JP4034962B2 - Method for producing charge generating material and electrophotographic photosensitive member - Google Patents
Method for producing charge generating material and electrophotographic photosensitive member Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4034962B2 JP4034962B2 JP2001387190A JP2001387190A JP4034962B2 JP 4034962 B2 JP4034962 B2 JP 4034962B2 JP 2001387190 A JP2001387190 A JP 2001387190A JP 2001387190 A JP2001387190 A JP 2001387190A JP 4034962 B2 JP4034962 B2 JP 4034962B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- resin
- charge generation
- charge
- mmol
- producing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 66
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 claims description 29
- -1 titanium alkoxide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- XQZYPMVTSDWCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1C#N XQZYPMVTSDWCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- RMAHPRNLQIRHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl carbamimidate Chemical class COC(N)=N RMAHPRNLQIRHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical group [Ti+4].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 40
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 29
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 19
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 17
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N caprylic alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 6
- SADHVOSOZBAAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(OC(F)(F)F)=C1 SADHVOSOZBAAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007809 chemical reaction catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-METHOXYETHANOL Chemical compound COCCO XNWFRZJHXBZDAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 4
- SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound COCCOCCO SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazoline Chemical compound C1CN=NC1 DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trichloroethane Chemical compound ClCC(Cl)Cl UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 230000036211 photosensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
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- KCDFKTSBCVHRQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(O)(O)=O.C(C)OC(N)=N Chemical compound C(O)(O)=O.C(C)OC(N)=N KCDFKTSBCVHRQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、電子写真感光体の分野にかかり、特に電子写真感光体に用いられる電荷発生材料を製造する技術に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
複写機やレーザープリンター等の電子写真機器には感光層を有する感光体が設けられているが、近年では、高感度でしかも低価格な感光体が要求されている。高感度で低価格な感光体を製造する為には、原料である電荷発生材料の高感度化、低価格化が必要となる。電荷発生材料としては近年オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンが広く用いられている。
【0003】
そのオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンの製造方法として、不活性溶媒中でο−フタロジニトリルと四塩化チタンを反応させて生成するジクロロチタニウムフタロシアニンを一度取り出し、これを加水分解してオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを得る方法が一般的に知られている。
【0004】
この時の不活性溶媒としてはキノリンやモノ置換ナフタレン等の高沸点不活性溶媒が使用されている。しかし、これらの溶媒には発癌性や変異原性があり工業的に用いるには問題がある。
【0005】
そして、四塩化チタンを用いて反応を行うと塩化水素ガスが発生する。この塩化水素ガスは電荷発生材料の主成分となるオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを塩素化してしまうばかりでなく、作業環境の悪化、さらに電子写真感光体の感光体特性にも悪い影響を与えてしまう。
【0006】
また、これらの方法はオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを製造するのにジクロロチタニウムフタロシアニンの合成工程とその加水分解工程の2工程かかり、さらにはそれぞれの工程で不純物を取り除くための精製が必要で、製造コストが高い。
【0007】
塩化水素の発生や不純物の精製などを抑えるため、四塩化チタンの代わりにチタンテトラアルコキシドを用いる方法が、特許公報第2907348号に開示されている。この方法だと塩化水素の発生が無く、しかも1工程でオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを製造する事ができ、一見これまでの問題を解決できたように思える。
【0008】
しかし上記の方法では、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニン製造時に無金属フタロシアニンが生成され感光体特性を悪化させる。さらに原料がο−フタロジニトリルではなく、1,3‐ジイミノイソインドリンのような高価な原料を使用し、しかもキノリン、1−クロロナフタレンのような毒性のある高沸点溶媒を用いなければならず問題の解決には至っていない。
【0009】
これらの問題を改善すべく、特開平6−293769では原料にフタロジニトリル、チタンテトラアルコキシドと尿素、チオ尿素及びアンモニアを用いてオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを製造する方法が開示されている。この方法では無金属フタロシアニンの生成を防ぐが、電子写真感光体の電荷発生材料として用いた場合、感度が向上しない。
【0010】
その為、高感度感光体に用いる場合には、生成されたオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを硫酸等の酸に溶解して不純物を除去する所謂アシッドペースト工程等が必要となので、工程が煩雑になり、製造コストが掛かる問題があり、未だ問題解決には至っていない。
【0011】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、このような従来技術の課題を解決するためになされたもので、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを主成分とする電荷発生材料を高純度で低コスト、高収率で製造する方法と、その電荷発生材料を用いた感度の優れた電子写真感光体を提供する事を目的とするものである。
【0012】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するために、本発明者等は種々検討した結果、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンの合成において、先ず下記反応式(1)に示すようにアルコール(ROH)と触媒の反応により、反応式(1)の右式に示すアルコキシドアニオンが生成された後、下記反応式(2)に示すように生成されたアルコキシドアニオンが反応式(2)の左式に示すフタロジニトリルを攻撃し、反応式(2)の右式に示すオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンが生成すると考えた。
【0013】
【化2】
【0014】
オキシチタニウムフタロシアニン合成においては、反応式(1)で用いるアルコールの置換基の長さにより、上記反応式(2)の反応で生成するアルコキシドアニオンの安定性、攻撃性が変化し大きく反応に関与すると考え、反応性を向上させることを目的とし実験的研究を行った。
【0015】
その結果、反応性を向上させるには1価アルコールで分子中にエーテル結合を有する物質が必要である事が分った。
【0016】
しかし更なる高純度オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンの合成方法を検討した結果、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンの合成に関して、反応溶媒にエーテル結合を有する1価アルコールを用い、触媒としてO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体を用いることで、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンの合成時に副生する無金属フタロシアニンの量を押さえ、無金属フタロシアニンの混入量が減少することでさらに効率よく高純度オキシチタニウムフタロシアニン合成できることを見出した。
【0017】
そして、更なる検討により使用するO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体の使用量を少量にする事が出来たので、反応後に触媒であるO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体がオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンに残留する事が無く高純度オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンが製造できる。
【0018】
本発明はかかる知見に基いてなされたもので、請求項1記載の発明は、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを主成分とする電荷発生材料の製造方法であって、o−フタロジニトリルと、下記一般式(1)に示されるチタンアルコキシドと、前記o−フタロジニトリル1mmolに対して0.02mmol以上0.10mmol以下のO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体とを、少なくとも1個のエーテル結合を有する1価アルコール中で100℃以上の加熱温度で加熱することを特徴とする電荷発生材料の製造方法である 。
【0019】
【化3】
【0020】
(上記一般式(1)中、置換基R1〜R4はそれぞれアルコキシ基又はハロゲン基のいずれか一方の置換基である。置換基R1〜R4のうち少なくとも2つの置換基はアルコキシ基である。)
請求項2記載の発明は、請求項1記載の電荷発生材料の製造方法であって、前記チタンアルコキシドはチタンテトラブトキシドであることを特徴とする電荷発生材料の製造方法である。
請求項3記載の発明は、請求項1又は請求項2のいずれか1項記載の電荷発生材料の製造方法であって、前記O−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体はO−メチルイソ尿素塩であることを特徴とする電荷発生材料の製造方法である。
請求項4記載の発明は、電荷発生材料と、電荷移動材料とを含有する電子写真感光体であって、前記電荷発生材料は、請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項記載の製造方法で製造されたことを特徴とする電子写真感光体である。
【0021】
尚、上記一般式(1)の置換基R1〜R4を構成するアルコキシ基とは、構造中に置換基を有しない未置換アルコキシ基、又は構造中に置換基を有する置換アルコキシ基のことである。
【0022】
本発明は上記のように構成されており、反応触媒であるO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体は反応性が高く、尿素など他の触媒に比べて少ない添加量でオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを合成することができる。
【0023】
触媒の添加量がすくなければ、電荷発生材料に不純物として残留する触媒が量少なくなるので、アシッドペースト処理のように煩雑な洗浄工程がなくても、有機溶媒を用いた懸濁洗浄工程だけで、不純物である触媒を充分に除去することができる。
【0024】
後述するように、本発明では触媒であるO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体の添加量が、ο−フタロジニトリル1mmolに対して0.02mmol以上0.10mmol以下であれば、高感度の感光体に使用できる電荷発生材料が得られる。
【0025】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の電荷発生材料の製造方法は、ο−フタロジニトリルと、一般式(1)で示されるチタンアルコキシドとを、反応溶媒であり、少なくとも1個のエーテル結合を有する1価アルコールと、触媒であるO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体と共に100℃以上で加熱する方法である。本発明の製造方法についてさらに詳細に記載する。
【0026】
本発明の原料添加順序は特に制限は無いが、通常は少なくとも1個のエーテル結合を有する1価アルコール、ο−フタロジニトリル、O−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体、チタンアルコキシドの順に反応容器に入れた後に加熱攪拌を始める。
【0027】
前記一価アルコールとしては例えば、エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、トリエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、トリエチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、トリエチレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、トリプロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、トリプロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、トリプロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル等が上げられ、特にトリエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテルが好ましい。
【0028】
さらに炭素数が3以上20以下の範囲にあり、エーテル結合の数が1以上10以下の範囲にある一価アルコールがより好ましい。また前記1価アルコールを1種類もしくは2種類以上混合して用いる事もできる。
【0029】
チタンアルコキシドとしては、チタンアルコキシドの置換基(R1〜R4)と成り得る4種類の置換基のうち、未置換アルコキシ基としてメトキシ基、エトキシ基、プロピルオキシ基、ブトキシ基、ペンタオキシ基、ヘキサオキシ基、オクタオキシ基、t‐ブトキシ基、i‐プロピルオキシ基等があり、置換アルコキシ基としては、メトキシメチルエーテル基、メトキシエチルエーテル基等のエーテル結合を含有するアルコキシ基、ハロゲンとしては塩素、臭素、ヨウ素等が挙げられる。
【0030】
少なくともチタンアルコキシドの4つの置換基(R1〜R4)の内2つ以上の置換基がアルコキシ基であり、好ましくは4つの置換基が全てアルコキシ基である事、さらに好ましくは4つの置換基が同一アルコキシ基である事である。
【0031】
その中でも特に4つの置換基が全てブトキシ基であるチタンテトラブトキシドが最も好ましい。またチタンアルコキシドは1種類もしくは数種類の混合で用いても良く、さらにアルコール溶媒中に四塩化チタンを混合してチタンアルコキシドを合成し、そのまま反応を行う事も可能である。
【0032】
O−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体は不純物の生成を防ぐ効果が高く重要な触媒である。
尚、本発明で用いるO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体とは、炭酸、硫酸、塩酸等の酸と、下記一般式(2)で示されるO−アルキルイソ尿素との塩のことである。
【0033】
【化4】
【0034】
(上記一般式(2)中R5で示される置換基はアルキル基であり、置換基R5を構成するアルキル基は置換基を有しない未置換アルキル基又は置換基を有する置換アルキル基からなる。)
本発明に用いられるO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体としては代表的なものとして、O−メチルイソ尿素誘導体、O−エチルイソ尿素誘導体がある。
【0035】
O−メチルイソ尿素誘導体としてはO−メチルイソ尿素硫酸塩、O−メチルイソ尿素炭酸塩、O−メチルイソ尿素塩酸塩が挙げられ、O−エチルイソ尿素誘導体としてはO−エチルイソ尿素硫酸塩、O−エチルイソ尿素炭酸塩、O−エチルイソ尿素塩酸塩等が挙げられる。
【0036】
反応条件により使用するO−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体の種類は異なるが、中でもO−メチルイソ尿素誘導体がコスト的に好ましい。
反応条件として加熱温度は、100℃以上でオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンの合成が始るため、100℃以上が好ましくさらに好ましくは130℃以上であるが、170℃以上では副反応が進行する為に好ましくない。
【0037】
反応時間は1時間以下では反応が完全に進行せず収率が悪く、10時間以上では副反応が進行し純度低下の恐れがあるために好ましくなく、2時間から5時間が製造コスト、純度の点から好ましい。
【0038】
また、各原料の混合割合は特に制限はないが、工業的に製造する為には、前記1価アルコールの容積はο−フタロジニトリル1gに対して0.25ml以上10ml以下の範囲が好ましく、前記チタンアルコキシドのmol数はο−フタロジニトリル1molに対して0.25mol以上1mol以下の範囲が好ましく、前記O−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体のmol数はο−フタロジニトリル1molに対して0.002mol以上1mol以下の範囲が好ましい。
【0039】
電子写真感光体感度をさらに向上させるためには前記O−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体のmol数をο−フタロジニトリル1molに対して0.02mol以上0.1mol以下の範囲とする事が好ましい。
【0040】
反応終了時はオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンをろ過する工程を必要とするが、ろ過する工程の前に、希釈液を添加すれば、反応液の粘度を下げたり結晶構造を制御することができる。
【0041】
希釈液としては、例えばメタノール、エタノール、n−プロパノール、i−プロパノール、ブタノール等のアルコール類、ペンタン、ヘキサン等の飽和脂肪族炭化水素、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素、ジメチルエーテル、ジエチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン等のエーテル類、クロロホルム、ジクロロメタン等の塩素系炭化水素、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類、ギ酸エチル、酢酸エチル等のエステル類、メチルアミン、エチルアミン、トリエチルアミン等のアミン類、ピリジン、N−メチルピロリドン、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド等の含窒素溶媒等の種々の有機溶媒を用いることができる。
【0042】
こられの有機溶媒は単体で希釈液を構成しても良く、2種類以上を混合して希釈液を構成しても。また、希釈液を添加する方法は、反応終了直後に添加する温時添加方法でも、反応液を冷却した後添加する冷時添加方法でも良い。
また不純物を析出させない為に、0℃以上でオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンをろ別する事が好ましく、さらに好ましくは50℃以上でろ別する事が望ましい。
ろ別したオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンが溶解しない洗浄液中に分散させて、表面に吸着した余分な不純物を洗浄液中に溶解させた後、洗浄液からオキシチタニウムフタロシアニンをろ別する懸濁洗浄を行えば、電荷発生材料を感光体に用いた場合の感度が高くなる。
【0043】
懸濁洗浄に用いる洗浄液としては、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、n−プロパノール、i−プロパノール、ブタノール等のアルコール類、ペンタン、ヘキサン等の飽和脂肪族炭化水素、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素、ジメチルエーテル、ジエチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン等のエーテル類、クロロホルム、ジクロロメタン等の塩素系炭化水素、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類、ギ酸エチル、酢酸エチル等のエステル類、メチルアミン、エチルアミン、トリエチルアミン等のアミン類、ピリジン、N−メチルピロリドン、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド等の含窒素溶媒等を用いる。これらは単独で用いても良く、2種類以上の溶剤を混合して良い。
【0044】
懸濁洗浄の温度条件としては、洗浄液を加熱して懸濁洗浄をしても良いし、室温の洗浄液で懸濁洗浄をしても良い。懸濁洗浄後にろ過し、さらに純度を上げるために懸濁洗浄を繰返しても良い。
このようにして得られた電荷発生材料を乾燥するには、室温で風乾しても良いが、時間を短縮する為に温風乾燥の方が好ましい。
【0045】
本発明の電子写真感光体は、上記した製造方法によって得られた電荷発生材料を含有する電子写真感光体である。本発明の電子写真感光体についてさらに詳細に記載する。
図1は本発明の電子写真感光体10の一形態を示すものである。電子写真感光体10は導電性支持体11と、導電性支持体11上に配置された感光層14とを有している。
【0046】
感光層14は導電性支持体11上に配置され、本発明の電荷発生材料を含有する電荷発生層12と、該電荷発生層12上に配置され、電荷移動材料を含有する電荷移動層13とを有している。
感光層14は、電荷発生層12と電荷移動層13の2層構造のものに限定されるものではなく、例えば、図2に示す電子写真感光体20のように、電荷発生材料と電荷移動材料の両方を含有する一層の感光層24が導電性支持体11上に形成されたものもある。
本発明の電子写真感光体は前記図1及び図2のいずれの形態にも適用できるものであり、さらに他の形態でも可能である。
【0047】
本発明の電子写真感光体10に用いられる導電性支持体11の材質としては、アルミニウム、真鍮、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、クロム、チタン、金、銀、銅、錫、白金、モリブデン、インジウム等の金属単体やその合金の加工体や、プラスチックからなる支持体上に上記金属や炭素等の導電性物質を蒸着、メッキ等の方法で処理して導電層を形成し、導電性を持たせたもの、導電性プラスチックやカーボンや金属などの導電剤を含有させたプラスチック、さらにガラスからなる支持体上に酸化錫、酸化インジウム、ヨウ化アルミニウムなどを被覆し、導電層を形成した導電性ガラス等、導電性を有する種々の材料を使用して導電性支持体11を構成することができる。また、導電性支持体11の形状は円筒状、円柱状、板状、フィルム状及びベルト状などが用いられるが、特に制限されない。
【0048】
また、導電性支持体11と感光層14との間に、接着機能、バリヤー機能、基体表面の欠陥被覆機能、干渉防止機能などを持つ下引き層を設けてもよい。
この下引き層を構成する材質としては、酸化アルミニウム、ポリエチレン樹脂、アクリル樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂、酢酸ビニル樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、アルキド樹脂、メラミン樹脂、ナイロン樹脂などを用いることができる。
【0049】
それらの下引き層は、単独の樹脂で構成しても、あるいは2種類以上の樹脂を混合して構成してもよい。また、樹脂中に金属酸化物やカーボンを分散させた下引き層を用いることができる。
下引き層を設ける場合の導電性支持体11は特に限定されるものではなく、上記したような種々のものを使用することができる。更に、特性改善のために下引き層に各種顔料、電子受容性物質や電子供与性物質等を含有させることもできる。
【0050】
電荷発生層12の形成方法としては、公知の方法等各種の方法を使用することができるが、電荷発生材料をバインダー樹脂とともに適当な溶媒により分散もしくは溶解して塗工液を作製し、該塗工液を、所定の下地となる導電性支持体11上に塗布し、乾燥させる方法を用いることができる。
また、本発明の電荷発生材料を含有する蒸着材料を用い、真空蒸着法により導電性支持体11上に電荷発生層12を形成することもできる。
【0051】
電荷移動層13は、少なくとも後述する電荷移動材料を有するものである。電荷移動層13は、例えば、その下地となる電荷発生層12上に電荷移動材料をバインダー樹脂を用いて結着することにより形成することができる。
図2に示すような1層構造の感光層24を形成する方法としては、公知の方法等各種の方法を使用することができるが、上述した電荷発生材料をバインダー樹脂とともに適当な溶媒により分散もしくは溶解し、更に後述する電荷移動材料を溶解して、電荷発生材料と電荷移動材料の両方を含有する塗工液を作製し、該塗工液を所定の下地となる導電性支持体11上に塗布し、乾燥させる方法を用いることができる。
【0052】
本発明の電子写真感光体には適切な光感度波長や増感作用を得るために、本発明の製造方法により得られた電荷発生材料の他に、異なる種類の電荷発生材料を感光層中に添加してもよい。
異なる種類の電荷発生材料としては、例えば異なった製造方法のオキシチタニウムフタロシアニン、特異な結晶型のオキシチタニウムフタロシアニン、無金属フタロシアニン、またはチタン以外の金属を構造中に有する金属フタロシアニン等のフタロシアニン類を用いることができる。
【0053】
それ以外にもモノアゾ顔料、ビスアゾ顔料、トリスアゾ顔料、ポリアゾ顔料、インジゴ顔料、スレン顔料、トルイジン顔料、ピラゾリン顔料、ペリレン顔料、キナクリドン顔料、ピリリウム塩等を用いることができる。これらは1種類単独で添加してもよく、2種類以上を添加してもよい。
【0054】
感光層14を形成するために用いることができるバインダー樹脂には、ポリカーボネート樹脂、スチレン樹脂、アクリル樹脂、スチレン−アクリル樹脂、エチレン−酢酸ビニル樹脂、ポリプロピレン樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂、塩素化ポリエーテル樹脂、塩化ビニル−酢酸ビニル樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、フラン樹脂、ニトリル樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、ポリアセタール樹脂、ポリメチルペンテン樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリアリレート樹脂、ジアリレート樹脂、ポリスルホン樹脂、ポリエーテルスルホン樹脂、ポリアリルスルホン樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、ケトン樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、ポリエーテル樹脂、フェノール樹脂、EVA(エチレン・酢酸ビニル・共重合体)樹脂、ACS(アクリロニトリル・塩素化ポリエチレン・スチレン)樹脂、ABS(アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン・スチレン)樹脂及びエポキシアリレート等がある。
これらの樹脂は単体で用いても、共重合体を用いてもよく、また、それらを2種以上混合して使用することも可能である。また、分子量の異なる樹脂を混合して用いれば、硬度や耐摩耗性を改善できて好ましい。
【0055】
塗布液に使用する溶剤には、メタノール、エタノール、n−プロパノール、i−プロパノール、ブタノール等のアルコール類、ペンタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタン、シクロヘキサン、シクロヘプタン等の飽和脂肪族炭化水素、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素、ジクロロメタン、ジクロロエタン、クロロホルム、クロロベンゼン等の塩素系炭化水素、ジメチルエーテル、ジエチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、メトキシエタノール、ジメトキシエタン、シオキソラン、ジオキサン、アニソール等のエーテル類、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン類、ギ酸エチル、ギ酸プロピル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、酢酸ブチル、プロピオン酸メチル等のエステル類、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド等がある。これらの溶媒は単独で用いても、2種類以上を混合して用いてもよい。
【0056】
本発明の電子写真感光体は、その感光層14、24中に、電荷移動材料を含有するものである。
電荷移動材料のうち、高分子のものとしては、ポリビニルカルバゾール、ハロゲン化ポリビニルカルバゾール、ポリビニルピレン、ポリビニルインドロキノキサリン、ポリビニルベンゾチオフェン、ポリビニルアントラセン、ポリビニルアクリジン、ポリビニルピラゾリン、ポリアセチレン、ポリチオフェン、ポリピロール、ポリフェニレン、ポリフェニレンビニレン、ポリイソチアナフテン、ポリアニリン、ポリジアセチレン、ポリヘプタジイエン、ポリピリジンジイル、ポリキノリン、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリフェロセニレン、ポリペリナフチレン、ポリフタロシアニン等を用いることができる。
【0057】
又、低分子のものとしては、トリニトロフルオレノン、テトラシアノエチレン、テトラシアノキノジメタン、キノン、ジフェノキノン、ナフトキノン、アントラキノン、イソオキサゾリリデン及びこれらの誘導体等、アントラセン、ピレン、フェナントレン等の多環芳香族化合物、インドール、カルバゾール、イミダゾール等の含窒素複素環化合物、フルオレノン、フルオレン、オキサジアゾール、オキサゾール、ピラゾリン、ヒドラゾン、トリフェニルメタン、トリフェニルアミン、エナミン、スチルベン、ブタジエン化合物等を使用することができる。
【0058】
さらに、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリメタクリル酸等の高分子化合物にLiイオン等の金属イオンをドープした高分子固体電解質等、テトラチアフルバレン−テトラシアノキノジメタンで代表される電子供与性化合物と電子受容性化合物で形成された有機電荷移動錯体等も用いることができる。
これらは1種だけ添加しても、2種以上の化合物を混合して添加しても所望の感光体特性を得ることができる。
【0059】
なお、本発明の感光体を製造するための塗工液には、電子写真感光体の特性を損なわない範囲で、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、ラジカル捕捉剤、軟化剤、硬化剤、架橋剤等を添加して、感光体の特性、耐久性、機械特性の向上を図ることができる。
さらに、分散安定剤、沈降防止剤、色分かれ防止剤、レベリング剤、消泡剤、増粘剤、艶消し剤等を添加すれば、感光体の仕上がり外観や、塗工液の寿命を改善できる。
【0060】
加えて、感光層14、24の上に、エポキシ樹脂、メラミン樹脂、ポリビニルホルマール樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、フッ素樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、シリコン樹脂等の樹脂からなる有機薄膜や、シランカップリング剤の加水分解物で形成されるシロキサン構造体から成る薄膜を成膜して表面保護層を設けてもよく、その場合には、感光体の耐久性が向上するので好ましい。この表面保護層は、耐久性向上以外の他の機能を向上させるために設けてもよい。
【0061】
【実施例】
以下に、本発明に係る電荷発生材料を製造する製造例を詳細に説明する。
<実施例1>
ο−フタロジニトリル20g(156.0mmol)とチタンテトラブトキサイド14.61g(42.9mmol)と塩基触媒としてO−メチルイソ尿素硫酸塩(OMIU)0.96g(7.8mmol)、反応溶媒としてトリエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル(MTG)20mlの混合物を150℃で5時間加熱攪拌した。
加熱終了後混合物を冷却し、希釈液であるメタノール10mlを加え60℃で温時濾過し、ろ過物をメタノール、アセトンの順にて洗浄し粗ケーキを得た。
【0062】
その後、粗ケーキに、洗浄液であるジメチルホルムアミド100mlを加えて100℃で30分加熱懸洗し、冷却後60℃で温時濾過を行い、メタノール、アセトンの順にて洗浄した。これを100℃で10時間乾燥し、青紫色のオキシチタニルフタロシアニンを主成分とする電荷発生材料を得た。
【0063】
<実施例2、3>
反応溶媒であるOMIUの添加量をそれぞれ0.37g(3.0mmol)、1.97g(16.0mmol)に変更した以外は実施例1と同じ条件でオキシチタニルフタロシアニンを主成分とする実施例2、3の電荷発生材料を得た。
【0064】
<実施例4>
MTGに代え、反応溶媒としてジエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル(MDG)を用いた以外は実施例1と同じ条件で電荷発生材料を製造した。
【0065】
<比較例1>
MTGに代え、反応溶媒としてn−オクタノールを用いた以外は実施例1と同じ条件で電荷発生材料を製造した。
【0066】
<比較例2>
OMIUに代え、反応触媒としてジアザビシクロウンデセン(DBU)1.18g(7.8mmol)を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてオキシチタニルフタロシアニンを主成分とする電荷発生材料を得た。
【0067】
<比較例3>
OMIUに代え反応触媒として尿素9.38g(156.0mmol)を用い、反応触媒としてn−オクタノールを用いて電荷発生材料を作製した。実施例1と同程度の電荷発生材料の収量を得ようとしたところ、反応触媒の添加量は156mmolと多量に必要であった。
【0068】
上記実施例1〜4、比較例1〜3で用いた触媒と反応溶媒の種類と、実際に用いた触媒の添加量(mmol)と、触媒の添加量をο−フタロジニトリル1mmol当たりの量に換算した値と、得られた電荷発生材料の収量とをそれぞれ下記表1に記載する。
【0069】
【表1】
【0070】
次に、本発明に係る電子写真感光体の実施例を詳細に説明する。
〔感光体〕
上記実施例1で製造された電荷発生材料3.0gをガラスビーズ50mlと共にペイントシェーカーで100時間乾式粉砕する。次に、1,1,2トリクロロエタン、塩化メチレンの1:1混合溶媒150mlにバインダー樹脂であるポリビニルブチラール樹脂3.0gを溶解させた溶液を加え、15時間湿式分散し、電荷発生層用の塗工液を得た。
【0071】
得られた塗工液を導電性支持体11であるアルミニウム製ドラム上に浸漬塗布し、乾燥して0.2μmの厚みの電荷発生層12を形成した。次いで、電荷移動材料でとして下記化学式(1)に示す化合物8重量部と、バインダー樹脂であるポリカーボネート10重量部と、溶媒であるテトラヒドロフラン100重量部から成る電荷移動層用の塗工液を調整し、この塗工液に電荷発生層12を形成したドラムを浸漬塗布し、80℃で1時間乾燥し、電荷発生層12表面に膜厚20μmの電荷移動層13を形成して実施例1の感光体(電子写真感光体10)を製造した。
【0072】
【化5】
【0073】
電荷発生材料をそれぞれ実施例2〜4、比較例1〜3で得られた電荷発生材料に変更した以外は実施例1の場合と同じ条件で実施例2〜4、比較例1〜3の感光体10を作製した。
これら7種類の感光体10を用いて、下記に示す「半減露光量」の測定を行った。
【0074】
〔半減露光量〕
コロナ放電電流が17μAとなるようにコロナ放電器を設定し、前記実施例1〜4、比較例1〜3の電子写真感光体10を気温25℃、湿度50%の暗所にてコロナ放電を行って負帯電させ、波長780nmの半導体レーザーで露光し、各電子写真感光体の表面電位が−700Vから−350Vに半減する露光量(半減露光量:μJ/cm2)を測定した。この半減露光量は、電子写真感光体の感度を示す値であり、その値が小さい程感度が高い。半減露光量の測定結果を上記表1に記載した。
【0075】
上記表1から明らかなように、実施例1〜4では半減露光量の値が充分に低くなっており、ο−フタロジニトリル1mmolに対するO−メチルイソ尿素誘導体の添加量が0.02mmol以上0.10mmol以下であれば、実用上充分に感度の高い感光体が得られることがわかる。
【0076】
他方、構造中にエーテル結合を有しないn−オクタノールや、O−メチルイソ尿素誘導体以外の触媒を用いた比較例1〜3は半減露光量が大きく、高感度を要求される感光体には使用できないことがわかる。
比較例3で半減露光量が大きくなってしまった理由は、触媒である尿素の添加量が156mmolと多量に必要であり、懸濁洗浄だけでは不純物として残留する触媒を除去できなかったためと思われる。
【0077】
比較例3のように尿素を多量に用いた場合、特開平6−293769号公報に記載されるように、実施例1と同様の懸濁洗浄を行った後、電荷発生材料を硫酸に溶解させ、再結晶させる酸溶解洗浄(アシッドペースト工程)を行えば尿素を除去できるが、工程がより煩雑になるため製造コストが高くなる。
【0078】
【発明の効果】
以上のように、本発明の電荷発生材料製造方法では、反応溶媒に高沸点溶媒を用いることがなく、合成工程も1工程で済む上、収率も高い。また、O−アルキルイソ尿素誘導体を触媒として用いると、無金属フタロシアニンの副生量が少ない上、触媒の添加量が少なくてすむため、合成終了後は有機溶媒を用いた懸濁洗浄だけで不純物を除去することが可能であり、アシッドペースト法のように煩雑な洗浄工程を必要としない。このように、本発明によれば、オキシチタニウムフタロシアニンを主成分とする電荷発生材料を高純度で低コスト、高収率で製造することができ、その方法で製造された電荷発生材料を用いた電子写真感光体は感度が優れたものである。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の電子写真感光体の一例を説明する断面図
【図2】本発明の電子写真感光体の他の例を説明する断面図
【符号の説明】
10、20……電子写真感光体
14、24……感光層
12……電荷発生層
13……電荷移動層[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of electrophotographic photoreceptors, and more particularly to a technique for producing a charge generating material used for an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
[0002]
[Prior art]
An electrophotographic apparatus such as a copying machine or a laser printer is provided with a photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer. In recent years, a photosensitive member having high sensitivity and low cost has been demanded. In order to produce a high-sensitivity and low-cost photoreceptor, it is necessary to increase the sensitivity and cost of the charge generation material that is a raw material. In recent years, oxytitanium phthalocyanine has been widely used as a charge generation material.
[0003]
As a method for producing the oxytitanium phthalocyanine, there is a general method in which dichlorotitanium phthalocyanine formed by reacting ο-phthalodinitrile with titanium tetrachloride in an inert solvent is taken out once and hydrolyzed to obtain oxytitanium phthalocyanine. Known.
[0004]
As the inert solvent at this time, a high boiling point inert solvent such as quinoline or mono-substituted naphthalene is used. However, these solvents have carcinogenicity and mutagenicity and are problematic for industrial use.
[0005]
When the reaction is performed using titanium tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride gas is generated. This hydrogen chloride gas not only chlorinates oxytitanium phthalocyanine, which is the main component of the charge generating material, but also adversely affects the working environment and the photoreceptor characteristics of the electrophotographic photoreceptor.
[0006]
In addition, these methods require two steps to produce oxytitanium phthalocyanine: a synthesis step of dichlorotitanium phthalocyanine and a hydrolysis step thereof, and further purification for removing impurities in each step is required, resulting in high production costs. .
[0007]
Japanese Patent Publication No. 2907348 discloses a method using titanium tetraalkoxide instead of titanium tetrachloride in order to suppress generation of hydrogen chloride, purification of impurities, and the like. With this method, hydrogen chloride is not generated, and oxytitanium phthalocyanine can be produced in one step. At first glance, it seems to have solved the problems so far.
[0008]
However, in the above method, metal-free phthalocyanine is produced at the time of producing oxytitanium phthalocyanine, and the photoreceptor characteristics are deteriorated. Furthermore, the raw material is not ο-phthalodinitrile, but an expensive raw material such as 1,3-diiminoisoindoline and a toxic high-boiling solvent such as quinoline and 1-chloronaphthalene must be used. The problem has not been solved.
[0009]
In order to improve these problems, JP-A-6-293769 discloses a method for producing oxytitanium phthalocyanine using phthalodinitrile, titanium tetraalkoxide, urea, thiourea and ammonia as raw materials. This method prevents the formation of metal-free phthalocyanine, but the sensitivity is not improved when used as a charge generation material for an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
[0010]
For this reason, when used for a high-sensitivity photoreceptor, a so-called acid paste process for removing impurities by dissolving the produced oxytitanium phthalocyanine in an acid such as sulfuric acid is required, which complicates the process and reduces the production cost. There is a problem that it takes, and the problem has not been solved yet.
[0011]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made to solve such problems of the prior art, and a method for producing a charge generation material mainly composed of oxytitanium phthalocyanine with high purity, low cost and high yield, and its charge An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent sensitivity using a generating material.
[0012]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of various studies conducted by the present inventors in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, in the synthesis of oxytitanium phthalocyanine, first, as shown in the following reaction formula (1), reaction of alcohol (ROH) with a catalyst results in reaction formula (1 After the alkoxide anion shown in the right formula of) is generated, the alkoxide anion generated as shown in the following reaction formula (2) attacks the phthalodinitrile shown in the left formula of the reaction formula (2), and the reaction formula ( It was thought that oxytitanium phthalocyanine represented by the right formula of 2) was generated.
[0013]
[Chemical 2]
[0014]
In the synthesis of oxytitanium phthalocyanine, the stability and aggression of the alkoxide anion generated in the reaction of the above reaction formula (2) varies depending on the length of the substituent of the alcohol used in the reaction formula (1). We conducted an experimental study to improve the reactivity.
[0015]
As a result, it was found that a substance having an ether bond in the molecule and a monohydric alcohol was necessary to improve the reactivity.
[0016]
However, as a result of studying a method for synthesizing a further high-purity oxytitanium phthalocyanine, oxytitanium phthalocyanine was synthesized by using a monohydric alcohol having an ether bond as a reaction solvent and using an O-alkylisourea derivative as a catalyst. It was found that high-purity oxytitanium phthalocyanine can be synthesized more efficiently by suppressing the amount of metal-free phthalocyanine by-produced during the synthesis of phthalocyanine and reducing the amount of metal-free phthalocyanine.
[0017]
Further, since the amount of the O-alkylisourea derivative to be used can be reduced by further investigation, the O-alkylisourea derivative, which is a catalyst after the reaction, does not remain in the oxytitanium phthalocyanine and is highly purified oxytitanium. Phthalocyanine can be produced.
[0018]
The present invention has been made on the basis of such knowledge, and the invention according to claim 1 is a method for producing a charge generation material mainly composed of oxytitanium phthalocyanine, comprising o-phthalodinitrile and the following general formula ( A titanium alkoxide shown in 1), 0.02 mmol or more and 0.10 mmol or less with respect to 1 mmol of the o-phthalodinitrile. A method for producing a charge generating material, comprising heating an O-alkylisourea derivative in a monohydric alcohol having at least one ether bond at a heating temperature of 100 ° C. or higher.
[0019]
[Chemical 3]
[0020]
(In the above general formula (1), the substituent R 1 ~ R Four Are each a substituent of either an alkoxy group or a halogen group. Substituent R 1 ~ R Four At least two of the substituents are alkoxy groups. )
The invention according to claim 2 is the method for producing a charge generating material according to claim 1, wherein the titanium alkoxide is titanium tetrabutoxide.
Invention of Claim 3 is a manufacturing method of the charge generation material of any one of Claim 1 or Claim 2, Comprising: The said O-alkylisourea derivative is O-methylisourea salt, It is characterized by the above-mentioned. This is a method for producing a charge generating material.
The invention according to claim 4 is an electrophotographic photosensitive member containing a charge generation material and a charge transfer material, wherein the charge generation material is a manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 3. An electrophotographic photosensitive member manufactured by the method described above.
[0021]
In addition, the substituent R of the above general formula (1) 1 ~ R Four Is an unsubstituted alkoxy group having no substituent in the structure, or a substituted alkoxy group having a substituent in the structure.
[0022]
The present invention is configured as described above, and the O-alkylisourea derivative, which is a reaction catalyst, has high reactivity, and oxytitanium phthalocyanine can be synthesized with a smaller amount of addition than other catalysts such as urea.
[0023]
If the amount of catalyst added is not too small, the amount of catalyst remaining as an impurity in the charge generation material will be reduced, so even if there is no complicated washing step like the acid paste treatment, only a suspension washing step using an organic solvent will be required. The catalyst which is an impurity can be sufficiently removed.
[0024]
As will be described later, in the present invention, if the amount of addition of the O-alkylisourea derivative as a catalyst is 0.02 mmol or more and 0.10 mmol or less with respect to 1 mmol of o-phthalodinitrile, it can be used for a highly sensitive photoreceptor. A charge generating material is obtained.
[0025]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method for producing a charge generating material according to the present invention comprises: o-phthalodinitrile and a titanium alkoxide represented by the general formula (1) as a reaction solvent, a monohydric alcohol having at least one ether bond, and a catalyst. It is the method of heating at 100 degreeC or more with the O-alkylisourea derivative which is. The production method of the present invention will be described in further detail.
[0026]
The order of addition of the raw materials in the present invention is not particularly limited. Usually, the monohydric alcohol having at least one ether bond, o-phthalodinitrile, O-alkylisourea derivative, and titanium alkoxide are put into the reaction vessel in this order and then heated. Start stirring.
[0027]
Examples of the monohydric alcohol include ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. , Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monopropyl ether, tripropylene group Glycol monomethyl ether, tripropylene glycol monoethyl ether, raised tripropylene glycol monopropyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether is particularly preferred.
[0028]
Further, monohydric alcohols having a carbon number in the range of 3 to 20 and an ether bond number in the range of 1 to 10 are more preferable. Moreover, the said monohydric alcohol can also be used 1 type or in mixture of 2 or more types.
[0029]
As the titanium alkoxide, a substituent of titanium alkoxide (R 1 ~ R Four ) Among the four types of substituents that can be substituted), methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, butoxy, pentaoxy, hexaoxy, octaoxy, t-butoxy, i-propyloxy, etc. The substituted alkoxy group includes an alkoxy group containing an ether bond such as a methoxymethyl ether group and a methoxyethyl ether group, and the halogen includes chlorine, bromine, iodine and the like.
[0030]
At least four substituents of titanium alkoxide (R 1 ~ R Four ), Two or more substituents are alkoxy groups, preferably all four substituents are alkoxy groups, and more preferably, the four substituents are the same alkoxy group.
[0031]
Of these, titanium tetrabutoxide, in which all four substituents are butoxy groups, is most preferred. The titanium alkoxide may be used alone or as a mixture of several kinds. Further, titanium tetrachloride can be mixed in an alcohol solvent to synthesize titanium alkoxide, and the reaction can be carried out as it is.
[0032]
O-alkylisourea derivatives are important catalysts that are highly effective in preventing the formation of impurities.
The O-alkylisourea derivative used in the present invention is a salt of an acid such as carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and the like and an O-alkylisourea represented by the following general formula (2).
[0033]
[Formula 4]
[0034]
(R in the above general formula (2) Five The substituent represented by is an alkyl group and the substituent R Five The alkyl group constituting is composed of an unsubstituted alkyl group having no substituent or a substituted alkyl group having a substituent. )
Representative examples of O-alkylisourea derivatives used in the present invention include O-methylisourea derivatives and O-ethylisourea derivatives.
[0035]
Examples of the O-methylisourea derivative include O-methylisourea sulfate, O-methylisourea carbonate, and O-methylisourea hydrochloride. Examples of the O-ethylisourea derivative include O-ethylisourea sulfate and O-ethylisourea carbonate. Salt, O-ethylisourea hydrochloride and the like.
[0036]
Although the kind of O-alkylisourea derivative to be used varies depending on the reaction conditions, among them, the O-methylisourea derivative is preferable in terms of cost.
As the reaction conditions, the heating temperature is 100 ° C. or higher, and the synthesis of oxytitanium phthalocyanine starts. Therefore, the heating temperature is preferably 100 ° C. or higher, and more preferably 130 ° C. or higher.
[0037]
If the reaction time is 1 hour or less, the reaction does not proceed completely and the yield is poor. If the reaction time is 10 hours or more, side reactions may occur and the purity may be lowered. It is preferable from the point.
[0038]
Further, the mixing ratio of each raw material is not particularly limited, but for industrial production, the volume of the monohydric alcohol is preferably in the range of 0.25 ml to 10 ml with respect to 1 g of o-phthalodinitrile, The number of moles of the titanium alkoxide is preferably in the range of 0.25 mol to 1 mol with respect to 1 mol of o-phthalodinitrile, and the number of mols of the O-alkylisourea derivative is 0.002 mol or more with respect to 1 mol of o-phthalodinitrile. A range of 1 mol or less is preferred.
[0039]
In order to further improve the sensitivity of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the number of moles of the O-alkylisourea derivative is preferably in the range of 0.02 mol or more and 0.1 mol or less with respect to 1 mol of o-phthalodinitrile.
[0040]
At the end of the reaction, a step of filtering oxytitanium phthalocyanine is required, but if a diluent is added before the step of filtering, the viscosity of the reaction solution can be lowered or the crystal structure can be controlled.
[0041]
Examples of the diluent include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol and butanol, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane and hexane, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, Ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform and dichloromethane, ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, esters such as ethyl formate and ethyl acetate, amines such as methylamine, ethylamine and triethylamine, pyridine, N-methyl Various organic solvents such as nitrogen-containing solvents such as pyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide can be used.
[0042]
These organic solvents may constitute a diluting solution alone, or may be a diluting solution by mixing two or more kinds. Further, the method for adding the diluent may be a warm addition method that is added immediately after completion of the reaction or a cold addition method that is added after the reaction solution is cooled.
In order not to precipitate impurities, oxytitanium phthalocyanine is preferably filtered at 0 ° C. or higher, more preferably 50 ° C. or higher.
Disperse the filtered oxytitanium phthalocyanine in a cleaning solution in which oxytitanium phthalocyanine does not dissolve, dissolve excess impurities adsorbed on the surface in the cleaning solution, and then perform suspension cleaning to separate oxytitanium phthalocyanine from the cleaning solution. If it carries out, the sensitivity at the time of using a charge generation material for a photoreceptor will become high.
[0043]
Examples of the washing liquid used for suspension washing include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, and butanol, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane and hexane, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene, Ethers such as dimethyl ether, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform and dichloromethane; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; esters such as ethyl formate and ethyl acetate; amines such as methylamine, ethylamine and triethylamine; Nitrogen-containing solvents such as pyridine, N-methylpyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide are used. These may be used alone, or two or more kinds of solvents may be mixed.
[0044]
As temperature conditions for suspension cleaning, suspension cleaning may be performed by heating the cleaning solution, or suspension cleaning may be performed with a cleaning solution at room temperature. The suspension washing may be repeated after the suspension washing to further increase the purity.
In order to dry the charge generation material thus obtained, it may be air-dried at room temperature, but warm-air drying is preferred in order to shorten the time.
[0045]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member containing a charge generating material obtained by the above-described manufacturing method. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention will be described in further detail.
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the
[0046]
The
The
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention can be applied to any of the forms shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and other forms are also possible.
[0047]
Examples of the material of the
[0048]
Further, an undercoat layer having an adhesive function, a barrier function, a substrate surface defect covering function, an interference preventing function, and the like may be provided between the
As the material constituting this undercoat layer, aluminum oxide, polyethylene resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, polyurethane resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, alkyd resin, Melamine resin, nylon resin, etc. can be used.
[0049]
These undercoat layers may be composed of a single resin or a mixture of two or more resins. Further, an undercoat layer in which a metal oxide or carbon is dispersed in a resin can be used.
The
[0050]
Various methods such as a known method can be used as the method for forming the
Alternatively, the
[0051]
The
As a method for forming the
[0052]
In order to obtain an appropriate photosensitivity wavelength and sensitizing action for the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, in addition to the charge generating material obtained by the production method of the present invention, different types of charge generating materials are contained in the photosensitive layer. It may be added.
As the different types of charge generation materials, for example, oxytitanium phthalocyanine of different manufacturing methods, oxytitanium phthalocyanine having a specific crystal type, metal-free phthalocyanine, or metal phthalocyanine having a metal other than titanium in its structure is used. be able to.
[0053]
In addition, monoazo pigments, bisazo pigments, trisazo pigments, polyazo pigments, indigo pigments, selenium pigments, toluidine pigments, pyrazoline pigments, perylene pigments, quinacridone pigments, pyrylium salts, and the like can be used. These may be added alone or in combination of two or more.
[0054]
Binder resins that can be used to form the
These resins may be used alone or as a copolymer, or two or more of them may be used in combination. Further, it is preferable to use a mixture of resins having different molecular weights because the hardness and wear resistance can be improved.
[0055]
Solvents used in the coating solution include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol and butanol, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane and cycloheptane, toluene and xylene. Aromatic hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, chlorobenzene, ethers such as dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), methoxyethanol, dimethoxyethane, sioxolane, dioxane, anisole, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone Ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone, ethyl formate, propyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, etc. Ethers, N, N- dimethylformamide, there are dimethyl sulfoxide and the like. These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
[0056]
The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention contains a charge transfer material in the
Among the charge transfer materials, polymers include polyvinyl carbazole, halogenated polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl pyrene, polyvinyl indoloquinoxaline, polyvinyl benzothiophene, polyvinyl anthracene, polyvinyl acridine, polyvinyl pyrazoline, polyacetylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene. Polyphenylene vinylene, polyisothianaphthene, polyaniline, polydiacetylene, polyheptadiene, polypyridinediyl, polyquinoline, polyphenylene sulfide, polyferrocenylene, polyperinaphthylene, polyphthalocyanine and the like can be used.
[0057]
In addition, as low-molecular-weight ones, trinitrofluorenone, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, quinone, diphenoquinone, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone, isoxazolidylene and derivatives thereof, polycyclic rings such as anthracene, pyrene, phenanthrene, etc. Use aromatic compounds, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds such as indole, carbazole, imidazole, fluorenone, fluorene, oxadiazole, oxazole, pyrazoline, hydrazone, triphenylmethane, triphenylamine, enamine, stilbene, butadiene compounds, etc. Can do.
