stimulusとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Borrowed from Latin stimulus (“goad, prick”).

発音

• (米国発音) IPA: /ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/

名詞

stimulus (plural stimuluses or stimuli)

1. An external phenomenon that has an influence on a system, by triggering or modifying an internal phenomenon; for example, a spur or incentive that drives a person to take action or change behaviour.

   an economic stimulus

   • 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XV, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 174:

     From the beginning of the show to the end, vanity is the sole stimulus and reward of action—vanity, that never looks beyond the present.

   • 2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times‎:

     Democrats, meanwhile, point out that Republicans seem to have made a conscious decision, beginning with the stimulus, to oppose anything the president put forward, dooming any chance of renewed cooperation between the parties.

   respond to a stimulus

2. (physiology, psychology, medicine) Something external that elicits or influences a physiological or psychological activity or response, or that affects any of the sensory apparatuses.
   • 2002, Kim Burchiel, Surgical Management of Pain, Thieme, →ISBN, page 44:

     Even light nonpainful stimuli can provoke or exacerbate spontaneous pain; this is not limited to tactile, thermal, or vibratory stimuli, because auditory, visual, olfactory, and visceral stimuli also may be problematic.

3. (botany, entomology) A stinging part on the body of a plant or insect.
   • 1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 15:

     Many plants, like many animals, are furnished with arms for their protection; these are either aculei, prickles […] ; or stimuli, stings, as in the nettles, which are armed with a venomous fluid for the annoyance of naked animals.

同意語

• (anything that may have an impact or influence): influence; impetus, impulse, spur

派生語

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈstɪ.mʊ.ɫʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈst̪iː.mu.lus]

名詞

stimulus m (genitive stimulī); second declension

1. a goad, prick
2. a sting
3. (figuratively) stimulus, incentive

語形変化

Second-declension noun.

関連する語

• stimulātiō
• stimulō

派生した語

Borrowings:

参照

Further reading

• “stimulus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “stimulus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "stimulus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “stimulus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to be spurred on by ambition: stimulis gloriae concitari
    
  • to spur, urge a person on: calcaria alicui adhibere, admovere; stimulos alicui admovere
    
• “stimulus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers