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JP3580641B2 - Multi-level parking - Google Patents
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JP3580641B2 - Multi-level parking - Google Patents

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JP3580641B2
JP3580641B2 JP15052096A JP15052096A JP3580641B2 JP 3580641 B2 JP3580641 B2 JP 3580641B2 JP 15052096 A JP15052096 A JP 15052096A JP 15052096 A JP15052096 A JP 15052096A JP 3580641 B2 JP3580641 B2 JP 3580641B2
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smoke
fire
haikemuriyo
floor
area
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JPH09328921A (en
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千州 赤松
泰幸 北
達雄 岡本
直人 下野
章夫 古平
勉 長岡
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Takenaka Corp
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Takenaka Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は立体駐車場に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
この種の立体駐車場にあっては、建築基準法によって定められた床面積以下に防火区画を施し、万一の火災時には、高熱や火災による煙を有効に排気する必要がある。
従来の立体駐車場のうち、例えば小規模な立体駐車場においては、立体駐車場の外壁部の殆どを開放面とし、夫々の防火区画をこれらの開放面に接して設けることで上記基準を満たすことができた。
しかし、大面積の立体駐車場の場合、駐車場平面のうち中央部付近に位置する防火区画については必ずしも上記のような開放面を確保することができない。そのため、建築基準を満足させるべく、このような防火区画については、上方の外気に連通する開口シャフトを設けて自然通気路を確保したり、あるいは、駐車場の外方まで通じる排気ダクトを有する強制排気設備を設けるなどの手法で対処していた。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、床面積の広い立体駐車場を建設する場合に、上記のごとく開口シャフトの設置を強いられることは、それだけ駐車領域が減少することとなる。
また、強制排気設備を設けたとしても、排煙機能をこれらの設備のみに負担させるには問題がある。つまり、万一の装置の故障、あるいは、停電等の不測の事態が生じた場合に、これらに対応できる設備が別途必要になるばかりでなく、永年に亘って装置の機能・信頼性を維持するには限界がある。
さらには、これら開口シャフトあるいは強制排気設備を備えることで建設コストが嵩むという不都合も生じる。
以上のごとく、従来の方式によって大面積の立体駐車場を建設する場合には、種々の不都合があって未だ改善の余地があった。
【0004】
本発明の目的は、このような従来技術の欠点を解消し、良好な延焼防止機能および排煙機能を有する立体駐車場を提供することにある。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
この目的を達成するための本発明の特徴構成を、図1から図3に示した例を参考に説明する。
(構成1)
本発明の立体駐車場は、請求項1に記載したごとく、上下階に連通する排煙用開口5を車路3のスラブを貫通する状態に設けると共に、屋上のスラブにも前記車路の排煙用開口の上方に連通状態に排煙用開口を設け、前記各排煙用開口の配置を縦に揃えてある構成とした点に特徴を有する。
(作用・効果)
本発明の立体駐車場は、主に、車路つまり、その階下の駐車領域にとっては天井部分に排煙用開口を設けただけであるから、極めて簡便な構成の立体駐車場を構築することができる。
また、火災によって発生する煙はその熱により上昇するが、本構成では、煙の上昇方向に排煙用開口を設けてあるから、煙の流れを損なうことなくスムーズな排煙が可能になる。よって、特別な排気ダクトや排気用の電動ファン等の設備を用いずとも、確実な排煙効果を発揮することができる。
そして、前述のごとく、大がかりな排煙設備等を設けないから、初期の設備コストあるいはその後の排気設備の維持管理費などが実質的に不要となって、経済的に有利な立体駐車場とすることができる。
【0006】
本構成のごとく、屋上のスラブにも排煙用開口を設ければ、前記立体駐車場を一つの煙突とみなすことができる。つまり、立体駐車場内の温度に比べて外気の温度が低い場合、或いは、風が比較的強い場合には、前記立体駐車場内の煙は積極的に外部に引き出されるから、排煙効果をより高めることができる。
【0007】
(構成2)
本発明の立体駐車場は、請求項2に記載したごとく、各階において、特定の駐車領域4を、当該特定の駐車領域4と隣接する他の駐車領域4から遮蔽するために、操作自在な遮蔽機構Sを設け、前記特定の駐車領域と前記他の駐車領域とにそれぞれ前記排煙用開口が設けられいてもよい。
(作用・効果)
上記のごとく、隣接する駐車領域どうしを遮断できれば、ある駐車領域で火災が発生した場合に、煙が、当該隣接する駐車領域に侵入するのを防止できる。
さらに、火災発生時に、火災が発生している駐車領域の直上方向に位置する夫々の階の駐車領域を、夫々隣接する駐車領域から遮蔽するように、各階の遮蔽機構を操作すれば、立体駐車場の内部において、前記火災が発生している駐車領域から上方に一つの独立した排煙路を構成することができる。つまり、火災による高温の煙は、この遮蔽された空間の内部に隔離され、外部の空気と比較して大きな浮力を有することとなる。このため、高温の煙はより大きな速度で上昇し、効率的に排煙される。
【0008】
(構成3)
本発明の立体駐車場は、請求項3に記載したごとく、前記遮蔽機構Sを、スラブ6に設けた垂壁7と、当該垂壁7の下端部から床9までの範囲に延出可能な遮蔽壁本体8とで構成することができる。
(作用・効果)
このような構成の遮蔽機構であれば、前記遮蔽壁本体は、床面まで到達可能なものであることは勿論、床面から所定の間隔を残した位置に固定することもできる。よって、火災による煙が、隣接する駐車領域に侵入するのを確実に防止しながら、前記遮蔽壁本体の下端部と床面との隙間を避難路として確保することができる。
また、常時においては、前記遮蔽壁本体が天井の側に引退しているから、駐車場を利用する者の歩行の障害になることがない。また、駐車場内の見通しも良くなるから、利用者は自分の位置を容易に確認することができ、火災発生時には迅速に避難することができる。
【0009】
尚、上記課題を解決するための手段の説明中、図面を参照し、図面との対照を便利にするために符号を記すが、当該記入により本発明が添付図面の構成に限定されるものではない。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明の実施例を図面に基づいて説明する。
【0011】
(全体の構成)
本発明に係る立体駐車場1の平面図を図1に示す。
例えば、当該立体駐車場1の各階は、防火区画Aと防火区画Bとの二つの防火区画を有する。立体駐車場1の外壁部は全て耐火性を有する壁2で構成されており、排煙機能を有する開口は設けられていないものとする。また、防火区画Aと防火区画Bとの境界も、耐火性を有する壁2で仕切られているとする。図示は省略するが、当該中央の壁2に係る両端部の夫々と、当該両端部に近接する外周の壁2との間には、開閉自在な防火扉等が設けられている。
夫々の防火区画A,Bには、図1中のY方向に沿って二本の車路3が設けられており、夫々の車路3の両側には駐車領域4を確保してある。そして、特定の階であって、その下階にも駐車領域4を有する場合には、当該特定階の車路3には、下階に連通する排煙用開口5が設けられている。
また、夫々の防火区画A,Bにおいては、二本の車路3の中央位置に、これら車路3に沿った遮蔽機構Sを設けてあり、夫々の防火区画A,Bをさらに二つの防煙区画に仕切ってあるものとする。例えば、防火区画Aは、防煙区画A1と防煙区画A2とに仕切られる。
一方、本発明に係る立体駐車場1の側方断面図を図2に示す。
当該駐車場1は、屋上を含めて少なくとも三階分の駐車領域4を有する。図2は、屋上を含めた上方の三階部分を示している。本実施の形態においては、便宜上、これらの階を、F1階、F2階、R階とする。
【0012】
排煙用開口)
図1および図2に示すごとく、F1階、F2階、R階の夫々のスラブ6には、下階の空間に連通する排煙用開口5を設ける。当該排煙用開口5は、車路3の幅方向中央位置であって、車路3の延出方向に沿って散点状に設けてある。当該排煙用開口5は、主に、特定の場所で発生した車両火災による煙を上方に排出するのが目的である。そのためには、各階に設ける前記排煙用開口5どうしを上下方向に一致させると、排煙の流れがスムーズになり、排煙効率がより向上する。
また、排煙用開口5を、駐車領域4を除いた車路3に形成するのは、車両火災の発生時に、その直上に駐車してある他の車両に延焼するのを防止するためである。
前記排煙用開口5にはグレーチング等を取付ける。これにより、路面高さが均一となり、車両の通行が円滑となる。尚、前記排煙用開口5を設けていない部分は、コンクリート等を用いた通常のスラブ床である。
【0013】
本発明の立体駐車場1においては、前記R階のスラブ6に対しても排煙用開口5を設ける。本構成にすれば、前記立体駐車場1の一部を一つの煙突とみなすことができ、以下のごとく車両火災による煙を効率的に排出することができる。
例えば、図2において、F1階の防煙区画A1に係る領域を領域Z1とし、F1階の防煙区画A2に係る領域を領域Z2とする。同様に、F2階、R階における対応する領域を領域Z3、Z4、Z5、Z6とする。今、領域Z1で車両火災が発生した場合を想定すると、当該領域Z1を含む上方の領域、即ち、領域Z1、Z3、Z5が一つの煙突を構成すると考えられる。
火災による煙は高温のため大きな浮力を有しており、領域Z1で発生した煙は、自然の煙突効果により上方に排出される。特に、煙の温度と外気の温度との差が大きい場合、あるいは、風が強い場合には、煙の排出が促進されて効率的な排煙が行われる。
このように、本発明の立体駐車場1であれば、火災によって発生した煙あるいは熱を、前記排煙用開口5を介して屋外へ自然排気することができる。よって、特別な排気ダクトや排気用の電動ファン等の設備が不要とせず、このような排気設備に完全に依存している場合に、当該排気設備の故障等により排気が不可能になるという不都合が生じ得ず、常に、一定の排気効果を得ることができる。しかも、初期の設備コストあるいはその後の排気設備の維持管理費などが実質的に不要であるから、経済面においても有利である。
【0014】
(遮蔽機構)
前述のごとく、本発明の立体駐車場1は、良好な排煙性能等を有するが、以下のような遮蔽機構Sを設けることで、排煙機能あるいは防煙機能をさらに高めることができる。
前記遮蔽機構Sは、例えば、前記防煙区画A1と前記防煙区画A2との境界位置に設けるものとする。当該遮蔽機構Sは、図3に示すごとく、スラブ6に取付けた垂壁7と、当該垂壁7の下端部から床9まで延出可能な遮蔽壁本体8とからなる。前記垂壁7はスラブ6と一体に形成してもよいし、前記垂壁7として別途形成した部材を天井側の部材に取付けてもよい。前記遮蔽壁本体8は、通常は前記垂壁7の内部に格納されているシャッターや垂れ幕で構成するものとし、火災時においては床9にまで延出可能な構成とする。
仮に、前記領域Z1で火災が発生した場合には、図示は省略するが、別途設けた火災検知器によって火災発生位置を認識し、制御機構によって前記領域Z3と領域Z4との境にある遮蔽機構S2については、前記遮蔽壁本体8を床9まで延出させ、前記領域Z1と領域Z2との境にある遮蔽機構S1については、前記遮蔽壁本体8は延出させないか、あるいは、床9から所定の距離だけ残して延出させるものとする。
このように夫々の遮蔽機構S1,S2を操作する結果、領域Z6Z4Z2Z1Z3Z5の順に一つの自然排気経路が形成できる。つまり、火源10の熱によって、前記領域Z1およびZ3の空気が高温となり、領域Z2およびZ4の空気よりも浮力が増大するから、領域Z1Z3の空気は上方に排気される。その際、前記遮蔽機構S2は完全に遮蔽されているから、領域Z2Z4を介して新鮮な空気が吸入され、前記立体駐車場1の内部には空気の自然流が発生する。
以上のごとく、ある階の特定領域で火災が発生した場合には、当該領域の垂直上方に位置する各階の防煙区画を、夫々隣接する防煙区画から遮蔽すると共に、、実際に火災が発生している防煙区画については、隣接する防煙区画との間で空気の流路を確保することで、火災による熱および煙を効率的に自然排出することができる。
【0015】
〔実施例〕
上記においては、本発明に係る立体駐車場1が有する機能・効果について説明したが、以下には、実際に排煙用開口5の面積を決定する手法、および、そのような排煙用開口5を設けた立体駐車場1の排煙性能等についての検証例を示す。
【0016】
(概要)
ここでは、図1および図2のうち、防火区画Aのみからなり、かつ、F1階・F2階・R階の三フロアーのみを有する立体駐車場1について検討する。
当該立体駐車場1に係る柱・梁等の構造部材は耐火鋼を用いて構成するものとする。耐火鋼は、火災時に発生する熱に対して耐力の低下が少ないため、柱・梁等が露出している部分に対する耐火被覆を省略できる。耐火被覆が不要になれば、耐火被覆の吹付け作業そのものが不要になるばかりでなく、その後に径年変化によって耐火被覆剥がれ落ちることもないから、補修・清掃等のメンテナンスが不要となる。また、耐火被覆が露出する場合には美観性に劣るものとなるが、このような不都合は解消され、さらには、柱・梁等の露出した部分に直接塗装を施すことができて美観をより向上させることもできる。
【0017】
排煙用開口面積の決定手法)
耐火鋼を用いて立体駐車場1を構築する場合でも、高温の煙は、適切に外部に排出する必要がある。そのためには一定面積を有する防火区画A毎に、排煙等のための一定面積の開口部を設ける必要がある。
一般的には、耐火鋼を用いた立体駐車場1の場合、一つの防火区画Aを1500m2 以内に設定し、当該防火区画A毎に以下の条件式を満足するような開口を設ける必要がある。当該式は、車両が発生させる燃焼熱等に基づいて決定された実験式である。
【0018】
【数1】

Figure 0003580641
【0019】
ただし、この式での開口は建物側面に設けた開口をいう。開口面積Aは、建物側面に設けた開口の合計面積であり、開口高さHは、前記開口の寸法のうち高さ方向の寸法をいう。
本実施例においては、まず、側方に開口を設けた場合の煙の流出特性を検証し、この結果と、本発明の実施形態であるスラブ6に排煙用開口5を設けた場合の煙の流出特性とを比較して、本発明に係る排煙用開口5の面積を決定する。
尚、本実施例においては、排煙機能に余裕を持たせる等の意味を含めて別途以下の式を条件式として用いる。
【0020】
【数2】
Figure 0003580641
【0021】
(I)式に適合した側部開口を有する空間のモデルを図4に示す。例えば、開口高さHは天井高さCHに等しいものとし、この天井高さCHを本発明の立体駐車場1の天井高さである3.25mと等しくとると、(I)式より、その開口幅は9.3mとなる。この形状の開口を有する場合に、当該空間内の煙がどのように排出されるかを以下の条件式により求める。
【0022】
【数3】
Figure 0003580641
Mout 中性帯より上部から流出する煙の質量 (kg/sec)
Min 中性帯より下部から流入する空気の質量 (kg/sec)
W 開口幅 (m)
g 重力加速度 (9.8 m/sec2)
ρs 煙の密度 (≒ 353 / (Ts+273) kg/m3)
ρa 雰囲気の密度 (≒ 353 / (Ta+273) kg/m3)
Ts 煙の温度 (℃)
Ta 雰囲気の温度 (℃)
CH 天井高さ (m)
Hc 中性帯高さ (m)
【0023】
上記のパラメーターのうち、特に中性帯高さHc を変化させ、上記(II)式および(III) 式による煙の流出質量Mout と流入質量Minとが等しくなる状態を求める。この中性帯高さHc は、図5に示すごとく、前記流出質量Mout と前記流入質量Minとが釣合った状態での、双方の煙の流れの境界位置の高さをいう。
ここで求まった煙の流出質量Mout および流入質量Minは、従来の排煙に関する設計基準の一つであるから、本発明の立体駐車場1もこの値を満足する必要がある。
ただし、前述のごとく、ここで求めたMout およびMinは、側面のみに開口を有する空間についての算定値である。これに対して、本発明の立体駐車場1の空間は、スラブ6に排煙用開口5を有し、火災発生時には、遮蔽機構Sを操作して隣接する防煙区画から新鮮な空気を吸入しながら、上方の排煙用開口5より煙を排出するものである。
【0024】
そこで、当該立体駐車場1の場合には、天井の排煙用開口5から質量Mout'の煙が流出し、側面の開口からは質量Min' の煙が流入するものとして、特に質量Mout'と前述のMout とが等しくなるような状態を求める。つまり、図2の領域Z1で火災が発生し、ここから発生した煙が上方に排出されるとともに、隣接する領域Z2から新鮮な空気が流入して排煙が行われる場合について検討する。
実際の火災発生時を想定して、当該領域Z1をさらに具体的にモデル化したものを図6に示す。ここでは、床面から1.5mの高さの側部開口が存在するように前記遮蔽機構Sを操作した場合を想定する。つまり、上方の遮蔽部分は、領域Z1で発生した煙が領域Z2に侵入するのを防止し、下方の側部開口は、領域Z2より新鮮な空気を流入させると共に、領域Z1に位置する駐車場利用者が領域Z2に避難するのを可能にする。
天井側のスラブ6に設けた排煙用開口5の面積をAxとし、天井高さCHを、前述の例と同じく3.25mとする。
計算の詳細等は省略するが、上記(II)式および(III) 式に類似した条件式を用い、前記領域Z1から排出される煙の質量Mout'が、先に算出した煙の質量Mout を上回る状態を求めた結果、領域Z1の平面形状が、縦横夫々16.2m、40.5mの場合には、排煙用開口5は18m2 以上の面積を有していればよいことがわかった。
【0025】
(盛期火災性状予測)
次に、上記のごとく面積を決定した排煙用開口5を設けた立体駐車場1が、日本建築センターによる建築物の総合防火設計法に適合するか否かを計算により確認した。つまり、天井側のスラブ6に18m2排煙用開口5を有する前記領域Z1で火災が発生した場合の火災経過時間と火災室温度との関係をシミュレーションし、この結果を、前記(I)式に該当するモデルに係る火災経過時間と火災室温度との関係と比較した。
当該モデルの場合、図8に示したごとく、火災発生から30分間は、火災室内の温度が約300度に維持できることがわかる。この結果は、前記(I)式のモデルによる結果と殆ど同じであり、本発明の立体駐車場1は、従来からのモデルと同等の盛期火災性状を有することが確認できた。
また、耐火鋼の火災時の耐力については、600度で一定時間保持した場合の耐力低下等で評価されるが、上記のごとく、火災室内の温度が約300度に維持できることを鑑みれば、耐火鋼製の柱・梁にもそれほど影響を及ぼすものではないと考えられる。
【0026】
(2層ゾーンシミュレーション)
さらに、実際の火災時に、排煙がどのように行われるかを検証するために、当該立体駐車場1について2層ゾーンシミュレーションを行った。
ここでも、図2の領域Z1において火災が発生したと仮定する。また、前記遮蔽機構Sの条件として、F1階の垂壁7の下端部の高さは前記流出質量Mout を決定する場合と同様に1.5mとし、F2階の垂壁7については床面まで延出させるものとする。
