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JP3672754B2 - Manufacturing method of silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device - Google Patents
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JP3672754B2 - Manufacturing method of silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device - Google Patents

Manufacturing method of silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device Download PDF

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JP3672754B2
JP3672754B2 JP34971498A JP34971498A JP3672754B2 JP 3672754 B2 JP3672754 B2 JP 3672754B2 JP 34971498 A JP34971498 A JP 34971498A JP 34971498 A JP34971498 A JP 34971498A JP 3672754 B2 JP3672754 B2 JP 3672754B2
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photoelectric conversion
silicon
thin film
conversion device
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JP2000174310A (en
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圭史 岡本
雅士 吉見
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Kaneka Corp
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Kaneka Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法とその方法に関し、特に、シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の低コスト化と性能改善に関するものである。なお、本明細書において、「多結晶」と「微結晶」と「結晶質」の用語は、薄膜光電変換装置の技術分野で通常用いられているように、部分的に非晶質状態を含むものをも意味するものとする。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
薄膜光電変換装置の代表的なものとして非晶質シリコン系太陽電池があり、非晶質光電変換材料は通常200℃前後の低い成膜温度の下でプラズマCVD法によって形成されるので、ガラス,ステンレス,有機フィルム等の安価な基板上に形成することができ、低コストの光電変換装置のための有力材料として期待されている。また、非晶質シリコンにおいては可視光領域での吸収係数が大きいので、500nm以下の薄い膜厚の非晶質光電変換層を用いた太陽電池において15mA/cm2 以上の短絡電流が実現されている。
【0003】
しかし、非晶質シリコン系材料では、Stebler-Wronskey効果と呼ばれるように、光電変換特性が長期間の光照射によって低下するなどの問題を抱えており、さらにその有効感度波長領域の長波長側が800nm程度までである。したがって、非晶質シリコン系材料を用いた光電変換装置においては、その信頼性や高性能化には限界が見られ、基板選択の自由度や低コストプロセスを利用し得るという本来の利点が十分には生かされていない。
【0004】
これに対して、近年では、たとえば多結晶シリコンや微結晶シリコンのような結晶質シリコンを含む薄膜を利用した光電変換装置の開発が精力的に行なわれている。これらの開発は、安価な基板上に低温プロセスで良質の結晶質シリコン薄膜を形成することによって光電変換装置の低コスト化と高性能化を両立させるという試みであり、太陽電池だけでなく光センサ等のさまざまな光電変換装置への応用が期待されている。
【0005】
これらの結晶質シリコン薄膜の形成方法としては、たとえばCVD法やスパッタリング法にて基板上に直接堆積させるか、同様のプロセスで一旦非晶質膜を堆積させた後に熱アニールやレーザアニールを行なうことによって結晶化を図るなどの方法があるが、いずれにしても前述のような安価な基板を用いるためには550℃以下のプロセスで行なう必要がある。
【0006】
そのようなプロセスの中でも、プラズマCVD法によって直接結晶質シリコン薄膜を堆積させる手法は、プロセスの低温化や薄膜の大面積化が最も容易であり、しかも比較的簡便に高品質な膜が得られるものと期待されている。このような手法で多結晶シリコン薄膜を得る場合、高品質の結晶質シリコン薄膜を何らかのプロセスで一旦基板上に形成した後に、これをシード層または結晶化制御層としてその上に成膜をすることによって、比較的低温でも良質の多結晶シリコン薄膜が形成され得る。
【0007】
一方、水素でシラン系原料ガスを10倍以上希釈しかつプラズマ反応室内圧力を10mTorr〜1Torrの範囲内に設定してプラズマCVD法で成膜することによって、微結晶シリコン薄膜が得られることはよく知られており、この場合には200℃前後の温度でもシリコン薄膜が容易に微結晶化され得る。たとえば、微結晶シリコンのpin接合からなる光電変換ユニットを含む光電変換装置がAppl, Phys, Lett., Vol 65, 1994, p.860に記載されている。この光電変換ユニットは、簡便にプラズマCVD法で順次積層されたp型半導体層、光電変換層たるi型半導体層、およびn型半導体層からなり、これらの半導体層のすべてが微結晶シリコンであることを特徴としている。ところが、高品質の結晶質シリコン膜、さらには高性能のシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置を得るためには、従来の製法や条件の下ではその成膜速度が厚さ方向で0.6μm/hrに満たないほど遅く、非晶質シリコン膜の場合と同程度かもしくはそれ以下でしかない。
【0008】
他方、低温プラズマCVD法で比較的高い5Torrの圧力条件の下でシリコン膜を形成した例が、特開平4−137725に記載されている。しかし、この事例はガラス等の基板上に直接シリコン薄膜を堆積させたものであり、特開平4−137725に開示された発明に対する比較例であって、その膜の品質は低くて光電変換装置へ応用できるものではない。
【0009】
また、一般にプラズマCVD法の圧力条件を高くすれば、プラズマ反応室内にパウダー状の生成物やダストなどが大量に発生する。その場合、堆積中の膜表面にそれらのダスト等が飛来して堆積膜中に取り込まれる危険性が高く、膜中のピンホールの発生原因となる。そして、そのような膜質の劣化を低減するためには、反応室内のクリーニングを頻繁に行なわなければならなくなる。特に、550℃以下のような低温条件で成膜する場合には、反応室圧力を高くした場合のこれらの問題が顕著となる。しかも、太陽電池のような光電変換装置の製造においては、大面積の薄膜を堆積させる必要があるので、製品歩留りの低下や成膜装置維持管理ための労力およびコストの増大という問題を招く。
【0010】
したがって、薄膜光電変換装置をプラズマCVD法を用いて製造する場合には、上述のように従来から通常は1Torr以下の圧力条件が用いられている。
【0011】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
前述のような結晶質シリコン系薄膜光電変換層を含む多結晶型光電変換装置においては、以下のような問題がある。すなわち、多結晶シリコンであろうと部分的に非晶質相を含む微結晶シリコンであろうと、それを太陽電池の光電変換層として用いる場合には、結晶質シリコンの吸収係数を考えれば、太陽光を十分に吸収させるためには少なくとも数μmから数十μmもの膜厚が要求される。これは、非晶質シリコン光電変換層の場合に比べれば1桁弱から2桁も厚いことになる。
