Deprecated: The each() function is deprecated. This message will be suppressed on further calls in /home/zhenxiangba/zhenxiangba.com/public_html/phproxy-improved-master/index.php on line 456
JPH0640982B2 - Steel strip coil lubricator - Google Patents
[go: Go Back, main page]

JPH0640982B2 - Steel strip coil lubricator - Google Patents

Steel strip coil lubricator

Info

Publication number
JPH0640982B2
JPH0640982B2 JP63007920A JP792088A JPH0640982B2 JP H0640982 B2 JPH0640982 B2 JP H0640982B2 JP 63007920 A JP63007920 A JP 63007920A JP 792088 A JP792088 A JP 792088A JP H0640982 B2 JPH0640982 B2 JP H0640982B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
coil
steel strip
header
oil
closed chamber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP63007920A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH01184056A (en
Inventor
和男 鶴田
仁郎 池田
祐幸 吉田
正 吉川
有弘 村田
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Steel Corp
Original Assignee
Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd filed Critical Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd
Priority to JP63007920A priority Critical patent/JPH0640982B2/en
Publication of JPH01184056A publication Critical patent/JPH01184056A/en
Publication of JPH0640982B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0640982B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Landscapes

  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Spray Control Apparatus (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 (イ)産業上の利用分野 本発明は、鋼帯コイルの両端面および穴の内周面を自動
的に塗油する装置に関するものである。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (a) Field of Industrial Application The present invention relates to an apparatus for automatically applying oil to both end surfaces of a steel strip coil and inner peripheral surfaces of holes.

(ロ)従来技術 酸洗巻取、冷延テンパ圧延、スキンパス圧延等の直後の
鋼帯コイルの両端面、穴内周面等の防錆のために油が塗
られている。従来、作業員がハンド・スプレ等を用いて
塗油していた。
(B) Prior art Oil is applied on both end faces of the steel strip coil immediately after the pickling, cold rolling, skin pass rolling, etc. for rust prevention of the inner peripheral surface of the hole. Conventionally, a worker has applied oil with a hand spray or the like.

しかし、このような手作業では、塗油量がバラツキ、
均一塗油ができないこと、防錆油の原単位が悪化する
こと、作業環境が悪く人体に害を与えること、長期
間使用すると床面が油付着のため滑りやすくなり、作業
場の安全が低下することなどの欠点があった。
However, with such manual work, the amount of applied oil varies,
Inability to apply uniform oil, deterioration of basic unit of rust preventive oil, bad working environment and harm to human body, and long-term use makes the floor slippery due to oil adhesion, thus lowering workplace safety. There were some drawbacks.

(ハ)発明が解決しようとする課題 本発明が解決しようとする問題点は、鋼帯コイルの塗油
作業を自動化することによって、作業環境の改善、塗油
品質の改善、防錆油原単位の向上を図ることにある。
(C) Problem to be Solved by the Invention The problem to be solved by the present invention is to improve the working environment, improve the quality of oiling, and prevent rust-preventing oil from being consumed by automating the oiling work of the steel strip coil. Is to improve.

(ニ)課題を解決するための手段 本発明の鋼帯コイルの塗油装置は、複数の鋼帯コイルの
軸心をそれぞれ進行方向に向けて次々に連続して搬送さ
せながら該コイルの両端面および内周面を同時に塗油す
るラインにおいて、該ライン上に設置されていて開閉扉
をかいして前記コイルが通過する密閉室と、該密閉室内
上方で前記ラインに平行した方向に配設されたレール上
を走行する1対の台車と、該各台車に吊り下げられた昇
降機構と、該昇降機構に互いに対向して取り付けられて
いて所定の複数の塗油領域にそれぞれ油を噴霧する複数
のノズルを備えたヘッダと、前記台車上に取り付けられ
ていて前記ヘッダの高さ位置を検出する高さ検出器と、
前記各ノズルに連結された開閉弁と、前記コイルの寸法
および該コイルに関する前記ヘッダの位置にもとづいて
各ノズルの開閉を制御する機器とから構成することによ
って、上記問題点を解決している。
(D) Means for Solving the Problems The oil coating device for a steel strip coil according to the present invention is such that both axial end faces of the plurality of steel strip coils are continuously conveyed while the axial centers of the plurality of steel strip coils are respectively directed in the traveling direction. And a line for simultaneously applying oil to the inner peripheral surface, and a closed chamber which is installed on the line and which opens and closes the opening and closing door and through which the coil passes, and which is arranged above the closed chamber in a direction parallel to the line. And a pair of carriages traveling on the rails, a lifting mechanism hung on each carriage, and a plurality of sprayers that are mounted on the lifting mechanism so as to oppose each other and spray oil onto a plurality of predetermined oil coating areas, respectively. A header having a nozzle, and a height detector mounted on the carriage for detecting the height position of the header,
The above problem is solved by comprising an opening / closing valve connected to each of the nozzles and a device that controls opening / closing of each nozzle based on the size of the coil and the position of the header with respect to the coil.

(ホ)実施例 図面を参照して本発明の鋼帯コイルの塗油装置の実施例
について説明する。第1図は本発明の塗油装置1を設置
した塗油ライン2を示す。塗油ライン2は、複数の鋼帯
コイル3の軸心31をそれぞれ進行方向に向けてウォーキ
ング・ビームコンベア21上に載せて連続して搬送させな
がらコイル3の両端面、外周面および内周面を同時に塗
油する。
(E) Example An example of an oil coating device for a steel strip coil according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows an oiling line 2 in which an oiling device 1 of the present invention is installed. In the oil coating line 2, the axial centers 31 of the plurality of steel strip coils 3 are respectively placed on the walking beam conveyor 21 in the traveling direction and continuously conveyed while the coil 3 has both end faces, outer peripheral faces and inner peripheral faces. Apply oil at the same time.

塗油装置1は、塗油ライン2上に設置される。第2図お
よび第3図に示すように、塗油装置1は、密閉室11、台
車12a,12b、昇降機構13a,13b、ヘッダ14a,14b、制御機
器15からできている。
The oil applying device 1 is installed on the oil applying line 2. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the oil coating device 1 is composed of a closed chamber 11, carriages 12a and 12b, lifting mechanisms 13a and 13b, headers 14a and 14b, and a control device 15.

密閉室11は塗油ライン2上に設置されていて、開閉扉11
1をかいして鋼帯コイル3が矢印方向に通過する。密閉
室11内の前述の1対の台車12a,12b、1対の昇降機構13
a,13b、1対のヘッダ14a,14b、制御機器15の一部が設け
られる。これらの要素は密閉室11内に送り込まれた鋼帯
コイル3の両端面、外周面および穴の内周面を同時に塗
油するためにそれぞれ1対設けられている。両者はほぼ
同一の構成になっているので、以下の説明は一方の各要
素について説明する。
The closed chamber 11 is installed on the oil coating line 2 and has an opening / closing door 11
The steel strip coil 3 passes through 1 in the direction of the arrow. The pair of carts 12a, 12b described above in the closed chamber 11 and the pair of lifting mechanisms 13
a, 13b, a pair of headers 14a, 14b, and a part of the control device 15 are provided. A pair of these elements are provided for simultaneously applying oil to both end surfaces, the outer peripheral surface and the inner peripheral surface of the hole of the steel strip coil 3 fed into the closed chamber 11. Since both have substantially the same configuration, the following description will explain each element of one.

台車12aは密閉室11内の上方で塗油ライン2に平行して
両側に配設されたレール112上を走行する。
The dolly 12a runs above the inside of the closed chamber 11 on rails 112 arranged on both sides in parallel with the oil coating line 2.

昇降機構13aは台車12aに吊り下げられる。ヘッダ14aは
昇降機構13aに取り付けられ、機構13aによって昇降駆動
される。ヘッダ14aは複数のノズル141aを備えている。
ノズル141aは防錆油を噴霧する。
The elevating mechanism 13a is suspended on the carriage 12a. The header 14a is attached to the lifting mechanism 13a and is driven up and down by the mechanism 13a. The header 14a includes a plurality of nozzles 141a.
The nozzle 141a sprays rust preventive oil.

制御機器15は、鋼帯コイル3の寸法およびコイル3に関
するヘッダ14aの位置にもとづいて各ノズル141aの開閉
を制御する。制御機器15は制御装置(図示せず)および
各種検出器(図示例では、コイル端面検出器151aおよび
ヘッダ14aの高さ検出器131aのみが示されている。)か
らできている。コイル寸法は、コイル塗油前に予め制御
装置に入力される。コイル3の存在および位置は検出器
151aによってなされる。ヘッダ14aの位置は昇降機構13a
のモータ(図示せず)に取り付けた回転計または慣用の
リミットスイッチ等の高さ検出器131aによって検出され
る。各種検出器からの検出信号が制御装置に送られて、
各ノズル141aに取り付けてある弁の開閉を制御して、後
述するようなノズルの塗油範囲を制御する。
The control device 15 controls opening / closing of each nozzle 141a based on the dimensions of the steel strip coil 3 and the position of the header 14a with respect to the coil 3. The control device 15 is composed of a control device (not shown) and various detectors (in the illustrated example, only the coil end face detector 151a and the height detector 131a of the header 14a are shown). The coil size is input to the control device in advance before applying the coil. The presence and position of coil 3 is a detector
Made by 151a. The position of the header 14a is the lifting mechanism 13a.
This is detected by a height detector 131a such as a tachometer attached to a motor (not shown) or a conventional limit switch. The detection signals from various detectors are sent to the control device,
The opening and closing of the valve attached to each nozzle 141a is controlled to control the oiling range of the nozzle as described below.

なお、ノズル開閉弁は圧力流体(例えば圧空)作動式開
閉弁をノズル直近に設け、圧力流体の制御は密閉室11外
のバルブ・スタンド16にて行う。これにより、開閉制御
用の電磁弁を室内に置かずにスプレーオン・オフの応答
性を高め、最適スプレ制御が可能となる。
As the nozzle on-off valve, a pressure fluid (for example, compressed air) actuation type on-off valve is provided in the vicinity of the nozzle, and the pressure fluid is controlled by the valve stand 16 outside the sealed chamber 11. As a result, the spray on / off response is improved without placing the solenoid valve for opening / closing control in the room, and optimal spray control becomes possible.

次に、本発明の装置の作用について説明する。第2図に
示す密閉室11内に自動搬入されたコイル3は上位コンピ
ュータよりコイル情報を受け、1サイクル自動運転を開
始する。コイル定位置停止により出入側扉111が全閉
し、同時に台車12a,12bがコイル幅に合せた定位置まで
前進する。台車12a,12bは、コイル端面検出器151a,151b
がONとなることによって停止される。コイル端面検出
後、ヘッダ14a,14bが下降しながらノズル141a,141bから
油の噴射を開始する。
Next, the operation of the device of the present invention will be described. The coil 3 automatically carried into the closed chamber 11 shown in FIG. 2 receives coil information from the host computer and starts one-cycle automatic operation. When the coil is stopped at the fixed position, the entrance / exit door 111 is fully closed, and at the same time, the carriages 12a and 12b are moved forward to the fixed position corresponding to the coil width. The carts 12a and 12b are coil end face detectors 151a and 151b.
It is stopped by turning on. After the coil end surface is detected, the headers 14a and 14b descend and start the injection of oil from the nozzles 141a and 141b.

第4図に示すように、ノズル配列は端面用A,B,C
と、内径専用D,Eとして配置されている。コイル情報
により、ノズルの選択とスプレの開始停止を高さ位置検
出器131a,131bにより設定する。塗油領域の制御は、バ
ルブ・スタンド16により、ノズル141a,141b直近に設け
られた弁(図示せず)の開閉制御により行う。
As shown in FIG. 4, the nozzle array has end faces A, B, and C.
And are arranged as D and E only for the inner diameter. Based on the coil information, nozzle selection and spray start / stop are set by the height position detectors 131a and 131b. The oiling area is controlled by the valve stand 16 by controlling the opening and closing of valves (not shown) provided in the immediate vicinity of the nozzles 141a and 141b.

各位置A,B,C,D,Eに配置されている各ノズル14
1a,141bがそれぞれ受け持つ塗油領域は、例えば第4図
および第5図に示すようになる。
Each nozzle 14 arranged at each position A, B, C, D, E
The oil coating areas which are respectively assigned to 1a and 141b are as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, for example.

塗油完了後、ヘッダ14a,14bが上昇し、さらに台車12a,1
2bが後退する。そして、ミスト回収ファン112が設定時
間だけ作動する。ミスト回収完了後、出入側の扉111を
全開し、コイルの搬出、搬入を行う。排気ミストは、遠
方に設けたミスト除去・回収装置(図示せず)により除
去される。
After the oiling is completed, the headers 14a, 14b rise, and then the trucks 12a, 1
2b retreats. Then, the mist collecting fan 112 operates for the set time. After the mist collection is completed, the door 111 on the entrance / exit side is fully opened to carry out and carry in the coil. The exhaust mist is removed by a mist removing / collecting device (not shown) provided at a distant place.

コイルは、通常最低でも4分ピッチ(コイル状に巻き取
る時間)で間欠搬送されるので、十分時間的には余裕が
ある。
Since the coils are normally intermittently conveyed at a pitch of at least 4 minutes (time for winding into a coil), there is a sufficient time margin.

以上の説明では、予めコイル外径情報にもとづいて各系
統の塗油範囲を決めている。しかし、コイル上部面高さ
検出器を設けて、ヘッダ下降時にコイル径を検知し、そ
れにもとづいて塗油パターンを設定してもよい。
In the above description, the oiling range of each system is determined in advance based on the coil outer diameter information. However, a coil upper surface height detector may be provided to detect the coil diameter when the header descends, and the oil coating pattern may be set based on this.

(ヘ)効果 本発明によれば、塗油作業の自動化により、作業環境の
改善、省力化、防錆油原単位の向上(約10g/m2以上の向
上)等を図ることができる。
(F) Effects According to the present invention, it is possible to improve the working environment, save labor, and improve the rust preventive oil consumption rate (improvement of about 10 g / m 2 or more) by automating the oiling operation.

【図面の簡単な説明】 第1図は本発明の鋼帯コイルの塗油装置を設置した塗油
ラインの側面図。第2図は本発明の鋼帯コイルの塗油装
置の側面図。第3図は第2図のIII−III線からみた横断
面図。第4図は鋼帯コイルの端面塗油領域の説明図。第
5図は鋼帯コイルの穴の内周面の塗油領域の説明図。 1:塗油装置、2:塗油ライン 3:鋼帯コイル、21:ウォーキング・ビームコンベア 11:密閉室、12a,b:台車 13a,b:昇降機構、14a,b:ヘッダ 15:制御機器、141a,b:ノズル 151a,b:コイル端面検出器
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side view of an oil coating line in which an oil coating device for a steel strip coil according to the present invention is installed. FIG. 2 is a side view of the oil coating device for a steel strip coil according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line III-III in FIG. FIG. 4 is an explanatory view of an end surface oil coating area of the steel strip coil. FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of an oil coating area on the inner peripheral surface of the hole of the steel strip coil. 1: Lubrication device, 2: Lubrication line 3: Steel strip coil, 21: Walking beam conveyor 11: Closed chamber, 12a, b: Cart 13a, b: Lifting mechanism, 14a, b: Header 15: Control device, 141a, b: Nozzle 151a, b: Coil end face detector

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 吉田 祐幸 茨城県鹿島郡鹿島町大字光3番地 住友金 属工業株式会社鹿島製鉄所内 (72)発明者 吉川 正 東京都中央区八重洲2丁目9番7号 石川 島汎用機サービス株式会社内 (72)発明者 村田 有弘 東京都中央区八重洲2丁目9番7号 石川 島汎用機サービス株式会社内 (56)参考文献 特開 昭53−39561(JP,A) 特開 昭59−171774(JP,A) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Inventor, Yuyuki Yoshida, Kashima-machi, Kashima-gun, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture, Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Kashima Steel Works (72) Inventor Tadashi Yoshikawa 2-9-7 Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo No. Ishikawa Island General Purpose Machine Service Co., Ltd. (72) Inventor Arihiro Murata 2-9-7 Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo Inside Ishikawa Island General Purpose Machine Service Co., Ltd. (56) Reference JP-A-53-39561 (JP, A) JP-A-59-171774 (JP, A)

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】複数の鋼帯コイルの軸心をそれぞれ進行方
向に向けて次々に連続して搬送させながら該コイルの両
端面および内周面を同時に塗油するラインにおいて、該
ライン上に設置されていて開閉扉をかいして前記コイル
が通過する密閉室と、該密閉室内上方で前記ラインに平
行した方向に配設されたレール上を走行する1対の台車
と、該各台車に吊り下げられた昇降機構と、該昇降機構
に互いに対向して取り付けられていて所定の複数の塗油
領域にそれぞれ油を噴霧する複数のノズルを備えたヘッ
ダと、前記台車上に取り付けられていて前記ヘッダの高
さ位置を検出する高さ検出器と、前記各ノズルに連結さ
れた開閉弁と、前記コイルの寸法および該コイルに関す
る前記ヘッダの位置にもとづいて各ノズルの開閉を制御
する機器とからなる鋼帯コイルの塗油装置。
1. A line for simultaneously applying oil to both end faces and inner peripheral faces of a plurality of steel strip coils while successively transporting the axial centers of the coils toward the advancing direction one after another. A closed chamber through which the coil passes through an open / close door, a pair of trolleys running on rails arranged in a direction parallel to the line above the closed chamber, and suspended on each trolley A lowered elevating mechanism, a header having a plurality of nozzles attached to the elevating mechanism so as to face each other and spraying oil onto a plurality of predetermined oiling regions, respectively, and a header attached to the carriage. From a height detector that detects the height position of the header, an on-off valve connected to each of the nozzles, and a device that controls the opening and closing of each nozzle based on the dimensions of the coil and the position of the header with respect to the coil. Na Oil coating apparatus of the steel strip coil.
JP63007920A 1988-01-18 1988-01-18 Steel strip coil lubricator Expired - Lifetime JPH0640982B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP63007920A JPH0640982B2 (en) 1988-01-18 1988-01-18 Steel strip coil lubricator

