JP4152012B2 - Method for producing dicyanomethylene compound, method for producing electron transfer agent - Google Patents
Method for producing dicyanomethylene compound, method for producing electron transfer agent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4152012B2 JP4152012B2 JP10355498A JP10355498A JP4152012B2 JP 4152012 B2 JP4152012 B2 JP 4152012B2 JP 10355498 A JP10355498 A JP 10355498A JP 10355498 A JP10355498 A JP 10355498A JP 4152012 B2 JP4152012 B2 JP 4152012B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- producing
- dicyanomethylene
- resin
- base
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- -1 dicyanomethylene compound Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 65
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 239000012992 electron transfer agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 14
- OISVCGZHLKNMSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dimethylpyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C)=N1 OISVCGZHLKNMSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-benzoquinone Natural products O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N malononitrile Chemical compound N#CCC#N CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930192627 Naphthoquinone Natural products 0.000 claims description 5
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 38
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 37
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 37
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 16
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine Chemical compound C1CCCCN2CCCN=C21 GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 8
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 4
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 4
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 4
- FKNIDKXOANSRCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4-trinitrofluoren-1-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C([N+](=O)[O-])C([N+]([O-])=O)=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(=O)C3=CC2=C1 FKNIDKXOANSRCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazoline Chemical compound C1CN=NC1 DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- USBVRZQSXYXEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3,5-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)propanedinitrile Chemical compound CC1=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C(C)=C(C)C1=O USBVRZQSXYXEHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DDTHMESPCBONDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one Chemical compound C1=CC(=O)C=CC1=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 DDTHMESPCBONDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cycloheptane Chemical compound C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002791 naphthoquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013076 target substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoethylene Chemical group N#CC(C#N)=C(C#N)C#N NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004057 1,4-benzoquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SGUVLZREKBPKCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-5-ene Chemical compound C1CCN=C2CCCN21 SGUVLZREKBPKCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- QIXDHVDGPXBRRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,5-trimethylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)C(C)=C(C)C1=O QIXDHVDGPXBRRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NXOVZLREWXNIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7h-pyrazino[2,3-c]carbazole Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=C3C4=CC=CC=C4NC3=CC=C21 NXOVZLREWXNIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043232 butyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HGAZMNJKRQFZKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroethene;ethenyl acetate Chemical compound ClC=C.CC(=O)OC=C HGAZMNJKRQFZKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006026 co-polymeric resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000664 diazo group Chemical group [N-]=[N+]=[*] 0.000 description 1
- PQZTVWVYCLIIJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl(propyl)amine Chemical compound CCCN(CC)CC PQZTVWVYCLIIJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002081 enamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940093499 ethyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQWCDOCJODRMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoren-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 YLQWCDOCJODRMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C[CH]C=CC3=CC2=C1 RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007849 furan resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007857 hydrazones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940097275 indigo Drugs 0.000 description 1
- COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indigo powder Natural products N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1=C1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1 COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006224 matting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NYGZLYXAPMMJTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M metanil yellow Chemical group [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC(N=NC=2C=CC(NC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)=C1 NYGZLYXAPMMJTE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004219 molecular orbital method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- DAZXVJBJRMWXJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylethylamine Chemical compound CCN(C)C DAZXVJBJRMWXJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZZVMEUAUWHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(C)C ZUHZZVMEUAUWHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNVRJGIVDSQCOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethyl-n-methylethanamine Chemical compound CCN(C)CC GNVRJGIVDSQCOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMBYUOXUISCLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethyl-n-methylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(C)CC SMBYUOXUISCLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036211 photosensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000834 poly(ferrocenylene) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000015 polydiacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920013716 polyethylene resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000306 polymethylpentene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011116 polymethylpentene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- WVIICGIFSIBFOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrylium Chemical class C1=CC=[O+]C=C1 WVIICGIFSIBFOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004053 quinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004151 quinonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920005792 styrene-acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004992 toluidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006097 ultraviolet radiation absorber Substances 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Landscapes
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、キノン系化合物の縮合反応にかかり、特に、電子移動剤に好適なモノキノン構造のジシアノメチレン化合物の製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
複写機やレーザープリンター等の電子写真機器の普及当初は、感光体の感光層は、セレン、セレン−テルル、セレン−砒素、アモルファスシリコン等の無機感光層で構成されていたが、近年では、低価格で環境汚染の少ない有機感光層が主流になりつつある。
【0003】
一般に、有機感光層を構造で分類した場合、単層分散型の感光層と機能分離型の感光層とに大別できる。
【0004】
単層分散型の感光層は、電荷移動剤の媒体中に電荷発生剤を分散させた単層膜から成り、その単層膜一層で電荷発生機能と電荷移動機能の両方の機能を持たせている。
【0005】
他方、機能分離型感光層は、電荷発生層(CGL)と電荷移動層(CTL)とが積層された多層膜で構成されており、電荷発生層に電荷を発生させる機能を持たせ、電荷移動層に発生した電荷を移動させる機能を持たせている。
【0006】
現在では両方の型の感光層が実用化されているが、いずれの型の感光層の場合も、感度を向上させるために、高移動度の電荷移動剤の開発が待たれている。
【0007】
また、有機感光層を帯電型で分類した場合、正帯電型感光層と負帯電型感光層の2種類に大別できるが、現在知られている電荷移動剤のうちで、移動度が高く、実用的なものはホール移動性のものがほとんどであるため、市販されている電子写真機器の感光層は負帯電型が主流である。
【0008】
ところが、その負帯電型の感光層を帯電させるために、コロナ放電現象を利用すると、コロナ放電に伴って多量のオゾンが発生し、電子写真機器を使用している室内の環境が汚染されたり、電子写真感光体の劣化が早まる等、種々の不都合が生じている。
【0009】
このような負帯電の際の不都合は、従来技術の電子写真機器でも対策が試みられており、オゾン捕捉フィルターの付加や、オゾンを発生させない特殊な帯電方式の採用等が検討されている。
【0010】
しかし、上記対策では、装置が大型化したり、電子写真プロセスが複雑になる等、新たな問題が生じてしまい、根本的な解決には到っていない。
【0011】
このような状況を打開するために、最近の市場ではオゾン発生の少ない正帯電型の感光体が要求されており、正帯電型感光層に使用できる高移動度の電子移動剤が必要となっている。
【0012】
そのため、電子移動剤の開発には、従来よりも精力的な研究が行われており、現在のところ、使用可能な電子移動剤として、トリニトロフルオレノン(TNF)、テトラシアノエチレン、テトラシアノキノジメタン(TCNQ)、キノン、ジフェノキノン、ナフトキノン、アントラキノン及びこれらの誘導体等が見出されている。
【0013】
しかしながら、上記電子移動剤は、特性が不十分であり、未だ実用になるものは得られておらず、一層の研究が望まれている。
【0014】
そこで、電子移動時の分子構造の変化を分子軌道法により検討した結果、モノキノン構造を有するジシアノメチレン化合物(一般に、芳香族化合物の2個又は4個の[−CH=]が[−CO−]に換えられた構造をキノン構造と称し、ここでは、1個の[−CH=]が[−CO−]に換えられた構造をモノキノン構造と称する。)において特異的な分子振動が観察され、そのジシアノメチレン化合物を用いて有機感光層を形成した場合、高感度で低残留電位の電子写真感光体が得られることを見出した。
【0015】
しかしながら従来知られている合成反応では、原料から目的のジシアノメチレン化合物を合成する際の反応時間が非常に長く、逆に、反応時間を短縮しようとすると収率が悪くなるため、工業化に耐え得るものではなかった。
【0016】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、このような従来技術の課題を解決するためになされたものであり、モノキノン構造のジシアノメチレン化合物を効率よく得られる技術を提供することにある。
【0017】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は、前記課題を解決すべく検討を重ね、モノキノン構造を有するジシアノメチレン化合物の効率的な合成例を調査したが、求める反応は見あたらなかった。そこで合成反応に用いる物質を種々のものに換えて実験を行ったところ、従来技術の場合に反応速度が遅い原因が、塩基として用いられているピリジンの塩基の強度に存在することが分かった。
【0018】
そして、種々の塩基のうち反応が速いものは、2,6−ジメチルピリジンよりも大きな解離定数(水溶液中の塩基解離定数を解離定数と称す)を有していることを見出した。
【0019】
本発明は上記知見に基いて創作されたものであり、請求項1記載の発明は、キノン系化合物とマロノニトリルCH2(CN)2とをルイス酸と塩基を用いて反応させ、モノキノン構造のジシアノメチレン化合物を得るジシアノメチレン化合物の製造方法であって、前記塩基に、解離定数が、2,6−ジメチルピリジンの解離定数よりも大きいものを含有させることを特徴とする。
【0020】
その場合、前記キノン系化合物としては、請求項2記載の発明のように、ベンゾキノン化合物、ナフトキノン化合物、アントラキノン化合物から成る群から、少なくとも一種類以上の化合物を選択することができる。
【0021】
2,6−ジメチルピリジンの解離定数は、7.9×10-8であるから、前記塩基については、請求項3記載の発明のように、その値を超えるものを含有させるとよい。
【0022】
そのような塩基には、3級アミンや環式アミンが存在するから、請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項記載の発明の場合、請求項4記載の発明のように、前記塩基に3級アミンを含有させたり、請求項5記載の発明のように、環式アミンを含有させることができる。
【0023】
現在のところ、2,6−ジメチルピリジンを超え、且つ2,6−ジメチルピリジンに最も近い解離定数については、5.2×10-4の塩基について実験が終了しており、解離定数がそれ以上の値の塩基については、反応速度を早める効果が認められている。従って、請求項6記載の発明のように、前記塩基の解離定数は、5.2×10-4以上の値のものであることが望ましい。
【0024】
以上説明した請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか1項記載のジシアノメチレン化合物の製造方法については、反応速度が速く、原料が急速に消失する一方で、目的物質であるモノキノン構造を有するジシアノメチレン化合物の分解反応も伴うので、反応速度の制御が重要である。従って、請求項7記載の発明のように、前記キノン系化合物が存在する有機溶剤中に、前記塩基を添加することが望ましい。
【0025】
反応時間を一層正確に制御するためには、キノン系化合物とルイス酸とマロノニトリルとを混合した後、前記塩基を添加することが望ましい。
【0026】
以上説明した請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか1項記載の製造方法によって得られたジシアノメチレン化合物は電子移動時に特異的な分子振動を示し、電子移動剤として用いることができる。
請求項8記載の発明は、請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか1項記載の製造方法によって、ジシアノメチレン化合物から成る電子移動剤を製造する電子移動剤の製造方法である。
【0027】
本発明は上記のように構成されており、原料として用いることができるキノン系化合物のうち、ベンゾキノン化合物、ナフトキノン化合物、アントラキノン化合物は、それぞれ下記一般式[I]〜[III]で表わされる。
【0028】
【化1】
【0029】
【化2】
【0030】
【化3】
【0031】
(但しR1〜R18は水素原子、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、ヘテロ環、非環式炭化水素、環式炭化水素、非環式炭化水素のアルコキシ基、環式炭化水素のアルコキシ基で水素原子、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基以外は置換基を有しているものも含まれる。)
【0032】
なお、一般式[I]〜[III]の各キノン系化合物において、いずれか1個以上の置換基Rが水素原子以外であるときに、反応速度が速くなる効果は特に顕著である。
【0033】
その理由としては、例えば一般式[I]では、R1〜R4の3つ以上が水素原子以外のものである場合、それが立体障害となり酸素原子がジシアノメチレン基に置換されずらくなり、反応は遅くなる傾向があるが、本発明のように解離定数の大きい塩基を用いた場合には、塩基の作用が強く、置換基による立体障害があっても反応が急速に進行し、短時間で目的物質を得ることができると考えられる。この傾向は一般式[II]及び[III]で表されるキノン系化合物のうち、水素以外の置換基が多いものを原料として用いたときにも同様である。
【0034】
このように、本発明に用いる塩基は、解離定数が2,6−ジメチルピリジンの値を超えており、例えばトリメチルアミン、ジメチルエチルアミン、メチルジエチルアミン、トリプロピルアミン、ジメチルプロピルアミン、トリエチルアミン、メチルエチルプロピルアミン、ジエチルプロピルアミンなどの3級アミンや1,8−ジアザビシクロ〔5.4.0〕ウンデセ−7−エン(DBU)、1,5−ジアザビシクロ〔4.3.0〕ノン−5−エン、1,4−ジアザビシクロ〔2.2.2〕オクタン等の環式アミンを本発明に用いることができる。
【0035】
他方、ルイス酸としては四塩化チタン、塩化アルミニウム、塩化亜鉛などがあげられるが、本発明に用いるルイス酸は特に限定されるものではない。
【0036】
本発明方法の反応速度を制御するためには、反応温度を制御する他に、原料となるキノン系化合物の量、塩基の添加量、触媒となるルイス酸の添加量、又は反応物質であるマロノニトリルCH2(CN)2の添加量を変えることが考えられる。
【0037】
塩基の添加量としては、原料となるキノン系化合物1モルに対し、2モル以上が望ましく、収率や反応時間の点では5モル以上がさらに望ましい。
同様に、触媒であるルイス酸の添加量としては、原料のキノン系化合物1モルに対し1モル以上添加することが望ましく、収率の点では2モル以上添加することが望ましい。
【0038】
反応物質であるマロノニトリルの添加量としては、原料のキノン系化合物1モルに対し1モル以上添加することが望ましく、収率の点では2モル以上添加することが望ましい。
【0039】
塩基の種類については、二種類以上の塩基を混合して用いることができ、複数の塩基を用いる場合、それらのうちの一種類以上の塩基が2,6−ジメチルピリジンの解離定数よりも大きければよいが、全種類の塩基の解離定数が、2,6−ジメチルピリジンの解離定数を超えている場合に特に効果的である。
【0040】
本発明方法によって合成されるモノキノン構造のジシアノメチレン化合物は、原料となるキノン系化合物の構造によって異なるが、上記[I]〜[III]式で表されたキノン系化合物を用いた場合、下記一般式[IV]〜[VI]で表されるモノキノン構造のジシアノメチレン化合物をそれぞれ得ることができる。
【0041】
【化4】
【0042】
【化5】
【0043】
【化6】
【0044】
(但しR19〜R36は水素原子、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、ヘテロ環、非環式炭化水素、環式炭化水素、非環式炭化水素のアルコキシ基、環式炭化水素のアルコキシ基で水素原子、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基以外は置換基を有しているものも含まれる。)
【0045】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明における電子移動剤の製造方法の具体的な実施例を比較例とともに説明するが、本発明はその要旨を超えない限り、下記実施例により限定されるものでない。
【0046】
<実施例1>
ルイス酸として塩化チタン(IV)0.74mlを用い、有機溶剤(ジクロロメタン)25mlに混合して希釈溶液を用意し、次いで、窒素雰囲気下で、キノン系化合物である2,3,5−トリメチルベンゾキノン0.41gを同じ有機溶剤(ジクロロメタン)25mlに溶解させ、その溶液にマロノニトリル0.42mlを加え、0〜5℃の温度範囲で攪拌しながら、上記ルイス酸の希釈溶液を5分間かけて滴下した。
【0047】
その後、塩基であるトリエチルアミン1.88mlを攪拌しながら10分間かけて滴下し、反応溶液を室温にして5分間攪拌した後、水50mlで4回洗浄し有機層を分離して無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥した。
【0048】
シリカゲル300gを充填したカラムを用いて分取精製した後、得られた粗結晶をヘキサンより再結晶し、0.26gの橙色針状結晶を得た。
【0049】
得られた物質は、下記測定値より、2,3,5−トリメチル−4−オキソ−2,5−シクロヘキサジエン−1−イリデンプロパンジニトリルであると同定された。この物質は、モノキノン構造を有するジシアノメチレン化合物であり、収率は50%であった。
【0050】
mp 104〜105 ℃
IR(KBr) : 670, 780, 875, 1285,
1580, 1630, 2225, 2930,
2960, 3235 cm-1.
1H-NMR(CDCl3) δ : 2.12 (S, 6H, CH3),
2.52 (S, 3H, CH3),
7.46 (S, 1H, aromatic H).
MS(m/z) : 198 (M+).(分子量:198.23)
【0051】
<実施例2>
前記実施例1の反応条件のうち、塩基であるトリエチルアミンをトリプロピルアミンに代えた他は実施例1と同一の条件により反応を行った。得られた物質は、実施例1と同一物質(2,3,5−トリメチル−4−オキソ−2,5−シクロヘキサジエン−1−イリデンプロパンジニトリル)であり、収率は25%であった。
【0052】
<実施例3>
前記実施例1の反応条件のうち、塩基であるトリエチルアミンを1,8−ジアザビシクロ〔5.4.0〕ウンデセ−7−エン(DBU)に代えた他は実施例1と同一の条件により反応を行った。得られた物質は、実施例1と同一物質であり、収率は45%であった。
【0053】
<比較例1>
前記実施例1の反応条件のうち、塩基であるトリエチルアミンをピリジンに代え、また、ピリジンを滴下した後の反応溶液を、室温で5分、1時間、15時間攪拌した。それ以外は実施例1と同一の条件で反応を行った。
【0054】
得られた物質は、実施例1と同一のジシアノメチレン化合物であったが、収率は、攪拌時間が5分間のとき5%、1時間のとき10%、15時間のとき32%であった。
【0055】
<比較例2>
前記比較例1の反応条件のうち、塩基であるトリエチルアミンを2,6−ジメチルピリジンに代え、その他の条件は比較例1と同一条件にして反応を行った。収率は、攪拌時間が5分間のとき10%、1時間のとき15%、15時間のとき35%であった。
【0056】
以上の結果から、塩基滴下後の攪拌時間が5分間の場合は、実施例1〜3では収率が50%、25%、45%であるのに対し、比較例1、2の場合は、それぞれ5%、10%であり、目的とするジシアノメチレン化合物がほとんど合成されていない。
【0057】
攪拌時間が1時間の場合でも、比較例1、2では15%程度の収率しか得られず、5分間しか攪拌していない実施例1〜3の方が収率は大きい。
【0058】
比較例1、2の場合は、攪拌時間が15時間に達したときに、収率がそれぞれ32%、35%になり、やっと実施例1〜3と同程度になっている。
以上の結果を、下記表1にまとめて示す。
【0059】
【表1】
【0060】
本発明の電子写真感光体は、本発明の製造方法によって合成されたジシアノメチレン化合物を感光層に含有させてなるものである。
【0061】
以下に本発明に係る電子写真感光体の好ましい実施の形態の構成を示す。
一般に、有機感光層を構造で分類した場合、単層分散型の感光層と機能分離型の感光層とに大別できる。
【0062】
単層分散型の感光層は、電荷移動剤の媒体中に電荷発生剤を分散させた単層膜から成り、その単層膜一層で電荷発生機能と電荷移動機能の両方の機能を持たせている。
【0063】
他方、機能分離型感光層は、電荷発生層(CGL)と電荷移動層(CTL)とが積層された多層膜で構成されており、電荷発生層に電荷を発生させる機能を持たせ、電荷移動層に発生した電荷を移動させる機能を持たせている。
【0064】
上述した電子写真感光体に用いることができる基体は、アルミニウム、真鍮、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、クロム、チタン、金、銀、銅、錫、白金、モリブデン、インジウム等の金属単体やその合金の加工体を用いることができる。
【0065】
上記金属や炭素等の基体表面に、更に蒸着、メッキ等により、導電性物質の薄膜を形成してもよい。基体自体を導電性物質で構成してもよいが、非導電性のプラスチック板およびフィルム表面に、上記金属や炭素等の薄膜を蒸着、メッキ等の方法により形成し、導電性を持たせてもよい。
更に、基体にガラスを用いる場合、その表面に、酸化錫、酸化インジウム、ヨウ化アルミニウムで被覆し、導電性を持たせてもよい。
【0066】
その種類や形状は、特に制限されることはなく、導電性を有する種々の材料を使用して基体を構成することができる。
【0067】
一般に基体としては、円筒状のアルミニウム管単体やその表面をアルマイト処理したもの、またはアルミニウム管上に樹脂層を形成したものがよく用いられる。この樹脂層は接着向上機能、アルミニウム管からの流れ込み電流を防止するバリヤー機能、アルミニウム管表面の欠陥被覆機能等をもつ。この樹脂層には、ポリエチレン樹脂、アクリル樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂、酢酸ビニル樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ナイロン樹脂等の各種樹脂を用いることができる。
【0068】
これらの樹脂層は、単独の樹脂で構成してもよく、2種類以上の樹脂を混合して構成してもよい。また、層中に金属化合物、カーボン、シリカ、樹脂粉末等を分散させることもできる。更に、特性改善のために各種顔料、電子受容性物質や電子供与性物質等を含有させることもできる。
【0069】
電荷発生物質としては、適切な光感度波長や増感作用を得るために、例えば、フタロシアニン顔料、モノアゾ顔料、ビスアゾ顔料、トリスアゾ顔料、ポリアゾ顔料、インジゴ顔料、スレン顔料、トルイジン顔料、ピラゾリン顔料、ペリレン顔料、キナクリドン顔料、ピリリウム塩等を用いることができる。
【0070】
感光層を形成するためのバインダー樹脂としては、ポリカーボネート樹脂、スチレン樹脂、アクリル樹脂、スチレン−アクリル樹脂、エチレン−酢酸ビニル樹脂、ポリプロピレン樹脂、塩化ビニル樹脂、塩素化ポリエーテル、塩化ビニル−酢酸ビニル樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、フラン樹脂、ニトリル樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、ポリアセタール樹脂、ポリメチルペンテン樹脂、ポリアミド樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリアリレート樹脂、ジアリレート樹脂、ポリスルホン樹脂、ポリエーテルスルホン樹脂、ポリアリルスルホン樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、ケトン樹脂、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、ポリエーテル樹脂、フェノール樹脂、EVA(エチレン・酢酸ビニル・共重合体)樹脂、ACS(アクリロニトリル・塩素化ポリエチレン・スチレン)樹脂、ABS(アクリロニトリル・ブタジエン・スチレン)樹脂及びエポキシアリレート等の光硬化樹脂等の樹脂がある。
【0071】
それらは単体で用いても、共重合体を用いてもよく、また、2種以上混合して使用することも可能である。分子量の異なった樹脂を混合して用いた場合には、硬度や耐摩耗性を改善できて好ましい。
【0072】
塗布液に使用する溶剤には、メタノール、エタノール、n−プロパノール、i−プロパノール、ブタノール等のアルコール類、ペンタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタン、シクロヘキサン、シクロヘプタン等の飽和脂肪族炭化水素、トルエン、キシレン等の芳香族炭化水素、ジクロロメタン、ジクロロエタン、クロロホルム、クロロベンゼン等の塩素系炭化水素、ジメチルエーテル、ジエチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、メトキシエタノール等のエーテル類、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン類、ギ酸エチル、ギ酸プロピル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、酢酸ブチル、プロピオン酸メチル等のエステル類、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド等がある。これらは単独で用いても、2種類以上の溶剤を混合して用いてもよい。
【0073】
電荷移動物質としては、ポリビニルカルバゾール、ハロゲン化ポリビニルカルバゾール、ポリビニルピレン、ポリビニルインドロキノキサリン、ポリビニルベンゾチオフェン、ポリビニルアントラセン、ポリビニルアクリジン、ポリビニルピラゾリン、ポリアセチレン、ポリチオフェン、ポリピロール、ポリフェニレン、ポリフェニレンビニレン、ポリイソチアナフテン、ポリアニリン、ポリジアセチレン、ポリヘプタジイエン、ポリピリジンジイル、ポリキノリン、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、ポリフェロセニレン、ポリペリナフチレン、ポリフタロシアニン等の導電性高分子化合物を用いることができる。又、低分子化合物として、トリニトロフルオレノン、テトラシアノエチレン、テトラシアノキノジメタン、キノン、ジフェノキノン、ナフトキノン、アントラキノン及びこれらの誘導体等、アントラセン、ピレン、フェナントレン等の多環芳香族化合物、インドール、カルバゾール、イミダゾール、等の含窒素複素環化合物、フルオレノン、フルオレン、オキサジアゾール、オキサゾール、ピラゾリン、ヒドラゾン、トリフェニルメタン、トリフェニルアミン、エナミン、スチルベン、ブタジエン化合物等を使用することができる。また、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレンオキシド、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリメタクリル酸等の高分子化合物にLiイオン等の金属イオンをドープした高分子固体電解質等も用いることができる。
【0074】
さらに、テトラチアフルバレン−テトラシアノキノジメタンで代表される電子供与性化合物と電子受容性化合物で形成された有機電荷移動錯体等も用いることができ、これらを1種だけ添加しても、2種以上の化合物を混合して添加しても所望の感光体特性を得ることができる。
【0075】
なお、本発明の電子写真感光体を製造するための塗布液には、特性を損なわない範囲で、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、ラジカル捕捉剤、軟化剤、硬化剤、架橋剤等を添加して、感光体の特性、耐久性、機械特性の向上を図ることができる。さらに、分散安定剤、沈降防止剤、色分かれ防止剤、レベリング剤、消泡剤、増粘剤、艶消し剤等を添加すれば、感光体の仕上がり外観や、塗布液の寿命を改善できる。
【0076】
加えて、感光層上に、エポキシ樹脂、メラミン樹脂、ポリビニルホルマール樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、フッ素樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、シリコン樹脂等の有機薄膜や、シランカップリング剤の加水分解物で形成されるシロキサン構造体から成る薄膜を成膜して表面保護層を設けてもよく、その場合には、感光体の耐久性が向上するので好ましい。この表面保護層は、耐久性向上以外の他の機能を向上させるために設けてもよい。
【0077】
【発明の効果】
以上述べたように、本発明は、工業的に安価な電子移動剤及びその電子移動剤を用いた電子写真感光体を提供できる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a condensation reaction of a quinone compound, and particularly relates to a method for producing a dicyanomethylene compound having a monoquinone structure suitable for an electron transfer agent.
[0002]
[Prior art]
At the beginning of the widespread use of electrophotographic devices such as copying machines and laser printers, the photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor was composed of an inorganic photosensitive layer such as selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-arsenic, amorphous silicon, etc. Organic photosensitive layers that are less expensive and less polluting the environment are becoming mainstream.
[0003]
In general, when the organic photosensitive layer is classified by structure, it can be broadly classified into a single-layer dispersion type photosensitive layer and a function separation type photosensitive layer.
[0004]
A single-layer dispersion type photosensitive layer is composed of a single layer film in which a charge generation agent is dispersed in a charge transfer agent medium, and the single layer film has both a charge generation function and a charge transfer function. Yes.
[0005]
On the other hand, the function-separated type photosensitive layer is composed of a multilayer film in which a charge generation layer (CGL) and a charge transfer layer (CTL) are laminated, and the charge generation layer has a function of generating charges, and charge transfer. It has a function of moving charges generated in the layer.
[0006]
At present, both types of photosensitive layers have been put into practical use, but in any type of photosensitive layer, development of a high mobility charge transfer agent is awaited in order to improve sensitivity.
[0007]
In addition, when the organic photosensitive layer is classified by charge type, it can be broadly classified into two types, a positive charge type photosensitive layer and a negative charge type photosensitive layer. Among currently known charge transfer agents, the mobility is high, Since most of the practical ones have hole mobility, the negatively charged type is the mainstream in the photosensitive layer of commercially available electrophotographic equipment.
[0008]
However, if the corona discharge phenomenon is used to charge the negatively charged photosensitive layer, a large amount of ozone is generated along with the corona discharge, and the indoor environment where the electrophotographic apparatus is used is polluted. Various inconveniences occur, such as the deterioration of the electrophotographic photoreceptor.
[0009]
Countermeasures against such negative charging are also attempted in the electrophotographic apparatus of the prior art, and addition of an ozone trapping filter, adoption of a special charging method that does not generate ozone, and the like are being studied.
[0010]
However, the above countermeasures have caused new problems such as an increase in the size of the apparatus and a complicated electrophotographic process, and have not yet reached a fundamental solution.
[0011]
In order to overcome this situation, a positively charged photoconductor with less ozone generation is required in the recent market, and a high mobility electron transfer agent that can be used for the positively charged photosensitive layer is required. Yes.
[0012]
Therefore, more vigorous research has been carried out in the development of electron transfer agents, and currently available electron transfer agents include trinitrofluorenone (TNF), tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodi. Methane (TCNQ), quinone, diphenoquinone, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone and derivatives thereof have been found.
[0013]
However, the above-mentioned electron transfer agent has insufficient characteristics and has not yet been put into practical use, and further research is desired.
[0014]
Therefore, as a result of examining the change of the molecular structure during electron transfer by the molecular orbital method, a dicyanomethylene compound having a monoquinone structure (generally, two or four [—CH═] of an aromatic compound is [—CO—] The structure converted to is referred to as a quinone structure, and here, a structure in which one [—CH═] is replaced with [—CO—] is referred to as a monoquinone structure.) It has been found that when an organic photosensitive layer is formed using the dicyanomethylene compound, an electrophotographic photosensitive member having high sensitivity and low residual potential can be obtained.
[0015]
However, in the conventionally known synthesis reaction, the reaction time for synthesizing the target dicyanomethylene compound from the raw material is very long. Conversely, if the reaction time is attempted to be shortened, the yield will deteriorate, so that it can withstand industrialization. It was not a thing.
[0016]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made to solve such problems of the prior art, and provides a technique for efficiently obtaining a dicyanomethylene compound having a monoquinone structure.
[0017]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have repeatedly studied to solve the above-mentioned problems and investigated an efficient synthesis example of a dicyanomethylene compound having a monoquinone structure, but did not find the desired reaction. Therefore, when an experiment was conducted by changing various substances used for the synthesis reaction, it was found that the cause of the slow reaction rate in the case of the prior art was the strength of the base of pyridine used as the base.
[0018]
And it discovered that the thing with a quick reaction among various bases has a dissociation constant (a base dissociation constant in aqueous solution is called a dissociation constant) larger than 2,6-dimethylpyridine.
[0019]
The present invention was created based on the above knowledge, and the invention according to claim 1 is a reaction of a quinone compound with malononitrile CH 2 (CN) 2 using a Lewis acid and a base to form a diquinone having a monoquinone structure. A method for producing a dicyanomethylene compound for obtaining a methylene compound, wherein the base contains a compound having a dissociation constant larger than that of 2,6-dimethylpyridine.
[0020]
In this case, as the quinone compound, at least one compound can be selected from the group consisting of a benzoquinone compound, a naphthoquinone compound, and an anthraquinone compound, as in the second aspect of the invention.
[0021]
Since the dissociation constant of 2,6-dimethylpyridine is 7.9 × 10 −8, it is preferable that the base exceed the value as in the invention described in claim 3.
[0022]
Since such a base includes a tertiary amine and a cyclic amine, in the case of the invention according to any one of claims 1 to 3, in the case of the invention according to claim 4, the base includes A tertiary amine can be contained, or a cyclic amine can be contained as in the invention of claim 5.
[0023]
At present, for dissociation constants exceeding 2,6-dimethylpyridine and closest to 2,6-dimethylpyridine, the experiment has been completed for 5.2 × 10 −4 bases, and the dissociation constant is more than that. With respect to the base of the value, the effect of increasing the reaction rate is recognized. Therefore, as in the invention described in claim 6, it is desirable that the dissociation constant of the base is a value of 5.2 × 10 −4 or more.
[0024]
The method for producing a dicyanomethylene compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6 described above, wherein the reaction rate is high and the raw material disappears rapidly, while the dicyanomethylene having a monoquinone structure as a target substance. Since the decomposition reaction of the compound is also involved, control of the reaction rate is important. Therefore, it is desirable to add the base to the organic solvent in which the quinone compound is present as in the invention described in claim 7.
[0025]
In order to control the reaction time more accurately, it is desirable to add the base after mixing the quinone compound, Lewis acid and malononitrile.
[0026]
The dicyanomethylene compound obtained by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 described above exhibits specific molecular vibration during electron transfer and can be used as an electron transfer agent.
Invention of Claim 8 is a manufacturing method of the electron transfer agent which manufactures the electron transfer agent which consists of a dicyanomethylene compound by the manufacturing method of any one of Claim 1 thru | or 7.
[0027]
The present invention is configured as described above, and among quinone compounds that can be used as raw materials, benzoquinone compounds, naphthoquinone compounds, and anthraquinone compounds are represented by the following general formulas [I] to [III], respectively.
[0028]
[Chemical 1]
[0029]
[Chemical 2]
[0030]
[Chemical 3]
[0031]
(However, R 1 to R 18 are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, a heterocyclic ring, an acyclic hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, an acyclic hydrocarbon alkoxy group, or a cyclic hydrocarbon alkoxy group. And those having a substituent other than a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, or a nitro group.
[0032]
In addition, in each quinone compound of the general formulas [I] to [III], when any one or more substituents R are other than a hydrogen atom, the effect of increasing the reaction rate is particularly remarkable.
[0033]
For example, in the general formula [I], when three or more of R 1 to R 4 are other than a hydrogen atom, it becomes a steric hindrance and the oxygen atom is difficult to be substituted with a dicyanomethylene group. Although the reaction tends to be slow, when a base having a large dissociation constant is used as in the present invention, the action of the base is strong, and the reaction proceeds rapidly even if there is steric hindrance due to a substituent, and the reaction time is short. The target substance can be obtained with this method. This tendency is the same when quinone-based compounds represented by the general formulas [II] and [III] are used as raw materials having many substituents other than hydrogen.
[0034]
Thus, the base used in the present invention has a dissociation constant exceeding the value of 2,6-dimethylpyridine. For example, trimethylamine, dimethylethylamine, methyldiethylamine, tripropylamine, dimethylpropylamine, triethylamine, methylethylpropylamine , Tertiary amines such as diethylpropylamine, 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] non-5-ene, Cyclic amines such as 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane can be used in the present invention.
[0035]
On the other hand, examples of the Lewis acid include titanium tetrachloride, aluminum chloride, and zinc chloride, but the Lewis acid used in the present invention is not particularly limited.
[0036]
In order to control the reaction rate of the method of the present invention, in addition to controlling the reaction temperature, the amount of quinone compound as a raw material, the amount of base added, the amount of Lewis acid added as a catalyst, or malononitrile as a reactant It is conceivable to change the amount of CH 2 (CN) 2 added.
[0037]
The addition amount of the base is preferably 2 mol or more with respect to 1 mol of the quinone compound as a raw material, and more preferably 5 mol or more in terms of yield and reaction time.
Similarly, the addition amount of the Lewis acid as the catalyst is desirably 1 mol or more per 1 mol of the quinone compound as a raw material, and 2 mol or more is desirable in terms of yield.
[0038]
The addition amount of malononitrile as a reactant is preferably 1 mol or more per 1 mol of the quinone compound as a raw material, and 2 mol or more is preferable in terms of yield.
[0039]
As for the type of base, two or more types of bases can be mixed and used. When a plurality of bases are used, if one or more of them is larger than the dissociation constant of 2,6-dimethylpyridine. However, it is particularly effective when the dissociation constants of all types of bases exceed the dissociation constants of 2,6-dimethylpyridine.
[0040]
The dicyanomethylene compound having a monoquinone structure synthesized by the method of the present invention varies depending on the structure of the quinone compound used as a raw material, but when the quinone compound represented by the above formulas [I] to [III] is used, A dicyanomethylene compound having a monoquinone structure represented by the formulas [IV] to [VI] can be obtained.
[0041]
[Formula 4]
[0042]
[Chemical formula 5]
[0043]
[Chemical 6]
[0044]
Wherein R 19 to R 36 are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, a heterocyclic ring, an acyclic hydrocarbon, a cyclic hydrocarbon, an acyclic hydrocarbon alkoxy group, or a cyclic hydrocarbon alkoxy group. And those having a substituent other than a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, or a nitro group.
[0045]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Although the specific Example of the manufacturing method of the electron transfer agent in this invention is described with a comparative example below, this invention is not limited by the following Example, unless the summary is exceeded.
[0046]
<Example 1>
Using 0.74 ml of titanium (IV) chloride as the Lewis acid and mixing with 25 ml of an organic solvent (dichloromethane) to prepare a diluted solution, then 2,3,5-trimethylbenzoquinone, which is a quinone compound, under a nitrogen atmosphere 0.41 g was dissolved in 25 ml of the same organic solvent (dichloromethane), 0.42 ml of malononitrile was added to the solution, and the above Lewis acid diluted solution was added dropwise over 5 minutes while stirring in a temperature range of 0 to 5 ° C. .
[0047]
Thereafter, 1.88 ml of the base triethylamine was added dropwise over 10 minutes with stirring, the reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes, washed 4 times with 50 ml of water, the organic layer was separated and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. did.
[0048]
After preparative purification using a column packed with 300 g of silica gel, the resulting crude crystals were recrystallized from hexane to obtain 0.26 g of orange needle crystals.
[0049]
The obtained substance was identified as 2,3,5-trimethyl-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-ylidenepropanedinitrile from the following measured values. This substance was a dicyanomethylene compound having a monoquinone structure, and the yield was 50%.
[0050]
mp 104-105 ° C
IR (KBr): 670, 780, 875, 1285,
1580, 1630, 2225, 2930,
2960, 3235 cm -1 .
1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ: 2.12 (S, 6H, CH 3 ),
2.52 (S, 3H, CH 3 ),
7.46 (S, 1H, aromatic H).
MS (m / z): 198 (M + ). (Molecular weight: 198.23)
[0051]
<Example 2>
Among the reaction conditions of Example 1, the reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that tripropylamine as a base was replaced with tripropylamine. The obtained substance was the same substance (2,3,5-trimethyl-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-ylidenepropanedinitrile) as in Example 1, and the yield was 25%. It was.
[0052]
<Example 3>
Among the reaction conditions of Example 1, the reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that triethylamine as a base was replaced with 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU). went. The obtained substance was the same as Example 1, and the yield was 45%.
[0053]
<Comparative Example 1>
Among the reaction conditions of Example 1, triethylamine as a base was replaced with pyridine, and the reaction solution after dropwise addition of pyridine was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 15 hours. Otherwise, the reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Example 1.
[0054]
The obtained substance was the same dicyanomethylene compound as in Example 1, but the yield was 5% when the stirring time was 5 minutes, 10% when 1 hour, and 32% when 15 hours. .
[0055]
<Comparative example 2>
Of the reaction conditions of Comparative Example 1, the reaction was carried out under the same conditions as in Comparative Example 1 except that triethylamine as a base was replaced with 2,6-dimethylpyridine. The yield was 10% when the stirring time was 5 minutes, 15% at 1 hour, and 35% at 15 hours.
[0056]
From the above results, when the stirring time after the dropping of the base is 5 minutes, the yields are 50%, 25%, and 45% in Examples 1 to 3, whereas in the case of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, 5% and 10% respectively, and the target dicyanomethylene compound is hardly synthesized.
[0057]
Even when the stirring time is 1 hour, only a yield of about 15% is obtained in Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and the yields are higher in Examples 1 to 3 where stirring is performed for only 5 minutes.
[0058]
In the case of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, when the stirring time reached 15 hours, the yields were 32% and 35%, respectively, and finally reached the same level as in Examples 1 to 3.
The above results are summarized in Table 1 below.
[0059]
[Table 1]
[0060]
The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention comprises a photosensitive layer containing a dicyanomethylene compound synthesized by the production method of the present invention.
[0061]
The configuration of a preferred embodiment of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention is shown below.
In general, when the organic photosensitive layer is classified by structure, it can be broadly classified into a single-layer dispersion type photosensitive layer and a function separation type photosensitive layer.
[0062]
A single-layer dispersion type photosensitive layer is composed of a single layer film in which a charge generation agent is dispersed in a charge transfer agent medium, and the single layer film has both a charge generation function and a charge transfer function. Yes.
[0063]
On the other hand, the function-separated type photosensitive layer is composed of a multilayer film in which a charge generation layer (CGL) and a charge transfer layer (CTL) are laminated, and the charge generation layer has a function of generating charges, and charge transfer. It has a function of moving charges generated in the layer.
[0064]
Substrates that can be used in the electrophotographic photosensitive member described above are processed bodies of simple metals such as aluminum, brass, stainless steel, nickel, chromium, titanium, gold, silver, copper, tin, platinum, molybdenum, indium, and alloys thereof. Can be used.
[0065]
A thin film of a conductive material may be formed on the surface of the base material such as metal or carbon by vapor deposition or plating. The substrate itself may be composed of a conductive substance, but the conductive film may be made conductive by forming a thin film such as metal or carbon on the non-conductive plastic plate and film surface by a method such as vapor deposition or plating. Good.
Further, when glass is used for the substrate, the surface thereof may be coated with tin oxide, indium oxide, or aluminum iodide to provide conductivity.
[0066]
The type and shape of the substrate are not particularly limited, and the substrate can be formed using various conductive materials.
[0067]
In general, as the substrate, a cylindrical aluminum tube alone, a surface of which is alumite-treated, or a resin layer formed on an aluminum tube is often used. This resin layer has an adhesion improving function, a barrier function for preventing an inflow current from the aluminum tube, a defect covering function on the surface of the aluminum tube, and the like. Various resins such as polyethylene resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, polyurethane resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyamide resin, and nylon resin can be used for this resin layer.
[0068]
These resin layers may be composed of a single resin or a mixture of two or more kinds of resins. Moreover, a metal compound, carbon, silica, resin powder, etc. can be dispersed in the layer. Furthermore, various pigments, electron accepting substances, electron donating substances and the like can be contained for improving the characteristics.
[0069]
Examples of the charge generating substance include an phthalocyanine pigment, a monoazo pigment, a bisazo pigment, a trisazo pigment, a polyazo pigment, an indigo pigment, a selenium pigment, a toluidine pigment, a pyrazoline pigment, and perylene in order to obtain an appropriate photosensitivity wavelength and sensitizing action. Pigments, quinacridone pigments, pyrylium salts and the like can be used.
[0070]
As binder resin for forming the photosensitive layer, polycarbonate resin, styrene resin, acrylic resin, styrene-acrylic resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate resin, polypropylene resin, vinyl chloride resin, chlorinated polyether, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate resin Polyester resin, furan resin, nitrile resin, alkyd resin, polyacetal resin, polymethylpentene resin, polyamide resin, polyurethane resin, epoxy resin, polyarylate resin, diarylate resin, polysulfone resin, polyethersulfone resin, polyallylsulfone resin, Silicone resin, ketone resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, polyether resin, phenol resin, EVA (ethylene / vinyl acetate / copolymer) resin, ACS (acrylonitrile / chlorinated polyethylene / polymer) Ren) resins, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) resins and resins such as light-curing resin such as an epoxy arylate.
[0071]
They may be used alone or in the form of a copolymer, or may be used in combination of two or more. It is preferable to use a mixture of resins having different molecular weights because the hardness and wear resistance can be improved.
[0072]
Solvents used in the coating solution include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol and butanol, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane and cycloheptane, toluene and xylene. Aromatic hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, chlorobenzene, ethers such as dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), methoxyethanol, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone , Esters such as ethyl formate, propyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxy And the like. These may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more solvents.
[0073]
Examples of charge transfer materials include polyvinyl carbazole, halogenated polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl pyrene, polyvinyl indoloquinoxaline, polyvinyl benzothiophene, polyvinyl anthracene, polyvinyl acridine, polyvinyl pyrazoline, polyacetylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyisothia. Conductive polymer compounds such as naphthene, polyaniline, polydiacetylene, polyheptadiene, polypyridinediyl, polyquinoline, polyphenylene sulfide, polyferrocenylene, polyperinaphthylene, and polyphthalocyanine can be used. In addition, as low molecular weight compounds, trinitrofluorenone, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, quinone, diphenoquinone, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone and derivatives thereof, polycyclic aromatic compounds such as anthracene, pyrene, phenanthrene, indole, carbazole Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds such as imidazole, fluorenone, fluorene, oxadiazole, oxazole, pyrazoline, hydrazone, triphenylmethane, triphenylamine, enamine, stilbene, and butadiene compounds can be used. Further, a polymer solid electrolyte in which a polymer compound such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethacrylic acid or the like is doped with a metal ion such as Li ion can also be used.
[0074]
Further, an organic charge transfer complex formed of an electron donating compound typified by tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane and an electron accepting compound can be used, and even if only one of these is added, 2 Desired photoreceptor characteristics can be obtained even if a mixture of more than one kind of compounds is added.
[0075]
The coating solution for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is added with an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, a radical scavenger, a softener, a curing agent, a crosslinking agent, etc., as long as the characteristics are not impaired. Thus, the characteristics, durability, and mechanical characteristics of the photoreceptor can be improved. Furthermore, the addition of a dispersion stabilizer, an anti-settling agent, an anti-coloring agent, a leveling agent, an antifoaming agent, a thickener, a matting agent, etc. can improve the finished appearance of the photoreceptor and the life of the coating solution.
[0076]
In addition, a siloxane structure formed on the photosensitive layer with an organic thin film such as an epoxy resin, a melamine resin, a polyvinyl formal resin, a polycarbonate resin, a fluorine resin, a polyurethane resin, or a silicon resin, or a hydrolyzate of a silane coupling agent A surface protective layer may be provided by depositing a thin film made of the above, which is preferable because the durability of the photoreceptor is improved. This surface protective layer may be provided in order to improve functions other than the durability improvement.
[0077]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, the present invention can provide an industrially inexpensive electron transfer agent and an electrophotographic photoreceptor using the electron transfer agent.
Claims (8)
前記塩基に、解離定数が、2,6−ジメチルピリジンの解離定数よりも大きいものを含有させることを特徴とするジシアノメチレン化合物の製造方法。A method for producing a dicyanomethylene compound by reacting a quinone compound with malononitrile CH 2 (CN) 2 using a Lewis acid and a base to obtain a dicyanomethylene compound having a monoquinone structure,
A method for producing a dicyanomethylene compound, wherein the base contains a dissociation constant larger than that of 2,6-dimethylpyridine.
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