torusとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Borrowed from Latin torus (“a round, swelling, elevation, protuberance”).

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈtɔː.ɹəs/
• (General American, Canada) IPA: /toʊ̯ɹəs/, (horse–hoarse merger) /ˈtɔ.ɹəs/
• (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: /ˈtoː.ɹəs/
• 韻: -ɔːɹəs
• Homophone: Taurus (horse–hoarse merger)

名詞

torus (plural tori or toruses)

1. (geometry) The standard representation of such a space in 3-dimensional Euclidean space: a surface or solid formed by rotating a closed curve, especially a circle, about a line which lies in the same plane but does not intersect it (e.g. like a ring doughnut).

   Hypernym: toroid

   1. (topology) A topological space which is a product of two circles.

      Hyponym: solid torus

      A 4-variable Karnaugh map can be thought of, topologically, as being a torus.

      1. (topology, in combination, n-torus, 4-torus, etc.) The product of the specified number of circles.
   2. A ring-shaped object, especially a large ring-shaped chamber used in physical research.
2. (architecture) A large convex molding, typically semicircular in cross section, which commonly projects at the base of a column and above the plinth.
3. (anatomy) A rounded ridge of bone or muscle, especially one on the occipital bone.
   • 2010 March, Andrés S. García-García, José-María Martínez-González, Rafael Gómez-Font, Ángeles Soto-Rivadeneira, Lucia Oviedo-Roldán, “Current status of the torus palatinus and torus mandibularis”, in Oral Surgery‎, volume 15, number 2, page 353:

     While there is a hereditary component to tori, this does not explain all cases. Tori tend to appear more frequently during middle age of life; the torus palatinus is more commonly observed in females, but this is not the case with the torus mandibularis. Certain ethnic groups are more prone to one torus or the other.

4. (botany) The end of the peduncle or flower stalk to which the floral parts (or in the Asteraceae, the florets of a flower head) are attached.

   Synonyms: receptacle, thalamus

5. (botany) The thickening of a membrane closing a wood-cell pit (as of gymnosperm tracheids) having the secondary cell wall arched over the pit cavity.

派生語

関連する語

• torus tubarius

参考

• annulus
• hoop

参照

• “torus”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “torus”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

アナグラム

• Rusto, Stour, Sutor, Tours, roust, routs, stour, sutor, tours

語源

Of uncertain origin.

De Vaan proposes a tentative derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *torh₂-os, from *terh₂- (“to cross, go through”). This is formally and semantically solid, though there is little linguistic evidence to support it.

An older theory by Leumann derived the word from sternō (“to spread”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, extend”), but the connection between the two Latin words is semantically dubious (one would expect torus to be derived from a verb meaning "to turn" or "to knot" rather than "to spread").

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈtɔ.rʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈt̪ɔː.rus]

名詞

torus m (genitive torī); second declension

1. round, swelling, bulging place; elevation, protuberance
2. bulge, knot
3. (zootomy, usually poetic) muscular or fleshly part, muscle, brawn of an animal bodies
   1. (transferred sense, botany) bulge, thickness of trees
4. raised ornament, knot on a garland
5. (usually poetic) bolster, cushion; bed, couch, sofa

   Synonym: pulvīnar

   1. marriage bed
      • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.483–484:

        ausus es ante oculōs adductā paelice nostrōs
        tam bene compositum sollicitāre torum?

        Have you dared, by bringing your mistress before my eyes,
        to disturb our marriage bed so very well-composed?
        (Ariadne accuses her husband of infidelity.)

   2. (transferred sense, figuratively) marriage (sometimes any sexual relationship)

      Synonym: thalamus

6. embankment, elevation of earth
7. (architecture) large round molding at the base of a column

Inflection

Second-declension noun.

派生語

• toral
• torāria
• torōsus (adjective)
• torulus (diminutive)

派生した語

参照

• “torus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “torus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “torus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “torus”, in The Perseus Project (1999), Perseus Encyclopedia‎
• “torus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “torus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

アナグラム

• sutor