このモデルにより、夫々の領域Z1、Z2、Z3、Z4における火災経過時間と煙層下端高さとの関係、および、火災経過時間と煙の温度との関係を予測することで、前記スラブ6に前記排煙用開口5を設けたことによる排煙性能を検証する。
シミュレーションに際して、火源10は、排気量1500cc程度の乗用車を想定した。当該火源10は、発熱速度および面積が経時変化するものとし、夫々、出火から10分間は時間に比例して増大し、10分後にピーク値に達し、その後一定状態を維持するものとする。ピーク時の発熱速度は2859kwとし、同じくピーク時の火源面積は3.3m2 とした。
【0027】
シミュレーションの結果のうち火災経過時間と煙層下端高さとの関係を図9に示す。
この結果、煙層下端高さについては、領域Z2およびZ4には、煙が一切侵入しないことがわかる。
領域Z1では、煙層下端は、火災発生から約10分後に1.8m程度まで下降する。ただし、避難時に安全な煙層下端高さの許容条件を、領域Z3に居る人が火災発生から避難を完了するまでの時間である120秒経過後の煙層下端高さが(1.6+0.1CH)m以上、即ち、この場合には1.9m以上であれば良いとすると、領域Z1についての前記煙層下端高さは上記条件を十分に満足している。
領域Z3については、火災発生場所の直上位置にあるため最も過酷な条件となるが、前記煙層下端高さの条件を満足していることがわかる。
【0028】
一方、火災経過時間と煙層温度との関係を図10に示す。
上記のごとく、領域Z2およびZ4に煙は一切侵入しないから、この領域Z2およびZ4では常温状態が維持される。
領域Z3については、火災発生から120秒経過後の煙層温度は40.6度であり、避難することが十分可能な温度に留まっている。
領域Z1については、火災発生から120秒経過後に煙の温度は約80度程度にまで上昇しているが、図9より明らかなごとく、この時の煙層下端高さは約2.5mである。よって、床面側においては未だ低温が維持されていると予測でき、避難するのに特に支障はないと考えられる。
以上の結果から、所定の面積を有する排煙用開口5をスラブ6に設ければ、何れの領域Z1、Z2、Z3、Z4においても避難経路あるいは避難時間を確保でき、所定の延焼防止機能および排煙性能を発揮させ得ることが確認できた。
さらに、排煙用開口5の面積などを適宜設定することで、一つの防火区画の面積を1500m2 以下に制限している現状の設計による立体駐車場1に比べて、より排煙機能等に優れた立体駐車場1の設計が可能になると考えられる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の立体駐車場の平面を示す説明図
【図2】本発明の立体駐車場の側面を示す説明図
【図3】遮蔽機構を示す縦断面図
【図4】煙の流出質量を演算するための一般モデル図
【図5】一般モデルにおける煙の流れ状態を示す説明図
【図6】煙の流出質量を演算するための本発明に係るモデル図
【図7】本発明のモデルにおける煙の流れ状態を示す説明図
【図8】本発明のモデルにおける盛期火災性状の予測結果を示す説明図
【図9】本発明のモデルにおける2層ゾーンシミュレーションの結果を示す説明図
【図10】本発明のモデルにおける2層ゾーンシミュレーションの結果を示す説明図
【符号の説明】
3 車路
4 駐車領域
排煙用開
6 スラブ
7 垂壁
8 遮蔽壁本体
S 遮蔽機構[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a multistory parking lot.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In this type of multi-story parking lot, it is necessary to provide a fire prevention section below the floor area stipulated by the Building Standards Law, and to effectively exhaust high heat and smoke due to fire in the event of a fire.
Among conventional multi-story parking lots, for example, in a small multi-story parking lot, the outer walls of the multi-story parking lot are almost open surfaces, and the above-described criteria are satisfied by providing respective fire prevention sections in contact with these open surfaces. I was able to.
However, in the case of a large-area multi-story parking garage, it is not always possible to secure the above-described open surface in a fire prevention section located near the center of the parking garage plane. Therefore, in order to satisfy the building standards, such fireproof compartments are provided with an open shaft that communicates with the outside air above, to ensure a natural ventilation path, or to have a forced air duct with an exhaust duct that leads to the outside of the parking lot. This was dealt with by providing exhaust equipment.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when constructing a three-dimensional parking lot with a large floor area, the forced installation of the opening shaft as described above results in a reduction in the parking area.
Further, even if the forced exhaust equipment is provided, there is a problem in that the smoke exhaust function is assigned only to these equipment. In other words, in the event of an unforeseen event, such as a failure of the device or a power failure, not only is it necessary to separately provide equipment that can cope with these, but also to maintain the functions and reliability of the device for many years. Has limitations.
Further, the provision of these open shafts or forced exhaust equipment causes a disadvantage that construction costs increase.
As described above, when constructing a large-sized multi-story parking lot by the conventional method, there are various inconveniences and there is still room for improvement.
[0004]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art and to provide a multistory parking lot having a good fire spread prevention function and a good smoke exhaust function.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The features of the present invention for achieving this object will be described with reference to the examples shown in FIGS.
(Configuration 1)
Parking garage of the invention, as set forth in claim 1, provided with a Haikemuriyo apertures 5 which communicates with the upper and lower floors in a state of penetrating the Kurumaji 3 slabs, of the vehicle path in the roof slab in communication with the upper Haikemuriyo apertures provided Haikemuriyo apertures has a feature in that a configuration in which the are aligned vertically to the arrangement of the flue opening.
(Action / Effect)
Parking garage of the present invention is primarily, Kurumaji i.e., because for the parking area of the downstairs only provided Haikemuriyo apertures in the ceiling portion, constructing a multi-storey car park very simple configuration Can be.
Although smoke generated by a fire rises by the heat, in the present configuration, since the rise direction of the smoke is provided with Haikemuriyo apertures, smooth flue gas is possible without compromising the flow of smoke . Therefore, a reliable smoke exhausting effect can be exhibited without using a special exhaust duct, an electric fan for exhaust, or the like.
As described above, since no large-scale smoke exhaust equipment is provided, the initial equipment cost or the maintenance and management cost of the exhaust equipment is substantially unnecessary, and the multi-story parking lot is economically advantageous. be able to.
[0006]
As in this configuration, by providing the Haikemuriyo apertures in the roof slab can be considered as one of the chimney the multi-storey car park. That is, when the temperature of the outside air is lower than the temperature in the multi-story parking lot, or when the wind is relatively strong, the smoke in the multi-story parking lot is actively drawn out to the outside, so that the smoke exhaust effect is further enhanced. be able to.
[0007]
(Configuration 2)
As described in claim 2, the multi-story parking lot of the present invention is operable to shield a specific parking area 4 from other parking areas 4 adjacent to the specific parking area 4 on each floor. A mechanism S may be provided , and the smoke exhaust opening may be provided in each of the specific parking area and the other parking area .
(Action / Effect)
As described above, if the adjacent parking areas can be shut off, it is possible to prevent smoke from entering the adjacent parking area when a fire occurs in a certain parking area.
In addition, when a fire occurs, if the shielding mechanism on each floor is operated so as to shield the parking area on each floor located immediately above the parking area where the fire has occurred from the adjacent parking area, a three-dimensional parking is possible. Inside the parking lot, one independent smoke exhaust path can be configured above the parking area where the fire has occurred. In other words, the high-temperature smoke caused by the fire is isolated inside the shielded space, and has a large buoyancy as compared with the outside air. As a result, the hot smoke rises at a higher rate and is efficiently exhausted.
[0008]
(Configuration 3)
In the multistory parking garage of the present invention, as described in claim 3, the shielding mechanism S can extend to the range from the vertical wall 7 provided on the slab 6 to the floor 9 from the lower end of the vertical wall 7. It can be configured with the shielding wall main body 8.
(Action / Effect)
With the shielding mechanism having such a configuration, the shielding wall main body can reach the floor surface, and can be fixed at a position leaving a predetermined distance from the floor surface. Therefore, a gap between the lower end portion of the shielding wall main body and the floor surface can be secured as an evacuation route while reliably preventing smoke from the fire from entering the adjacent parking area.
In addition, since the shielding wall main body is always retired to the ceiling side, there is no hindrance to a person who uses the parking lot. Further, the visibility in the parking lot is improved, so that the user can easily confirm his / her own position and can evacuate quickly in the event of a fire.
[0009]
In the description of the means for solving the problems described above, reference is made to the drawings, and reference numerals are written in order to facilitate comparison with the drawings. However, it is not intended that the present invention be limited to the configuration of the accompanying drawings. Absent.
[0010]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
[0011]
(Overall configuration)
FIG. 1 shows a plan view of a multistory parking lot 1 according to the present invention.
For example, each floor of the multi-story parking lot 1 has two fire protection sections, a fire protection section A and a fire protection section B. It is assumed that the outer wall of the multistory parking garage 1 is entirely composed of walls 2 having fire resistance and has no opening having a smoke exhaust function. Further, it is assumed that the boundary between the fire protection section A and the fire protection section B is also partitioned by the wall 2 having fire resistance. Although not shown, a fire door and the like that can be opened and closed are provided between each of the two ends of the central wall 2 and the outer peripheral wall 2 near the both ends.
In each of the fire protection sections A and B, two lanes 3 are provided along the Y direction in FIG. 1, and parking areas 4 are secured on both sides of each lane 3. Then, a particular floor, when also having a parking area 4 on the lower floor, the car path 3 of the specific floor, is Haikemuriyo apertures 5 which communicates with the lower level are provided.
Further, in each of the fire protection sections A and B, a shielding mechanism S is provided along the road 3 at the center position of the two roads 3 so that each of the fire protection sections A and B is further protected by two more. It is assumed that it is divided into smoke compartments. For example, the fire prevention section A is partitioned into a smoke prevention section A1 and a smoke prevention section A2.
On the other hand, FIG. 2 shows a side sectional view of the multistory parking lot 1 according to the present invention.
The parking lot 1 has a parking area 4 for at least three floors including the rooftop. FIG. 2 shows the upper three floors including the rooftop. In the present embodiment, these floors are referred to as F1 floor, F2 floor, and R floor for convenience.