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP63007920A JPH0640982B2 (en) 1988-01-18 1988-01-18 Steel strip coil lubricator

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH01184056A JPH01184056A (en) 1989-07-21
JPH0640982B2 true JPH0640982B2 (en) 1994-06-01

Family

ID=11678962

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP63007920A Expired - Lifetime JPH0640982B2 (en) 1988-01-18 1988-01-18 Steel strip coil lubricator

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH0640982B2 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109300625A (en) * 2018-09-19 2019-02-01 远东电缆有限公司 An intelligent online oiling equipment for overhead conductors

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100775268B1 (en) * 2001-12-22 2007-11-08 주식회사 포스코 Cold rolled coil anti-corrosive oil automatic coating device
KR100958034B1 (en) * 2003-04-30 2010-05-18 주식회사 포스코 Strip Side Oiler
CN104294025B (en) * 2014-10-16 2017-05-03 浙江为尚机械有限公司 Receiving machine for bearing parts
CN108970859B (en) * 2018-09-03 2024-08-16 河北凌云机电有限公司 Steel pipe end oil injection equipment
CN110653307B (en) * 2019-08-26 2021-06-15 赖小倩 A steel bar bending machine for construction
DE102023104798B3 (en) * 2023-02-28 2024-08-14 Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh Method and device for creating a temporary corrosion protection for a coil made of an annealed steel strip and coil unit with such a steel strip
CN116809285B (en) * 2023-06-16 2025-09-05 大冶特殊钢有限公司 Offline automatic oil injection recovery device

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5811399Y2 (en) * 1976-09-10 1983-03-03 日新製鋼株式会社 Paint spraying equipment for plated coils
JPS59171774U (en) * 1983-05-02 1984-11-16 ダイキン工業株式会社 Painting robot

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109300625A (en) * 2018-09-19 2019-02-01 远东电缆有限公司 An intelligent online oiling equipment for overhead conductors

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH01184056A (en) 1989-07-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JPH0640982B2 (en) Steel strip coil lubricator
US4723563A (en) Wheel soaper
US4977000A (en) Painting method
EP1226059B1 (en) Wayside wheel lubricator
WO2017178317A1 (en) Method and production system for producing vehicles, and surface treatment system for treating the surface of vehicle bodies
DE19630290C2 (en) System for the surface treatment of objects, in particular vehicle bodies
US5513938A (en) Wheel lift rotator
US5078089A (en) Oil spray coating booth
JP3689119B2 (en) Method for forming protective film on painted surface of automobile
CA2533982C (en) Gage side or field side top-of-rail plus gage corner lubrication system
US2810336A (en) Apparatus for finishing surfaces of articles
JP2877270B2 (en) Automatic coating equipment
KR100705124B1 (en) Welding spatter prevention device
JP3366168B2 (en) Spatter adhesion inhibitor spray equipment
US4904505A (en) Lubricant mist coating of metal sheet
US5755882A (en) Closed loop controllable fluid application system
JPH07171454A (en) Anti-rust oil coating device
KR100633038B1 (en) Welding sputter adsorption prevention device and control method
JP3347790B2 (en) Conveyor chain cleaning device
CN217451212U (en) Coating pretreatment on-line detection automatic dosing device
JPH0340677B2 (en)
JPS62237962A (en) Apparatus for painting wheel house
KR970002832Y1 (en) Inunction machine
JPH07220Y2 (en) Cart for maintenance of painting booth
JPH039816Y2 (en)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

R250 Receipt of annual fees

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080601

Year of fee payment: 14

S531 Written request for registration of change of domicile

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313531

S533 Written request for registration of change of name

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313533

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080601

Year of fee payment: 14

R350 Written notification of registration of transfer

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350

EXPY Cancellation because of completion of term
FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20080601

Year of fee payment: 14