽状態に操作すると共に、当該特定の駐車領域に対して鉛直方向に位置する上方階の前記駐車領域についても、周囲の天井に設けた前記多段階遮蔽機構を前記第1遮蔽状態に操作する制御装置を備えた立体駐車場。
Each floor has a parking lot with multiple parking areas consisting of parking spaces and roadways,
Provided smoke opening that penetrates the floor up and down the vehicle path, each floor of the parking area, through their flue openings, communicates with the outdoor just above the top floor Rutotomoni,
On the ceiling around the parking area, at least one multi-stage shielding mechanism that can determine the lowered position over multiple stages,
When a fire occurs in a specific parking area, the multistage shielding mechanism provided around the specific parking area is operated to a first shielding state in which the multistage shielding mechanism is lowered to an intermediate height between the ceiling and the floor, and the specific A multilevel parking garage provided with a control device for operating the multistage shielding mechanism provided on the surrounding ceiling to the first shielding state also for the parking area on the upper floor located in the vertical direction with respect to the parking area.
前記駐車領域の周囲を、固定壁と複数の前記多段階遮蔽機構とで取り囲んである請求項1に記載の立体駐車場。The multi-story parking lot according to claim 1, wherein the parking area is surrounded by a fixed wall and a plurality of the multistage shielding mechanisms. 前記特定の駐車領域における火災が最盛期に達した際に、前記特定の駐車領域の周囲の天井に設けた前記多段階遮蔽機構を床まで降下させる第2遮蔽状態に操作する請求項1または2に記載の立体駐車場。3. When the fire in the specific parking area reaches its peak, the multistage shielding mechanism provided on the ceiling around the specific parking area is operated to a second shielding state in which the multi-stage shielding mechanism is lowered to the floor. The multistory parking lot as described in 1.
JP12206797A 1997-05-13 1997-05-13 Multistory parking Expired - Fee Related JP3625612B2 (en)

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JP3707028B2 (en) * 2002-11-01 2005-10-19 株式会社竹中工務店 Parking building
CN119754613A (en) * 2020-01-16 2025-04-04 初光 Variable dimension garage parking
CN117266644A (en) * 2021-04-18 2023-12-22 上海博普建筑技术有限公司 Detachable fireproof partitioned garage systems and buildings

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