[0058]
Furthermore, electron donations represented by tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane, such as polymer solid electrolytes in which metal ions such as Li ions are doped into polymer compounds such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile and polymethacrylic acid An organic charge transfer complex formed of a conductive compound and an electron accepting compound can also be used.
Even if only one of these is added or two or more compounds are mixed and added, desired photoreceptor characteristics can be obtained.
[0059]
The coating liquid for producing the photoreceptor of the present invention includes an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, a radical scavenger, a softener, a curing agent, and a crosslinking agent as long as the characteristics of the electrophotographic photoreceptor are not impaired. Etc. can be added to improve the characteristics, durability and mechanical properties of the photoreceptor.
Furthermore, the addition of dispersion stabilizers, anti-settling agents, color separation inhibitors, leveling agents, antifoaming agents, thickeners, matting agents, etc. can improve the finished appearance of the photoreceptor and the life of the coating solution. .
[0060]
In addition, an organic thin film composed of a resin such as an epoxy resin, a melamine resin, a polyvinyl formal resin, a polycarbonate resin, a fluorine resin, a polyurethane resin, or a silicon resin on the
[0061]
【Example】
Below, the manufacture example which manufactures the electric charge generation material which concerns on this invention is demonstrated in detail.
<Example 1>
o-phthalodinitrile 20 g (156.0 mmol), titanium tetrabutoxide 14.61 g (42.9 mmol), O-methylisourea sulfate (OMIU) 0.96 g (7.8 mmol) as a base catalyst, A mixture of 20 ml of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (MTG) was heated and stirred at 150 ° C. for 5 hours.
After the heating, the mixture was cooled, 10 ml of methanol as a diluent was added, and filtered while warm at 60 ° C. The filtrate was washed with methanol and acetone in this order to obtain a crude cake.
[0062]
Thereafter, 100 ml of dimethylformamide, which is a washing solution, was added to the crude cake, followed by heating and washing at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes. After cooling, the mixture was filtered at 60 ° C. while washing with methanol and acetone in this order. This was dried at 100 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain a charge generating material mainly composed of blue-violet oxytitanyl phthalocyanine.
[0063]
<Examples 2 and 3>
Example 2 containing oxytitanyl phthalocyanine as a main component under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the amount of addition of OMIU as a reaction solvent was changed to 0.37 g (3.0 mmol) and 1.97 g (16.0 mmol), respectively. Three charge generating materials were obtained.
[0064]
<Example 4>
A charge generating material was produced under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (MDG) was used as a reaction solvent instead of MTG.
[0065]
<Comparative Example 1>
A charge generation material was produced under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that n-octanol was used as a reaction solvent instead of MTG.
[0066]
<Comparative example 2>
A charge generation material containing oxytitanyl phthalocyanine as a main component was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 1.18 g (7.8 mmol) of diazabicycloundecene (DBU) was used as a reaction catalyst instead of OMIU.
[0067]
<Comparative Example 3>
A charge generation material was prepared using 9.38 g (156.0 mmol) of urea as a reaction catalyst instead of OMUI and n-octanol as a reaction catalyst. When an attempt was made to obtain a yield of charge generation material similar to that in Example 1, the addition amount of the reaction catalyst was as large as 156 mmol.
[0068]
The types of catalyst and reaction solvent used in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the added amount of catalyst actually used (mmol), and the added amount of catalyst per 1 mmol of o-phthalodinitrile. Table 1 below shows the values converted to, and the yield of the resulting charge generating material.
[0069]
[Table 1]
[0070]
Next, examples of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention will be described in detail.
[Photoreceptor]
3.0 g of the charge generating material produced in Example 1 above is dry-pulverized with a glass shaker of 50 ml in a paint shaker for 100 hours. Next, a solution in which 3.0 g of polyvinyl butyral resin as a binder resin is dissolved in 150 ml of a 1: 1 mixed solvent of 1,1,2 trichloroethane and methylene chloride is added and wet-dispersed for 15 hours to form a coating for the charge generation layer. A working solution was obtained.
[0071]
The obtained coating solution was dip-coated on an aluminum drum as the
[0072]
[Chemical formula 5]
[0073]
Photosensitivity of Examples 2-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3 under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that the charge generation material was changed to the charge generation materials obtained in Examples 2-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3, respectively. A
Using these seven types of
[0074]
[Half exposure amount]
The corona discharger was set so that the corona discharge current was 17 μA, and the
[0075]
As apparent from Table 1 above, in Examples 1 to 4, the half-exposure value was sufficiently low, and the amount of O-methylisourea derivative added relative to 1 mmol of o-phthalodinitrile was 0.02 mmol or more and 0.0. It can be seen that when the amount is 10 mmol or less, a sufficiently sensitive photoreceptor can be obtained practically.
[0076]
On the other hand, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 using a catalyst other than n-octanol or an O-methylisourea derivative having no ether bond in the structure have a large half-exposure amount and cannot be used for a photoreceptor requiring high sensitivity. I understand that.
The reason why the half-exposure amount has increased in Comparative Example 3 seems to be that the amount of urea added as a catalyst is as large as 156 mmol, and the catalyst remaining as an impurity could not be removed by suspension washing alone. .
[0077]
When a large amount of urea is used as in Comparative Example 3, as described in JP-A-6-293769, after suspension washing as in Example 1, the charge generation material is dissolved in sulfuric acid. In addition, urea can be removed by performing acid-dissolving cleaning (acid paste process) for recrystallization, but the process becomes more complicated and the manufacturing cost increases.
[0078]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, in the method for producing a charge generating material of the present invention, a high boiling point solvent is not used as a reaction solvent, the synthesis process is completed in one process, and the yield is high. In addition, when an O-alkylisourea derivative is used as a catalyst, the amount of metal-free phthalocyanine by-product is small and the amount of catalyst added can be small. Therefore, after the synthesis is completed, impurities can be removed only by suspension washing using an organic solvent. It can be removed and does not require a complicated cleaning step as in the acid paste method. As described above, according to the present invention, the charge generation material mainly composed of oxytitanium phthalocyanine can be manufactured with high purity, low cost, and high yield, and the charge generation material manufactured by the method is used. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has excellent sensitivity.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
10, 20 ... Electrophotographic photoreceptor
14, 24 …… Photosensitive layer
12 ... Charge generation layer
13. Charge transfer layer
Claims (4)
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| EP1788037B1 (en) * | 2005-11-16 | 2013-01-02 | Kyocera Mita Corporation | Titanylphthalocyanin crystal, method for preparing the same, and electrophotographic photoreceptor |
| WO2021121647A1 (en) | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-24 | Ramirez Rios Liliana Patricia | Metal complexes of macrocycles and/or isoprenoids and/or linear tetrapyrroles by mechanochemistry (grinding or milling), preparation method thereof, sunscreen/concealer/uv absorber thereof, self-assembled coating material thereof, superamphiphilic material or surfaces thereof, hair dyeing thereof and other uses thereof |
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