【0012】
しかるに、これまでの技術によれば、プラズマCVD法によって低温で良質の結晶質シリコン系薄膜を得るためには、温度,反応室内圧力,高周波パワー,ならびにガス流量比というような種々の成膜条件パラメータを検討しても、その成膜速度は非晶質シリコン膜の場合と同程度もしくはそれ以下であって、たとえば0.6μm/hr程度にしかならなかった。この問題を言い換えれば、結晶質シリコン薄膜光電変換層は非晶質シリコン光電変換層の何倍から何10倍もの成膜時間を要することになり、光電変換装置の製造工程のスループットの向上が困難となって低コスト化の妨げとなる。
【0013】
上述のような従来技術の課題に鑑み、本発明の目的は、低温プラズマCVD法で形成する結晶質シリコン系光電変換層の成膜速度を高めて製造工程のスループットを向上させ、かつ光電変換装置の性能を改善することにある。
【0014】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明によるシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法においては、その光電変換装置が基板上に形成された少なくとも1つの光電変換ユニットを含み、この光電変換ユニットは高周波励起プラズマCVD法によって順次積層された1導電型半導体層と、結晶質シリコン系薄膜光電変換層と、逆導電型半導体層とを含むものであり、その光電変換層を高周波励起プラズマCVD法で堆積する条件として:下地温度が550℃以下であり;プラズマ反応室内の圧力が5Torr以上であり;その反応室内に導入されるガスの主要成分としてシラン系ガスと水素ガスを含み、かつシラン系ガスに対する水素ガスの流量比が50倍以上であり;光電変換層の堆積終了時のシラン系ガスの流量は、光電変換層の堆積開始時の流量の1.1〜1.5倍まで増大させられ;そのシラン系ガスの流量の増大は光電変換層の堆積に要する時間の1/2以上の時間の間に漸次増大させられることを特徴としている。
【0015】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1は、本発明の1つの実施の形態により製造されるシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置を模式的な斜視図で図解している。この光電変換装置の基板201にはステンレス等の金属、有機フィルム、または低融点の安価なガラス等が用いられ得る。
【0016】
基板201上の裏面電極210は、下記の薄膜(A)と(B)のうちの1以上を含み、たとえば蒸着法やスパッタリング法によって形成され得る。
(A) Ti,Cr,Al,Ag,Au,CuおよびPtから選択された少なくとも1以上の金属またはこれらの合金からなる層を含む金属薄膜。
(B) ITO,SnO2 およびZnOから選択された少なくとも1以上の酸化物からなる層を含む透明導電性薄膜。
【0017】
裏面電極210上には光電変換ユニット211の内の1導電型半導体層204がプラズマCVD法にて堆積される。この1導電型半導体層204としては、たとえば導電型決定不純物原子であるリンが0.01原子%以上ドープされたn型シリコン層、またはボロンが0.01原子%以上ドープされたp型シリコン層などが用いられ得る。しかし、1導電型半導体層204に関するこれらの条件は限定的なものではなく、不純物原子としてはたとえばp型シリコン層においてはアルミニウム等でもよく、またシリコンカーバイドやシリコンゲルマニウムなどの合金材料を用いてもよい。1導電型シリコン系薄膜204は、多結晶,微結晶,または非晶質のいずれでもよく、その膜厚は1〜100nmの範囲内に設定され、より好ましくは2〜30nmの範囲内に設定される。
【0018】
結晶質シリコン系薄膜の光電変換層205としては、ノンドープのi型多結晶シリコン薄膜や体積結晶化分率80%以上のi型微結晶シリコン薄膜、または微量の不純物を含む弱p型もしくは弱n型で光電変換効率を十分に備えているシリコン系薄膜材料が使用され得る。また、光電変換層205はこれらの材料に限定されず、シリコンカーバイドやシリコンゲルマニウム等の合金材料を用いてもよい。光電変換層205の膜厚は0.5〜20μmの範囲内にあり、結晶質シリコン薄膜光電変換層として必要かつ十分な膜厚を有している。
【0019】
結晶質シリコン系光電変換層205の成膜は、通常に広く用いられている平行平板型RFプラズマCVD法で行なわれ得るほか、周波数が150MHz以下でRF帯からVHF帯までの高周波電源を用いたプラズマCVD法で行なわれてもよい。
【0020】
なお、これらのプラズマCVD法における結晶質シリコン系光電変換層205の成膜温度は、上述した安価な基板が使用され得る550℃以下である。
【0021】
結晶質シリコン系薄膜光電変換層205の堆積時において、プラズマCVD反応室内圧力が5Torr以上に設定される。そのときの高周波パワー密度は100mW/cm2 以上であることが好ましい。また、反応室内に導入されるガスの主成分としてシラン系ガスと水素ガスを含み、かつシラン系ガスに対する水素ガスの流量比は50倍以上にされることが好ましく、100倍以上にされることがさらに好ましい。このシラン系ガスの流量は、光電変換層205の堆積の初期の量から終了時には1.1〜1.5倍の流量まで増大させられる。この流量増大は連続的または段階的に増大され得るが、光電変換層205の堆積時間の1/2以上の時間をかけて徐々に増加させることが望ましい。これは、光電変換層205内における結晶の成長に伴ってシラン系ガス流量条件を最適に維持するためであり、そうすることによって、得られる光電変換装置の開放電圧VOCを高めることができる。また、シラン系ガスの水素に対する流量比の増大に伴って、さらに成膜速度の増大も期待できる。
【0022】
シラン系ガスとしてはモノシラン,ジシラン等が好ましいが、これらに加えて四フッ化ケイ素,四塩化ケイ素,ジクロルシラン等のハロゲン化ケイ素ガスを用いてもよい。また、これらに加えて希ガス等の不活性ガス、好ましくはヘリウム,ネオン,アルゴン等を用いもよい。以上のような結晶質シリコン系光電変換層205の形成条件において、その成膜速度が1μm/時以上にされ得る。
【0023】
この結晶質シリコン系薄膜光電変換層205に含まれる結晶粒の多くは、下地層204から上方に柱状に延びて成長している。これらの多くの結晶粒は膜面に平行に(110)の優先結晶配向面を有し、そのX線回折で求めた(220)回折ピークに対する(111)回折ピークの強度比は1/5以下であることが好ましく、1/10以下であることがより好ましい。また、下地層である1導電型層204の表面形状が実質的に平面である場合でも、光電変換層205の形成後のその表面にはその膜厚よりも約1桁ほど小さい間隔の微細な凹凸を有する表面テクスチャ構造が形成される。
【0024】
また、得られる結晶質シリコン系薄膜205は、2次イオン質量分析法により求められる水素含有量が0.5原子%以上で30原子%以下の範囲内にあることが好ましく、1原子%以上で20原子%以下の範囲内にあることがより好ましい。
【0025】
本発明における結晶質シリコン系薄膜光電変換層205の形成方法では、従来の1Torr以下の圧力条件に比べて高圧力が用いられるので、膜中のイオンダメージが極力低減できる。したがって、成膜速度を速めるために高周波パワーを高くしたりガス流量を増加させても、堆積膜表面でのイオンダメージが少なくて、良質の膜が高速度で形成され得る。また、高圧力条件で成膜を行なえば反応室内のパウダー生成による汚染が懸念されるが、原料ガスが水素のような高熱伝導性ガスで大量に希釈されているので、このような問題も起こりにくい。
【0026】
さらに、以下のような理由により、本発明では、従来法の場合に比べて高品質の結晶質シリコン系薄膜205が得られる。まず、成膜速度が速いので、反応室内に残留している酸素や窒素等の不純物原子が膜中に取り込まれる割合が減少する。また、膜成長初期における結晶核生成時間が短いために相対的に核発生密度が減少し、大粒径で強く結晶配向した結晶粒が形成されやすくなる。さらに、高圧力で成膜すれば、結晶粒界や粒内の欠陥が水素でパッシベーションされやすく、それらの欠陥密度も減少する。
【0027】
