Metaphorとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle French métaphore, from Latin metaphora, from Ancient Greek μεταφορά (metaphorá), from μεταφέρω (metaphérō, “I transfer, apply”), from μετά (metá, “with, across, after”) + φέρω (phérō, “I bear, carry”).

発音

• (英国発音) IPA: /ˈmɛ.tə.fə/, /ˈmɛt.ə.fɔː/
• (米国発音) IPA: /ˈmɛt.ə.foɹ/
• (米国発音, rare) IPA: /ˈmɛ.tə.fɚ/
• ハイフネーション: me‧ta‧phor
• 韻: -ɔː(ɹ)

名詞

metaphor (countable and uncountable, plural metaphors)

1. (uncountable, rhetoric) The use of a word, phrase, concept, or set of concepts to refer to something other than its literal meaning, invoking an implicit similarity between the thing described and what is denoted by the word, etc., that is used.

   Coordinate term: simile (when the similarity is made explicit by the words like or as)

   • 2013, Eileen Cornell Way, Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, page 157:

     The next group of computational approaches to metaphor assume that metaphor is basically a hidden analogy.

2. (countable, rhetoric) A word or phrase used in such implied comparison.
   • 1835, L[arret] Langley, “[The Seven Tropes.] Metaphor.”, in A Manual of the Figures of Rhetoric, […], Doncaster, South Yorkshire: […] C. White, […], →OCLC, page 3:

     A Metaphor, in place of proper words,
     Resemblance puts; and dress to speech affords.

   • 1874, John Seely Hart, First Lessons in Composition, page 92:

     A Metaphor may be changed into a Simile, and also into plain language, containing neither metaphor nor simile. Thus:
     Metaphor. — Idleness is the rust of the soul.
     Simile. — As rust is to iron, so is idleness to the soul, taking away its strength and power of resistance.
     Plain. — Idleness takes away from the soul its strength and power of resistance.

   • 1979, Daniel Breazeale (translator), Friedrich Nietzsche, On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense [1873, Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinn], in Philosophy and Truth, page 84, quoted in 1998, Ian Markham, Truth and the Reality of God: An Essay in Natural Theology, page 103,

     What then is truth? A movable host of metaphors, metonymies, and anthropomorphisms: in short, a sum of human relations which have been poetically and rhetorically intensified, transferred, and embellished, and which, after long usage, seems to a people to be fixed, canonical, and binding. Truths are illusions which we have forgotten are illusions; they are metaphors that have become worn out and have been drained of sensuous force, coins which have lost their embossing and are now considered as metal and no longer as coins.

   • 2025 May 23, Charlie Warzel, “What Are People Still Doing on X?”, in The Atlantic‎:

     To torture the metaphor, though, they’re sitting at a table outside the Nazi bar; their friends are there, they’re having a good time, maybe they hear a slur emanate from the window from time to time.

3. (countable, graphical user interface) The use of an everyday object or concept to represent an underlying facet of the computer and thus aid users in performing tasks.

   desktop metaphor; wastebasket metaphor

上位語

• (rhetoric): figure of speech, trope

派生語

派生した語

• →? Irish: meafar

参考

• analogy
• idiom
• metonymy, metonym
• simile
• allegory

動詞

metaphor (third-person singular simple present metaphors, present participle metaphoring, simple past and past participle metaphored)

1. (intransitive) To use a metaphor.
2. (transitive) To describe by means of a metaphor.

アナグラム

• prothema