[0012]
(Haikemuriyo open ports)
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, F1 Floor, F2 floor slab 6 of each of the R floor is provided with a Haikemuriyo apertures 5 which communicates with the lower floor of the space. The Haikemuriyo apertures 5 is a widthwise center position of Kurumaji 3, is provided in the scattered point-like manner along the extending direction of the Kurumaji 3. The Haikemuriyo apertures 5 are primarily aims to discharge the smoke from the vehicle fire occurring at a particular location upwards. To that end, the match was what the Haikemuriyo apertures 5 provided on each floor in the vertical direction, the flue gas flow becomes smooth, flue gas efficiency is further improved.
Further, the Haikemuriyo apertures 5, to form the Kurumaji 3 except the parking area 4, in the event of a vehicle fire, in order to prevent the spread to other vehicles are parked to directly thereon is there.
It said the Haikemuriyo open port 5 installing a grating or the like. Thereby, the road surface height becomes uniform, and the traffic of the vehicle becomes smooth. Incidentally, the portion not provided with the Haikemuriyo apertures 5 is a conventional slab floor with concrete or the like.
[0013]
In multi-storey car park 1 of the present invention, provided Haikemuriyo apertures 5 with respect to the R floor slab 6. According to this configuration, a part of the multi-story parking lot 1 can be regarded as one chimney, and smoke due to a vehicle fire can be efficiently discharged as described below.
For example, in FIG. 2, an area related to the smoke prevention section A1 on the F1 floor is defined as an area Z1, and an area related to the smoke prevention section A2 on the F1 floor is defined as an area Z2 . Similarly, the corresponding areas on the F2 floor and the R floor are defined as areas Z3, Z4, Z5, and Z6 . Now, assuming that the vehicle fire occurs in the region Z1, the upper region including the region Z1, i.e., the region Z1, Z3, Z5 is considered to comprise one chimney.
The smoke due to the fire has high buoyancy due to the high temperature, and the smoke generated in the area Z1 is discharged upward due to the natural chimney effect. In particular, when the difference between the temperature of the smoke and the temperature of the outside air is large, or when the wind is strong, the discharge of the smoke is promoted and the smoke is efficiently discharged.
Thus, if the parking structure 1 of the present invention, a smoke or heat generated by the fire, can be spontaneously discharged to the outside through the Haikemuriyo apertures 5. Therefore, it is not necessary to provide a special exhaust duct or a facility such as an electric fan for exhaust, and if the exhaust facility is completely dependent on such an exhaust facility, it becomes impossible to exhaust due to a failure of the exhaust facility. Cannot occur, and a constant exhaust effect can always be obtained. In addition, there is substantially no need for initial equipment costs or subsequent maintenance costs for the exhaust equipment, which is economically advantageous.
[0014]
(Shielding mechanism)
As described above, the multi-story parking lot 1 of the present invention has good smoke exhaust performance and the like. However, by providing the following shielding mechanism S, the smoke exhaust function or the smoke prevention function can be further enhanced.
The shielding mechanism S is provided, for example, at a boundary position between the smoke prevention section A1 and the smoke prevention section A2. As shown in FIG. 3, the shielding mechanism S includes a hanging wall 7 attached to the slab 6 and a shielding wall main body 8 that can extend from the lower end of the hanging wall 7 to the floor 9. The hanging wall 7 may be formed integrally with the slab 6, or a member separately formed as the hanging wall 7 may be attached to a member on the ceiling side. The shielding wall main body 8 is normally constituted by a shutter or a curtain stored inside the hanging wall 7, and can be extended to the floor 9 in case of fire.
If a fire occurs in the area Z1 , although not shown, the fire occurrence position is recognized by a separately provided fire detector, and a control mechanism controls the shielding mechanism at the boundary between the areas Z3 and Z4. For S2, the shielding wall main body 8 is extended to the floor 9, and for the shielding mechanism S1 at the boundary between the area Z1 and the area Z2 , the shielding wall main body 8 is not extended, or It is to be extended while leaving a predetermined distance.
As a result of operating the respective shielding mechanisms S1 and S2, one natural exhaust path can be formed in the order of the areas Z6Z4Z2Z1Z3Z5 . That is, the heat of the fire source 10 causes the air in the zones Z1 and Z3 to have a high temperature and has a greater buoyancy than the air in the zones Z2 and Z4 , so that the air in the zones Z1 and Z3 is exhausted upward. At this time, since the shielding mechanism S2 is completely shielded, fresh air is sucked in through the zones Z2 and Z4, and a natural flow of air is generated inside the multi-story parking lot 1.
As described above, when a fire occurs in a specific area on a certain floor, the smoke prevention sections on each floor located vertically above the area are shielded from the adjacent smoke prevention sections, and the fire actually occurs. With respect to the smoke-prevention section, by securing an air flow path between adjacent smoke-prevention sections, heat and smoke due to fire can be efficiently and naturally discharged.
[0015]
〔Example〕
In the above description the features and effects of multi-storey car park 1 according to the present invention has, the following method of actually determining the area of Haikemuriyo apertures 5, and such Haikemuriyo open The verification example about the smoke exhaust performance etc. of the multistory parking lot 1 provided with the opening 5 is shown.
[0016]
(Overview)
Here, of FIGS. 1 and 2, a multi-story parking lot 1 consisting only of the fire protection section A and having only three floors of the F1 floor, the F2 floor and the R floor will be considered.
Structural members such as columns and beams according to the multi-story parking lot 1 are configured using fire-resistant steel. Since fire-resistant steel has a small decrease in proof strength against heat generated at the time of fire, it is possible to omit a fire-resistant coating on a portion where columns, beams and the like are exposed. If the refractory coating is not required, not only the spraying operation of the refractory coating itself is unnecessary, but also the refractory coating does not peel off due to a change in the diameter thereafter, so that maintenance such as repair and cleaning is not required. In addition, when the fire-resistant coating is exposed, the appearance is inferior.However, such inconveniences are resolved, and furthermore, the exposed parts such as columns and beams can be directly painted to enhance the appearance. It can also be improved.
[0017]
(Method of determining the Haikemuriyo open mouth area)
Even when constructing the multi-story parking lot 1 using fire-resistant steel, it is necessary to appropriately discharge high-temperature smoke to the outside. For that purpose, it is necessary to provide an opening having a certain area for smoke emission or the like for each fire protection section A having a certain area.
Generally, in the case of a multi-story parking lot 1 using fire-resistant steel, it is necessary to set one fire protection section A within 1500 m 2 and provide an opening that satisfies the following conditional expression for each fire protection section A. is there. This equation is an empirical equation determined based on combustion heat or the like generated by the vehicle.
[0018]
(Equation 1)
Figure 0003580641
[0019]
However, the opening in this formula refers to the opening provided on the side of the building. The opening area A is the total area of the openings provided on the side of the building, and the opening height H refers to the dimension of the openings in the height direction.
In the present embodiment, firstly, to verify the outflow characteristics of smoke when having an opening on the side, the result, when the Haikemuriyo apertures 5 in the slab 6 is an embodiment of the present invention is provided by comparing the outflow characteristics of smoke, determining the area of Haikemuriyo apertures 5 of the present invention.
In the present embodiment, the following expression is separately used as a conditional expression including the meaning of giving a margin to the smoke exhaust function.
[0020]
(Equation 2)
Figure 0003580641
[0021]
FIG. 4 shows a model of a space having a side opening conforming to the formula (I). For example, assuming that the opening height H is equal to the ceiling height CH, and that this ceiling height CH is equal to 3.25 m, which is the ceiling height of the multi-story parking lot 1 of the present invention, the equation (I) indicates that The opening width is 9.3 m. When an opening having this shape is provided, how the smoke in the space is discharged is determined by the following conditional expression.
[0022]
(Equation 3)
Figure 0003580641
Mout Mass of smoke flowing out from above the neutral zone (kg / sec)
Min Mass of air flowing from below the neutral zone (kg / sec)
W Aperture width (m)
g Gravitational acceleration (9.8 m / sec 2 )
ρs Smoke density (≒ 353 / (Ts + 273) kg / m 3 )
ρa Atmospheric density (≒ 353 / (Ta + 273) kg / m 3 )
Ts Smoke temperature (℃)
Ta Atmospheric temperature (℃)
CH Ceiling height (m)
Hc Neutral zone height (m)
[0023]
Of the above parameters, the neutral zone height Hc is changed, and a state is determined in which the outflow mass Mout and the inflow mass Min of the smoke according to the equations (II) and (III) are equal. As shown in FIG. 5, the neutral zone height Hc refers to the height of the boundary between the two flows of smoke when the outflow mass Mout and the inflow mass Min are balanced.
The outflow mass Mout and the inflow mass Min of the smoke determined here are one of the conventional design standards for smoke exhaust, and therefore the multistory parking lot 1 of the present invention must also satisfy these values.
However, as described above, Mout and Min obtained here are calculated values for a space having an opening only on the side surface. In contrast, the space-storey car park 1 of the present invention has a Haikemuriyo apertures 5 in the slab 6, the event of a fire, the fresh air from the smoke sections adjacent by operating the shielding mechanism S while inhaling, and discharges the fumes from above the Haikemuriyo apertures 5.
[0024]
Therefore, in the case of the multi-storey car park 1 'to smoke outflow of the mass Min from the opening side' mass Mout from the ceiling of Haikemuriyo apertures 5 as if smoke flows, particularly mass Mout ' And Mout are determined to be equal. That is, consider a case where a fire occurs in the area Z1 of FIG. 2, smoke generated from the fire is discharged upward, and fresh air flows in from the adjacent area Z2 to perform smoke discharge.
FIG. 6 shows a more specific model of the area Z1 assuming an actual fire. Here, it is assumed that the shielding mechanism S is operated so that a side opening having a height of 1.5 m from the floor surface exists. That is, the upper shielding portion prevents smoke generated in the area Z1 from entering the area Z2 , and the lower side opening allows fresh air to flow in from the area Z2 and a parking lot located in the area Z1. It allows the user to evacuate to the area Z2 .
The area of Haikemuriyo apertures 5 provided in the slab 6 of the ceiling-side and Ax, the ceiling height CH, similarly to 3.25m as the preceding example.
Although the details of the calculation and the like are omitted, the mass Mout ′ of the smoke discharged from the region Z1 is calculated by using a conditional expression similar to the above-mentioned expressions (II) and (III). result of determining a state above, the planar shape of the region Z1 is, vertical and horizontal respectively 16.2 m, in the case of 40.5m, the Haikemuriyo apertures 5 found that may have a 18m 2 or more areas Was.
[0025]
(Early fire property prediction)
Next, multi-storey car park 1 provided with Haikemuriyo apertures 5 which determines the area as described above, was confirmed by calculation whether to meet overall fire protection design method of buildings by Nipponkenchikusenta. That is, to simulate the relationship between the fire elapsed time and the fire chamber temperature when a fire in the region Z1 of the slab 6 of the ceiling-side with a Haikemuriyo apertures 5 of 18m 2 is generated, the result, the (I ) Was compared with the relationship between the elapsed fire time and the fire room temperature for the model corresponding to the equation.
In the case of this model, as shown in FIG. 8, it can be seen that the temperature in the fire room can be maintained at about 300 degrees for 30 minutes after the occurrence of the fire. This result is almost the same as the result of the model of the formula (I), and it has been confirmed that the multistory parking lot 1 of the present invention has the same high-grade fire properties as the conventional model.
In addition, the proof strength of fire-resistant steel in the event of a fire is evaluated based on a decrease in proof strength when the steel is maintained at 600 ° C. for a certain period of time. As described above, considering that the temperature in the fire room can be maintained at about 300 ° C., It is not considered to have a significant effect on steel columns and beams.
[0026]
(2-layer zone simulation)
Further, in order to verify how smoke is discharged at the time of an actual fire, a two-layer zone simulation was performed on the multi-story parking lot 1.
Again, it is assumed that a fire has occurred in the area Z1 of FIG. As the condition of the shielding mechanism S, the height of the lower end of the vertical wall 7 on the F1 floor is set to 1.5 m in the same manner as in determining the outflow mass Mout, and the vertical wall 7 on the F2 floor is up to the floor surface. Shall be extended.
By predicting the relationship between the elapsed time of the fire and the height of the smoke layer bottom and the relationship between the elapsed time of the fire and the temperature of the smoke in each of the regions Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 using this model, to verify the flue gas performance due to the provision of the Haikemuriyo open port 5.
In the simulation, the fire source 10 was assumed to be a passenger car having a displacement of about 1500 cc. The heat source 10 has a heat generation rate and an area that change with time, and increases in proportion to time for 10 minutes after the fire, reaches a peak value after 10 minutes, and thereafter maintains a constant state. The heat generation rate at the peak was 2859 kw, and the fire source area at the peak was 3.3 m 2 .
[0027]
FIG. 9 shows the relationship between the elapsed time of the fire and the height of the lower end of the smoke layer among the simulation results.
As a result, regarding the smoke layer lower end height, it is understood that no smoke enters the regions Z2 and Z4 .
In the zone Z1 , the lower end of the smoke layer descends to about 1.8 m about 10 minutes after the fire starts. However, the allowable condition for the safe smoke layer bottom height at the time of evacuation is that the smoke layer bottom height after 120 seconds, which is the time from the occurrence of a fire to the completion of evacuation by a person in the zone Z3 , is (1.6 + 0. 1CH) m or more, that is, 1.9 m or more in this case, the smoke layer bottom height in the region Z1 sufficiently satisfies the above condition.
The zone Z3 is the most severe condition because it is located immediately above the fire occurrence location, but it can be seen that the condition of the smoke layer bottom height is satisfied.
[0028]
On the other hand, FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the elapsed fire time and the smoke layer temperature.
As indicated above, I do not smoke penetrate all the regions Z2 and Z4, normal temperature in the region Z2 and Z4 are maintained.
In the zone Z3 , the smoke layer temperature after elapse of 120 seconds from the occurrence of the fire is 40.6 degrees, which is a temperature at which evacuation is sufficiently possible.
In the area Z1 , the temperature of the smoke rises to about 80 degrees after 120 seconds from the occurrence of the fire, but as apparent from FIG. 9, the height of the smoke layer bottom at this time is about 2.5 m. . Therefore, it can be predicted that the low temperature is still maintained on the floor side, and there is no particular problem in evacuating.
From the above results, by providing the Haikemuriyo apertures 5 having a predetermined area in the slab 6, either can be ensured even the escape route or evacuation time in the region Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, predetermined fire protection And it was confirmed that the smoke exhaust performance could be exhibited.
Further, by appropriately setting the like area of Haikemuriyo apertures 5, as compared to the parking garage 1 designed by the current which limits the area of one fire compartment to 1500 m 2 or less, more flue gas functions like It is thought that the excellent design of the multi-story parking lot 1 becomes possible.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing a plane of a multi-story parking lot of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing a side view of a multi-story parking lot of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a shielding mechanism. FIG. FIG. 5 is a general model diagram for calculating mass. FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing the flow state of smoke in a general model. FIG. 6 is a model diagram of the present invention for calculating the mass of outflow of smoke. FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram showing the smoke flow state in the model. FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram showing the prediction results of the high-rise fire properties in the model of the present invention. FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram showing the results of a two-layer zone simulation in the model of the present invention. FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram showing a result of a two-layer zone simulation in the model of the present invention.
3 Kurumaji 4 parking region 5 Haikemuriyo apertures 6 slab 7 vertical wall 8 shielding wall body S shielding mechanism

Claims (3)

上下階に連通する排煙用開口を車路のスラブを貫通する状態に設けると共に、屋上のスラブにも前記車路の排煙用開口の上方に連通状態に排煙用開口を設け、前記各排煙用開口の配置を縦に揃えてある立体駐車場。Provided with a Haikemuriyo open port communicating with upper and lower floors in a state of penetrating the slab car path, provided Haikemuriyo apertures in communication with the upper Haikemuriyo apertures of the vehicle path in the roof slab , steric parking are aligned arrangement of each flue opening vertically. 各階において、特定の駐車領域を、当該特定の駐車領域と隣接する他の駐車領域から遮蔽するために操作自在な遮蔽機構を設け、前記特定の駐車領域と前記他の駐車領域とにそれぞれ前記排煙用開口が設けられている請求項1に記載の立体駐車場。On each floor, an operable shielding mechanism is provided to shield a specific parking area from another parking area adjacent to the specific parking area, and the drainage mechanism is provided in the specific parking area and the other parking area, respectively. storey car park according to Motomeko 1 smoke opening is provided. 前記遮蔽機構が、天井に設けた垂壁と、当該垂壁の下端部から床までの範囲に延出可能な遮蔽壁本体とからなる請求項2に記載の立体駐車場。The multi-story parking garage according to claim 2, wherein the shielding mechanism includes a vertical wall provided on a ceiling and a shielding wall main body that can extend from a lower end of the vertical wall to a floor.
JP15052096A 1996-06-12 1996-06-12 Multi-level parking Expired - Fee Related JP3580641B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP15052096A JP3580641B2 (en) 1996-06-12 1996-06-12 Multi-level parking

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP15052096A JP3580641B2 (en) 1996-06-12 1996-06-12 Multi-level parking

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH09328921A JPH09328921A (en) 1997-12-22
JP3580641B2 true JP3580641B2 (en) 2004-10-27

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Family Applications (1)

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