光電変換層205上には、その下地層204とは逆タイプの導電型半導体層206としてのシリコン系薄膜が、プラズマCVD法によって堆積される。この逆導電型シリコン系薄膜206としては、たとえば導電型決定不純物原子であるボロンが0.01原子%以上ドープされたp型シリコン薄膜、またはリンが0.01原子%以上ドープされたn型シリコン薄膜などが用いられ得る。しかし、逆導電型半導体層206についてのこれらの条件は限定的なものではなく、不純物原子としてはたとえばp型シリコンにおいてはアルミニウム等でもよく、またシリコンカーバイドやシリコンゲルマニウム等の合金材料の膜を用いてもよい。この逆導電型シリコン系薄膜206は、多結晶,微結晶,または非晶質のいずれでもよく、その膜厚は3〜100nmの範囲内に設定され、より好ましくは5〜50nmの範囲内に設定される。
【0028】
光電変換ユニット211上には、ITO,SnO2 ,ZnO等から選択された少なくとも1以上の層からなる透明導電性酸化膜207が形成され、さらにこの上にグリッド電極としてAl,Ag,Au,Cu,Pt等から選択された少なくとも1以上の金属またはこれらの合金の層を含む櫛形状の金属電極208がスパッタリング法または蒸着法によって形成され、これによって図1に示されているような多結晶型シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置が完成する。
【0029】
図2は、本発明のもう1つの実施の形態において製造されるタンデム型シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置を模式的な斜視図で図解している。図2のタンデム型光電変換装置においては、図1の場合と同様に基板401上の複数の層402〜406が、図1の基板201上の複数の層202〜206に対応して同様に形成される。
【0030】
しかし、図2のタンデム型光電変換装置においては、多結晶型の光電変換ユニット411上に重ねて、プラズマCVD法にて非晶質型の光電変換ユニット412がさらに形成される。非晶質型光電変換ユニット412は、多結晶型光電変換ユニット411上に順次積層された第1導電型の微結晶または非晶質のシリコン系薄膜413、実質的に真正半導体である非晶質シリコン系薄膜光電変換層414、および逆導電型の微結晶または非晶質のシリコン系薄膜415を含んでいる。
【0031】
非晶質型光電変換ユニット412上には、前面透明電極407および櫛形状金属電極408が図1中の対応する要素207および208と同様に形成され、これによって図2に示されているような非晶質型/多結晶型のタンデム型光電変換装置が完成する。
【0032】
以上述べたシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の一連の製造工程のうちで、スループットを向上させる上で従来から最も大きな課題であったのは、大きな膜厚を必要とする結晶質光電変換層(205,405)の製造工程であったことは言うまでもない。しかしながら、本発明によれば、その結晶質光電変換層の成膜速度が大幅に向上し、しかも、より良質の膜が得られることから、シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の高性能化と低コスト化に大きく貢献することができる。
【0033】
また、図1に示されているような多結晶型光電変換装置において光電変換効率を高めるためには、開放電圧VOCを高めることが望ましいことは言うまでもない。本発明に従って光電変換層の堆積中にその層内の結晶成長に応じてシラン系ガスと水素ガスの比率を最適にするようにシランガスの流量比を高めていくことによって、得られる光電変換装置の開放電圧VOCを高めることができる。
【0034】
さらに、図2に示されているような非晶質型/多結晶型のタンデム型光電変換装置においては、相対的に発生電流密度の低い非晶質型光電変換ユニット412によって装置全体の短絡電流密度JSCが制限されてしまうので、装置全体として高い光電変換効率を得るためには、多結晶型光電変換ユニット411自体が発生し得る相対的に大きなJSCを少し犠牲にしてもその開放電圧VOCを高めることが望ましい。本発明に従えば、結晶質光電変換層405の堆積中にその層内の結晶の成長に伴ってシラン系ガスと水素ガスの比率を最適にするようにシランガスの流量比が高められるので、高い開放電圧VOCを有する多結晶型光電変換ユニット411が得られ、その結果としてタンデム型光電変換装置全体の変換効率が改善され得る。また、その流量比の変化はシラン系ガスが増大する方向に調整されるので、成膜速度がさらに速くなり、成膜時間がさらに短縮されるという効果も生じる。
【0035】
【実施例】
以下において、本発明の実施例の製造方法によるシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置としてのシリコン系薄膜太陽電池が、参考例の製造方法による太陽電池とともに説明される。実施例においては結晶質光電変換層(205,405)の堆積中にシランガス流量が変化させられたが、参考例においてはそのシランガス流量が一定に維持された。
【0036】
(参考例1)
まず、図1の実施の形態に類似して、参考例1としての多結晶型シリコン薄膜太陽電池が作製された。ガラス基板201上に裏面電極210として、厚さ300nmのAg膜202とその上の厚さ100nmのZnO膜203のそれぞれがスパッタリング法によって形成された。裏面電極210上には、厚さ30nmでリンドープされたn型微結晶シリコン層204、厚さ3μmでノンドープの結晶質シリコン薄膜光電変換層205、および厚さ15nmでボロンドープされたp型微結晶シリコン層206がそれぞれRFプラズマCVD法により成膜され、nip光電変換ユニット211が形成された。光電変換ユニット211上には、前面電極207として、厚さ80nmの透明導電性ITO膜がスパッタリング法にて堆積され、その上に電流取出のための櫛形Ag電極208が蒸着法にて堆積された。
【0037】
結晶質シリコン薄膜光電変換層205は、13.56MHzの高周波電源を用いたRFプラズマCVD法により堆積された。そのときに用いられた反応ガスにおいてはシランと水素の流量比が1:170で混合され、反応室の圧力は7Torrで一定に維持された。また、放電パワー密度は300mW/cm2 であり、基板温度は180℃に設定された。
【0038】
この参考例1の多結晶型シリコン薄膜太陽電池に入射光209としてAM1.5の光を100mW/cm2 の光量で照射したときの出力特性においては、開放端電圧が0.501V、短絡電流密度が22.9mA/cm2 、曲線因子が76.5%、そして変換効率が8.89%であった。
【0039】
(実施例1)
実施例1においては、参考例1に類似した多結晶型シリコン薄膜太陽電池が作製された。すなわち、この実施例1において、結晶質シリコン薄膜光電変換層205の堆積は7Torrの反応ガス圧の下でシランと水素の流量比が1:170で開始され、かつ30%堆積時以後に一定の割合でそのシラン流量を増大させて堆積終了時にその流量比が1.2:170であったことを除けば、他の層の成膜条件およびデバイス構造は参考例1の場合と全く同じであった。ただし、参考例1と同じ膜厚の光電変換層205を堆積するのに必要な時間は、参考例1の場合に比べて5%程度短くできた。
【0040】
この実施例1の多結晶型シリコン薄膜太陽電池に対して参考例1の場合と同じ条件で光照射をしたときの出力特性において、開放端電圧が0.538V、短絡電流密度が21.3mA/cm2 、曲線因子が78.3%、そして変換効率が8.97%であった。
【0041】
すなわち、上述の参考例1に比べて、この実施例1においては短絡電流密度が少し低下しているけれども開放端電圧が高められているので、それらの総合としての変換効率が明らかに改善されていることがわかる。
【0042】
(参考例2)
参考例2として、図2に対応する非晶質型/結晶質型のタンデム型薄膜太陽電池が作製された。この参考例2のタンデム型太陽電池に含まれる多結晶型光電変換ユニット411は、参考例1における多結晶型光電変換ユニット211と同じ条件で形成された。そして、その多結晶型光電変換ユニット411上には、慣用的な条件と方法の下に非晶質型光電変換ユニット412が形成された。
【0043】
このような参考例2のタンデム型太陽電池に参考例1の場合と同じ条件で光409を照射したときの出力特性においては、開放端電圧が1.33V、短絡電流密度が13.3mA/cm2 、曲線因子が73.6%、そして変換効率が13.0%であった。
【0044】
(実施例2)
実施例2においては、多結晶型光電変換ユニット411が実施例1と同じ条件の下で形成されたことを除いて参考例2と同様の条件でタンデム型太陽電池が作製された。この実施例2のタンデム型太陽電池に参考例2と同様の条件で光照射したときの出力特性においては、開放端電圧が1.38V、短絡電流密度が13.3mA/cm2 、曲線因子が73.0%、そして変換効率が13.4%であった。
【0045】
参考例1と2からわかるように、多結晶型光電変換ユニット上に一般的な非晶質型光電変換ユニットを積層することにより短絡電流密度が非晶質型光電変換ユニットに支配されて13.3mA/cm2 に減少している。しかし、参考例1に比べて高い開放端電圧を有する実施例1の多結晶型光電変換ユニット上に非晶質型光電変換ユニットを積層した実施例2においては、参考例2に比べて高い開放端電圧が得られており、それに伴って変換効率も明らかに改善されていることがわかる。
【0046】
【発明の効果】
以上のように、本発明によれば、安価に基板上に結晶質を含むシリコン系薄膜光電変換層を高周波励起プラズマCVD法によって低温で形成する際に従来に比べて成膜速度を大幅に向上させることができ、しかも良好な膜質が得られるので、シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の高性能化と低コスト化の両方に大きく貢献することができる。
【0047】
特に、結晶質光電変換層の成長中に反応ガス中のシランガス比を最適になるように増大させていくことによって、最終的に得られる光電変換装置の開放端電圧を高めることができるとともに、成膜速度をさらに高めることができる。このことは、特に非晶質型/多結晶型のタンデム型シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の作製において有利であり、その高い開放端電圧に基づいて装置全体としての光電変換効率が改善され得る。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の1つの実施の形態による多結晶型シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置を示す模式的な斜視図である。
【図2】本発明のもう1つの実施の形態による非晶質型/多結晶型のタンデム型シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置を示す模式的な斜視図である。
【符号の説明】
201,401:ガラス等の基板
202,402:Ag等の膜
203,403:ZnO等の膜
204,404:1導電型シリコン層
205,405:結晶質シリコン光電変換層
206,406:逆導電型シリコン層
207,407:ITO等の透明導電膜
208,408:Ag等の櫛形電極
209,409:照射光
210,410:裏面電極
211,411:多結晶型シリコン光電変換ユニット
412:非晶質型シリコン光電変換ユニット
413:第1導電型シリコン層
414:i型の非晶質シリコン光電変換層
415:逆導電型シリコン層
[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a thin film photoelectric conversion device and the method thereof, and particularly relates to cost reduction and performance improvement of a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device. In this specification, the terms “polycrystal”, “microcrystal”, and “crystalline” partially include an amorphous state as commonly used in the technical field of thin film photoelectric conversion devices. It shall also mean a thing.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A typical thin film photoelectric conversion device is an amorphous silicon solar cell, and an amorphous photoelectric conversion material is usually formed by a plasma CVD method at a low film formation temperature of about 200 ° C. It can be formed on inexpensive substrates such as stainless steel and organic films, and is expected as a promising material for low-cost photoelectric conversion devices. In addition, since amorphous silicon has a large absorption coefficient in the visible light region, a short-circuit current of 15 mA / cm 2 or more is realized in a solar cell using an amorphous photoelectric conversion layer having a thin film thickness of 500 nm or less. Yes.
[0003]
However, the amorphous silicon-based material has a problem that the photoelectric conversion characteristic is deteriorated by light irradiation for a long period of time as called the Stebler-Wronskey effect, and the long wavelength side of the effective sensitivity wavelength region is 800 nm. To the extent. Therefore, in the photoelectric conversion device using an amorphous silicon-based material, there is a limit to its reliability and high performance, and the original advantages that the degree of freedom of substrate selection and low-cost processes can be used are sufficient. Is not alive.
[0004]
On the other hand, in recent years, photoelectric conversion devices using thin films containing crystalline silicon such as polycrystalline silicon and microcrystalline silicon have been vigorously developed. These developments are attempts to achieve both low cost and high performance of the photoelectric conversion device by forming a high-quality crystalline silicon thin film on an inexpensive substrate by a low-temperature process. Application to various photoelectric conversion devices such as is expected.
[0005]
The crystalline silicon thin film can be formed by, for example, directly depositing on a substrate by CVD or sputtering, or by depositing an amorphous film by a similar process and then performing thermal annealing or laser annealing. However, in any case, in order to use an inexpensive substrate as described above, it is necessary to carry out the process at 550 ° C. or lower.
[0006]
Among such processes, the technique of directly depositing a crystalline silicon thin film by the plasma CVD method is the easiest to reduce the process temperature and increase the area of the thin film, and to obtain a high-quality film relatively easily. It is expected. When a polycrystalline silicon thin film is obtained by such a method, a high quality crystalline silicon thin film is once formed on a substrate by some process, and then formed on the substrate as a seed layer or a crystallization control layer. Thus, a high-quality polycrystalline silicon thin film can be formed even at a relatively low temperature.
[0007]
On the other hand, a microcrystalline silicon thin film can be obtained by diluting the silane-based source gas 10 times or more with hydrogen and setting the plasma reaction chamber pressure within the range of 10 mTorr to 1 Torr to form a film by plasma CVD. In this case, the silicon thin film can be easily microcrystallized even at a temperature of about 200 ° C. For example, a photoelectric conversion device including a photoelectric conversion unit made of a microcrystalline silicon pin junction is described in Appl, Phys, Lett., Vol 65, 1994, p.860. This photoelectric conversion unit is composed of a p-type semiconductor layer, an i-type semiconductor layer that is a photoelectric conversion layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer that are sequentially and simply stacked by plasma CVD, all of which are microcrystalline silicon. It is characterized by that. However, in order to obtain a high-quality crystalline silicon film and further a high-performance silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device, the film formation rate is 0.6 μm / hr in the thickness direction under the conventional manufacturing method and conditions. It is so slow that it is less than or less than or equal to that of an amorphous silicon film.
[0008]
On the other hand, an example in which a silicon film is formed under a relatively high pressure condition of 5 Torr by a low temperature plasma CVD method is described in JP-A-4-137725. However, in this example, a silicon thin film is directly deposited on a substrate such as glass, which is a comparative example to the invention disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-137725, and the quality of the film is low, leading to a photoelectric conversion device. It cannot be applied.
[0009]
In general, if the pressure condition of the plasma CVD method is increased, a large amount of powder-like products, dust, and the like are generated in the plasma reaction chamber. In that case, there is a high risk that those dusts etc. will fly to the surface of the film being deposited and be taken into the deposited film, causing pinholes in the film. In order to reduce such deterioration of the film quality, it is necessary to frequently clean the reaction chamber. In particular, when a film is formed under a low temperature condition such as 550 ° C. or less, these problems become significant when the reaction chamber pressure is increased. In addition, in the manufacture of a photoelectric conversion device such as a solar cell, it is necessary to deposit a thin film having a large area, which causes problems such as a decrease in product yield and an increase in labor and cost for film formation apparatus maintenance management.
[0010]
Therefore, when a thin film photoelectric conversion device is manufactured using a plasma CVD method, a pressure condition of 1 Torr or less is conventionally used as described above.
[0011]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The polycrystalline photoelectric conversion device including the crystalline silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion layer as described above has the following problems. In other words, whether it is polycrystalline silicon or microcrystalline silicon partially containing an amorphous phase, when it is used as a photoelectric conversion layer of a solar cell, considering the absorption coefficient of crystalline silicon, In order to sufficiently absorb water, a film thickness of at least several μm to several tens of μm is required. This is a little less than an order of magnitude to two orders of magnitude thicker than in the case of an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer.
[0012]
However, according to the conventional technology, in order to obtain a good quality crystalline silicon thin film at low temperature by the plasma CVD method, various film forming conditions such as temperature, pressure in the reaction chamber, high frequency power, and gas flow rate ratio can be obtained. Even if the parameters were examined, the film formation rate was about the same as or lower than that of the amorphous silicon film, and only about 0.6 μm / hr, for example. In other words, the crystalline silicon thin film photoelectric conversion layer requires several to tens of times as long as the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer, and it is difficult to improve the throughput of the photoelectric conversion device manufacturing process. This hinders cost reduction.
[0013]
In view of the above-described problems of the prior art, an object of the present invention is to increase the deposition rate of a crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer formed by a low temperature plasma CVD method to improve the throughput of a manufacturing process, and to a photoelectric conversion device It is to improve the performance.
[0014]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In the method for manufacturing a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to the present invention, the photoelectric conversion device includes at least one photoelectric conversion unit formed on a substrate, and the photoelectric conversion units are sequentially stacked by a high frequency excitation plasma CVD method. One conductive semiconductor layer, a crystalline silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion layer, and a reverse conductive semiconductor layer are included. The conditions for depositing the photoelectric conversion layer by a high-frequency excitation plasma CVD method are as follows: the substrate temperature is 550 ° C. The pressure in the plasma reaction chamber is 5 Torr or more; the main component of the gas introduced into the reaction chamber contains silane gas and hydrogen gas, and the flow rate ratio of hydrogen gas to silane gas is 50 times or more. The flow rate of the silane-based gas at the end of deposition of the photoelectric conversion layer is 1.1 to 1.5 times the flow rate at the start of deposition of the photoelectric conversion layer Brought large to; increase in the flow rate of the silane gas is characterized in that it is allowed to gradually increase during the half or more of the time period required for the deposition of the photoelectric conversion layer.
[0015]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device manufactured according to an embodiment of the present invention. For the substrate 201 of this photoelectric conversion device, a metal such as stainless steel, an organic film, a low melting point inexpensive glass, or the like can be used.
[0016]
The back electrode 210 on the substrate 201 includes one or more of the following thin films (A) and (B), and can be formed by, for example, a vapor deposition method or a sputtering method.
(A) A metal thin film including a layer made of at least one metal selected from Ti, Cr, Al, Ag, Au, Cu, and Pt, or an alloy thereof.
(B) A transparent conductive thin film comprising a layer made of at least one oxide selected from ITO, SnO 2 and ZnO.
[0017]
On the back electrode 210, the one-conductivity-type semiconductor layer 204 in the photoelectric conversion unit 211 is deposited by plasma CVD. As the one-conductivity-type semiconductor layer 204, for example, an n-type silicon layer doped with 0.01 atomic% or more of phosphorus, which is a conductivity-determining impurity atom, or a p-type silicon layer doped with 0.01 atomic% or more of boron. Etc. can be used. However, these conditions regarding the one-conductivity-type semiconductor layer 204 are not limited, and the impurity atom may be aluminum or the like in a p-type silicon layer, or an alloy material such as silicon carbide or silicon germanium may be used. Good. The one-conductivity-type silicon thin film 204 may be polycrystalline, microcrystalline, or amorphous, and its film thickness is set in the range of 1 to 100 nm, more preferably in the range of 2 to 30 nm. The
[0018]
As the photoelectric conversion layer 205 of a crystalline silicon-based thin film, a non-doped i-type polycrystalline silicon thin film, an i-type microcrystalline silicon thin film with a volume crystallization fraction of 80% or more, or a weak p-type or weak n containing a small amount of impurities. A silicon-based thin film material having sufficient photoelectric conversion efficiency in a mold can be used. The photoelectric conversion layer 205 is not limited to these materials, and an alloy material such as silicon carbide or silicon germanium may be used. The film thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 205 is in the range of 0.5 to 20 μm, and has a necessary and sufficient film thickness as a crystalline silicon thin film photoelectric conversion layer.
[0019]
The crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 205 can be formed by a commonly used parallel plate RF plasma CVD method, and a high-frequency power source having a frequency of 150 MHz or less and an RF band to a VHF band is used. The plasma CVD method may be used.
[0020]
Note that the film formation temperature of the crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 205 in these plasma CVD methods is 550 ° C. or less at which the above-described inexpensive substrate can be used.
[0021]
During deposition of the crystalline silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion layer 205, the pressure in the plasma CVD reaction chamber is set to 5 Torr or more. The high frequency power density at that time is preferably 100 mW / cm 2 or more. Moreover, it is preferable that the main component of the gas introduced into the reaction chamber contains silane-based gas and hydrogen gas, and the flow ratio of hydrogen gas to silane-based gas is preferably 50 times or more, and 100 times or more. Is more preferable. The flow rate of the silane-based gas is increased from an initial amount of deposition of the photoelectric conversion layer 205 to a flow rate of 1.1 to 1.5 times at the end. Although this increase in flow rate can be increased continuously or stepwise, it is desirable that the flow rate increase gradually over a time that is 1/2 or more of the deposition time of the photoelectric conversion layer 205. This is because the silane-based gas flow rate condition is optimally maintained as the crystal grows in the photoelectric conversion layer 205. By doing so, the open-circuit voltage V OC of the obtained photoelectric conversion device can be increased. Further, as the flow rate ratio of the silane-based gas to hydrogen increases, the film formation rate can be expected to increase further.
[0022]
As the silane-based gas, monosilane, disilane and the like are preferable, but in addition to these, a halogenated silicon gas such as silicon tetrafluoride, silicon tetrachloride and dichlorosilane may be used. In addition to these, an inert gas such as a rare gas, preferably helium, neon, argon, or the like may be used. Under the conditions for forming the crystalline silicon-based photoelectric conversion layer 205 as described above, the film formation rate can be set to 1 μm / hour or more.
[0023]
Most of the crystal grains contained in the crystalline silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion layer 205 extend upward from the base layer 204 in a columnar shape. Many of these crystal grains have a (110) preferential crystal orientation plane parallel to the film surface, and the intensity ratio of the (111) diffraction peak to the (220) diffraction peak determined by X-ray diffraction is 1/5 or less. It is preferable that it is 1/10 or less. Further, even when the surface shape of the one-conductivity type layer 204 that is a base layer is substantially flat, the surface after the photoelectric conversion layer 205 is formed has a fine interval with an interval that is about an order of magnitude smaller than the film thickness. A surface texture structure having irregularities is formed.
[0024]
The obtained crystalline silicon-based thin film 205 preferably has a hydrogen content determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry in the range of 0.5 atomic% or more and 30 atomic% or less, and preferably 1 atomic% or more. More preferably, it is in the range of 20 atomic% or less.
[0025]
In the method for forming the crystalline silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion layer 205 in the present invention, since a high pressure is used as compared with a conventional pressure condition of 1 Torr or less, ion damage in the film can be reduced as much as possible. Therefore, even if the high-frequency power is increased or the gas flow rate is increased in order to increase the deposition rate, ion damage on the surface of the deposited film is small, and a high-quality film can be formed at a high rate. In addition, if film formation is performed under high pressure conditions, there is a concern about contamination due to powder formation in the reaction chamber, but this problem also occurs because the source gas is diluted in large quantities with a high thermal conductivity gas such as hydrogen. Hateful.
[0026]
Furthermore, for the following reasons, in the present invention, a high-quality crystalline silicon-based thin film 205 can be obtained as compared with the conventional method. First, since the film formation rate is high, the rate at which impurity atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen remaining in the reaction chamber are taken into the film decreases. In addition, since the crystal nucleation time in the initial stage of film growth is short, the nucleation density is relatively reduced, and crystal grains having a large grain size and strong crystal orientation are likely to be formed. Furthermore, if the film is formed at a high pressure, the crystal grain boundaries and defects in the grains are easily passivated with hydrogen, and the density of those defects is also reduced.
[0027]
On the photoelectric conversion layer 205, a silicon-based thin film as a conductive semiconductor layer 206 of a type opposite to that of the base layer 204 is deposited by a plasma CVD method. As the reverse conductivity type silicon thin film 206, for example, a p-type silicon thin film doped with 0.01 atomic% or more of boron, which is a conductivity-determining impurity atom, or an n-type silicon doped with 0.01 atomic% or more of phosphorus. A thin film or the like can be used. However, these conditions for the reverse conductivity type semiconductor layer 206 are not limited, and the impurity atom may be aluminum or the like in p-type silicon, and a film of an alloy material such as silicon carbide or silicon germanium is used. May be. This reverse conductivity type silicon-based thin film 206 may be polycrystalline, microcrystalline, or amorphous, and its film thickness is set in the range of 3 to 100 nm, more preferably in the range of 5 to 50 nm. Is done.
[0028]
A transparent conductive oxide film 207 composed of at least one layer selected from ITO, SnO 2 , ZnO or the like is formed on the photoelectric conversion unit 211, and further, Al, Ag, Au, Cu as grid electrodes are formed thereon. 1, a comb-shaped metal electrode 208 including a layer of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pt, and the like, or an alloy thereof is formed by a sputtering method or an evaporation method, thereby forming a polycrystalline type as shown in FIG. A silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device is completed.
[0029]
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view illustrating a tandem type silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device manufactured in another embodiment of the present invention. In the tandem photoelectric conversion device of FIG. 2, a plurality of layers 402 to 406 on the substrate 401 are formed similarly to the plurality of layers 202 to 206 on the substrate 201 of FIG. Is done.
[0030]
However, in the tandem photoelectric conversion device of FIG. 2, an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 412 is further formed on the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit 411 by plasma CVD. The amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 412 includes a first conductive type microcrystalline or amorphous silicon-based thin film 413 sequentially stacked on the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit 411, and an amorphous semiconductor that is substantially an intrinsic semiconductor. A silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion layer 414 and a reverse-conducting microcrystalline or amorphous silicon-based thin film 415 are included.
[0031]
A front transparent electrode 407 and a comb-shaped metal electrode 408 are formed on the amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 412 in the same manner as the corresponding elements 207 and 208 in FIG. 1, and as shown in FIG. 2. An amorphous / polycrystalline tandem photoelectric conversion device is completed.
[0032]
Among the series of manufacturing steps of the silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device described above, the biggest problem in the past in improving the throughput is the crystalline photoelectric conversion layer (205, 205) that requires a large film thickness. Needless to say, this was the manufacturing process of 405). However, according to the present invention, the deposition rate of the crystalline photoelectric conversion layer is greatly improved, and a higher quality film can be obtained. Can contribute greatly.
[0033]
Further, it goes without saying that it is desirable to increase the open circuit voltage V OC in order to increase the photoelectric conversion efficiency in the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion device as shown in FIG. According to the present invention, by increasing the flow rate ratio of silane gas so as to optimize the ratio of silane-based gas and hydrogen gas according to the crystal growth in the layer during the deposition of the photoelectric conversion layer, The open circuit voltage V OC can be increased.
[0034]
Further, in the amorphous / polycrystalline tandem photoelectric conversion device as shown in FIG. 2, the short circuit current of the entire device is generated by the amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 412 having a relatively low generated current density. Since the density J SC is limited, in order to obtain high photoelectric conversion efficiency as a whole device, the open circuit voltage can be obtained even at the expense of a relatively large J SC that can be generated by the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit 411 itself. It is desirable to increase V OC . According to the present invention, the flow rate ratio of the silane gas is increased during the deposition of the crystalline photoelectric conversion layer 405 so as to optimize the ratio of the silane-based gas and the hydrogen gas as the crystals grow in the layer. A polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit 411 having an open circuit voltage V OC is obtained, and as a result, the conversion efficiency of the entire tandem photoelectric conversion device can be improved. In addition, since the change in the flow rate ratio is adjusted in the direction in which the silane-based gas increases, the film forming speed is further increased, and the film forming time is further shortened.
[0035]
【Example】
Hereinafter, a silicon-based thin film solar cell as a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to a manufacturing method of an embodiment of the present invention will be described together with a solar cell according to a manufacturing method of a reference example. In the examples, the silane gas flow rate was changed during the deposition of the crystalline photoelectric conversion layer (205, 405), but in the reference example, the silane gas flow rate was kept constant.
[0036]
(Reference Example 1)
First, similar to the embodiment of FIG. 1, a polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell as Reference Example 1 was fabricated. A 300 nm thick Ag film 202 and a 100 nm thick ZnO film 203 thereon were formed as a back electrode 210 on a glass substrate 201 by sputtering. On the back electrode 210, a phosphorous-doped n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 204 having a thickness of 30 nm, a non-doped crystalline silicon thin film photoelectric conversion layer 205 having a thickness of 3 μm, and a boron-doped p-type microcrystalline silicon having a thickness of 15 nm. The layers 206 were each formed by RF plasma CVD, and the nip photoelectric conversion unit 211 was formed. On the photoelectric conversion unit 211, a transparent conductive ITO film having a thickness of 80 nm was deposited as a front electrode 207 by a sputtering method, and a comb-shaped Ag electrode 208 for current extraction was deposited thereon by a vapor deposition method. .
[0037]
The crystalline silicon thin film photoelectric conversion layer 205 was deposited by RF plasma CVD using a 13.56 MHz high frequency power source. In the reaction gas used at that time, the flow rate ratio of silane and hydrogen was mixed at 1: 170, and the pressure in the reaction chamber was kept constant at 7 Torr. The discharge power density was 300 mW / cm 2 and the substrate temperature was set to 180 ° C.
[0038]
In the output characteristics when the polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell of Reference Example 1 is irradiated with AM 1.5 light as incident light 209 at a light quantity of 100 mW / cm 2 , the open-circuit voltage is 0.501 V, and the short-circuit current density is Was 22.9 mA / cm 2 , the fill factor was 76.5%, and the conversion efficiency was 8.89%.
[0039]
(Example 1)
In Example 1, a polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell similar to Reference Example 1 was produced. That is, in Example 1, the deposition of the crystalline silicon thin film photoelectric conversion layer 205 is started at a flow rate ratio of silane and hydrogen of 1: 170 under a reaction gas pressure of 7 Torr and constant after 30% deposition. The film formation conditions and device structure of the other layers were exactly the same as in Reference Example 1 except that the flow rate of silane was increased in proportion and the flow rate ratio was 1.2: 170 at the end of deposition. It was. However, the time required for depositing the photoelectric conversion layer 205 having the same film thickness as that of Reference Example 1 can be shortened by about 5% as compared with the case of Reference Example 1.
[0040]
In the output characteristics when the polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell of Example 1 is irradiated with light under the same conditions as in Reference Example 1, the open-circuit voltage is 0.538 V and the short-circuit current density is 21.3 mA / cm 2 , fill factor 78.3%, and conversion efficiency 8.97%.
[0041]
That is, compared with the above-mentioned Reference Example 1, in this Example 1, the short-circuit current density is slightly reduced, but the open-circuit voltage is increased, so that the overall conversion efficiency is clearly improved. I understand that.
[0042]
(Reference Example 2)
As Reference Example 2, an amorphous / crystalline tandem thin film solar cell corresponding to FIG. 2 was fabricated. The polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit 411 included in the tandem solar cell of Reference Example 2 was formed under the same conditions as the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit 211 of Reference Example 1. Then, an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit 412 was formed on the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit 411 under conventional conditions and methods.
[0043]
In the output characteristics when such a tandem solar cell of Reference Example 2 is irradiated with light 409 under the same conditions as in Reference Example 1, the open-circuit voltage is 1.33 V and the short-circuit current density is 13.3 mA / cm. 2. The fill factor was 73.6% and the conversion efficiency was 13.0%.
[0044]
(Example 2)
In Example 2, a tandem solar cell was manufactured under the same conditions as in Reference Example 2 except that the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit 411 was formed under the same conditions as in Example 1. In the output characteristics when the tandem solar cell of Example 2 is irradiated with light under the same conditions as in Reference Example 2, the open-circuit voltage is 1.38 V, the short-circuit current density is 13.3 mA / cm 2 , and the fill factor is The conversion efficiency was 73.0% and the conversion efficiency was 13.4%.
[0045]
As can be seen from Reference Examples 1 and 2, the short-circuit current density is dominated by the amorphous photoelectric conversion unit by laminating a general amorphous photoelectric conversion unit on the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit. It has decreased to 3 mA / cm 2 . However, in Example 2 in which an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit is stacked on the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit of Example 1 having a higher open-circuit voltage than that of Reference Example 1, the openness is higher than that of Reference Example 2. It can be seen that the end voltage is obtained and the conversion efficiency is clearly improved accordingly.
[0046]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, when a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion layer containing crystalline material is formed on a substrate at a low temperature by a high-frequency excitation plasma CVD method, the film formation speed is greatly improved as compared with the conventional method. In addition, since a good film quality can be obtained, it is possible to greatly contribute to both high performance and low cost of the silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device.
[0047]
In particular, by increasing the silane gas ratio in the reaction gas so as to be optimal during the growth of the crystalline photoelectric conversion layer, the open-circuit voltage of the finally obtained photoelectric conversion device can be increased and the growth rate can be increased. The film speed can be further increased. This is particularly advantageous in the production of an amorphous / polycrystalline tandem silicon thin film photoelectric conversion device, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the entire device can be improved based on the high open-circuit voltage.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view showing a polycrystalline silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view showing an amorphous / polycrystalline tandem silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
201, 401: substrate 202 such as glass, 402: film 203 such as Ag, 403: film 204 such as ZnO, 404: 1 conductivity type silicon layer 205, 405: crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer 206, 406: reverse conductivity type Silicon layers 207, 407: Transparent conductive film 208 such as ITO, 408: Comb electrodes 209, 409: Ag, etc. Irradiation light 210, 410: Back electrodes 211, 411: Polycrystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 412: Amorphous type Silicon photoelectric conversion unit 413: first conductivity type silicon layer 414: i-type amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion layer 415: reverse conductivity type silicon layer

Claims (5)

シリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法であって、
前記光電変換装置は基板上に形成された少なくとも1つの光電変換ユニットを含み、前記光電変換ユニットの少なくとも1つは高周波励起プラズマCVD法によって順次積層された1導電型半導体層と、結晶質シリコン系薄膜光電変換層と、逆導電型半導体層とを含む多結晶型光電変換ユニットであり、
前記結晶質光電変換層を前記高周波励起プラズマCVD法で堆積する条件として、
下地温度が550℃以下であり、
プラズマ反応室内の圧力が5Torr以上であり、
前記反応室内に導入されるガスの主成分としてシラン系ガスと水素ガスを含み、かつ前記シラン系ガスに対する前記水素ガスの流量比が50倍以上であり、
前記光電変換層の堆積終了時の前記シラン系ガスの流量は、前記光電変換層の堆積開始時の流量の1.1〜1.5倍まで増大させられ、
前記シラン系ガスの流量の増大は前記光電変換層の堆積に要する時間の1/2以上の時間の間に漸次増大させられることを特徴とするシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。
A method of manufacturing a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device,
The photoelectric conversion device includes at least one photoelectric conversion unit formed on a substrate, and at least one of the photoelectric conversion units includes a one-conductivity-type semiconductor layer sequentially stacked by a high frequency excitation plasma CVD method, and a crystalline silicon system A polycrystalline photoelectric conversion unit including a thin film photoelectric conversion layer and a reverse conductivity type semiconductor layer,
As a condition for depositing the crystalline photoelectric conversion layer by the high-frequency excitation plasma CVD method,
The substrate temperature is 550 ° C. or lower,
The pressure in the plasma reaction chamber is 5 Torr or more,
The main component of the gas introduced into the reaction chamber includes a silane gas and a hydrogen gas, and the flow rate ratio of the hydrogen gas to the silane gas is 50 times or more,
The flow rate of the silane-based gas at the end of deposition of the photoelectric conversion layer is increased to 1.1 to 1.5 times the flow rate at the start of deposition of the photoelectric conversion layer,
The method for producing a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device is characterized in that the increase in the flow rate of the silane-based gas is gradually increased during a time of ½ or more of the time required for the deposition of the photoelectric conversion layer.
前記結晶質光電変換層は100〜400℃の範囲内の下地温度の下で形成され得る体積結晶化分率80%以上の結晶質シリコン膜であり、0.1原子%以上で20原子%以下の水素を含有し、そして0.5〜10μmの範囲内の膜厚を有していることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。The crystalline photoelectric conversion layer is a crystalline silicon film having a volume crystallization fraction of 80% or more, which can be formed at a base temperature in the range of 100 to 400 ° C., and is 0.1 atomic% or more and 20 atomic% or less. 2. The method for producing a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to claim 1 has a film thickness of 0.5 to 10 μm. 前記結晶質光電変換層はその膜面に平行に(110)の優先結晶配向面を有し、そのX線回折における(220)回折ピークに対する(111)回折ピークの強度比が1/5以下であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。The crystalline photoelectric conversion layer has a (110) preferential crystal orientation plane parallel to the film surface, and the intensity ratio of the (111) diffraction peak to the (220) diffraction peak in X-ray diffraction is 1/5 or less. The method for producing a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the method is provided. 前記結晶質光電変換層は100mW/cm2 以上のプラズマ放電電力密度の下に堆積されることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれかの項に記載のシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。4. The method for manufacturing a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to claim 1, wherein the crystalline photoelectric conversion layer is deposited under a plasma discharge power density of 100 mW / cm 2 or more. 5. . プラズマCVD法によって順次積層された1導電型半導体層と非晶質シリコン系薄膜光電変換層と逆導電型半導体層とを含む非晶質型光電変換ユニットの少なくとも1つが、前記多結晶型光電変換ユニットの少なくとも1つ上に積層されることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかの項に記載のシリコン系薄膜光電変換装置の製造方法。At least one amorphous photoelectric conversion unit including one conductive semiconductor layer, an amorphous silicon thin film photoelectric conversion layer, and a reverse conductive semiconductor layer sequentially stacked by a plasma CVD method is the polycrystalline photoelectric conversion. The method for producing a silicon-based thin film photoelectric conversion device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the method is laminated on at least one of the units.
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