beenとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From 中期英語 been (past participle), from 古期英語 (ġe)bēon. By surface analysis, be +‎ -en.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, Canada) IPA: /biːn/, /bɪn/
  • Homophone: bean
  • 韻: -iːn
  • Homophone: bin
  • 韻: -ɪn
• (General American) IPA: /bɪn/
  • Homophone: bin
  • 韻: -ɪn
• (General American, particularly common in the Great Lakes, Midwest) IPA: /bɛn/
  • Homophone: Ben
  • 韻: -ɛn
• (米国発音 dialectal) IPA: /biːn/
  • Homophone: bean
  • 韻: -iːn

動詞

been

1. past participle of be.

   All the fries have been eaten.

   Postman been?

   They been here since yesterday. (dialectal, e.g. AAVE, omitting have)

2. (Southern US or African-American Vernacular) remote past form of be.

   He been had that job.

   We been knew they was doing this.

   • 2013, DayQuan Miller, Back Blocks, StealthMode Entertainment, page 147:

     She was disloyal, Casper was disloyal, so them muthafuckas gotta go. Like you said[,] we been knew we was going to have to kill Frost, so let's do it and Light too.” Star said. “Say no more. I'ma handle Kisha myself.” Max said walking to the door.

Further reading

• Alexander Pollatsek; Rebecca Treiman (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Reading, Oxford Library of Psychology, →ISBN, page 433: “For example, the remote past “been” is used as part of the verb to express something that took place in the distant past: 'he been reading story books.'”
• Mary Kohn; Walt Wolfram; Charlie Farrington; Jennifer Renn; Janneke Van Hofwegen (2020), African American Language: Language development from Infancy to Adulthood, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 231: “Remote past 'been' ([RPB], coded on word) = been is used to mark action in the remote past; in such cases the word been is always stressed (e.g., he been[RPB] had that job; I been[RPB] bought her clothes).”

語源 2

Either from 中期英語 been (“to be”, infinitive) (from 古期英語 bēon, equivalent to be +‎ -en (infinitive ending)), or from a dialectal use of the preceding past tense form as an infinitive form (compare dialectal use of (I)'s, (I) is in the first person, (he) am in the third person, etc).

動詞

been

1. (Southern US or African-American Vernacular, rare) Synonym of be (infinitival sense).

   It useta been five foot long.

   • 1875, Minstrel Gags and End Men's Hand-book, New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, page 83; republished New York: Literature House, 1969:

     "Bones", says he, "I tink dey's a-goin' to been a war ober de Alabamy question […]

   • 1888, Mary Augusta Ward, “Book I”, in Robert Elsmere‎, London: Macmillan and Company, page 20:

     Yur a boald 'un to tell the missus theer to hur feeace as how ya wur 'tossicatit whan ya owt to been duing yur larful business.

   • 1966, DARE Tape SC10, quotee, “be v”, in Frederic G. Cassidy, Joan Houston Hall, editors, Dictionary of American Regional English‎, volume 1, Harvard University Press, published 1985, page 178:

     […] But one time it use' to been so cold right first of the winter.

語源 3

From 中期英語 been (plural indicative form); equivalent to be +‎ -en (plural present ending).

動詞

been

1. (obsolete) plural simple present of be.
   • 1584, George Peele, The Arraignment of Paris, I, ii:

     My love is fair, my love is gay, / As fresh as been the flowers in May;

   • 1606, N[athaniel] B[axter], Sir Philip Sydneys Ouránia, That Is, Endimions Song and Tragedie, Containing All Philosophie, London: […] Ed. Allde, for Edward White, […], →OCLC, signature G, recto:

     Theſe Beaſtes been of higheſt Regard and Price / To pleaſure Princes and to murder vice.

   • c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, prologue]:

     Where when men been, there's ſeldome eaſe,

   • 1641, Ben Jonson, The Sad Shepherd, I, iii:

     O Friar, those are faults that are not seen, / Ours open, and of worse example been.

   • 1686, Edward Fairfax, transl., Godfrey of Bulloigne: Or, The Recovery of Jerusalem‎, section 20, page 8:

     Some of green Boughs their slender Cabbins frame, / Some lodged were Tortoſa's streets about, / Of all the Hoſt the Chief of Worth and Name / Aſſembled been, a Senate grave and ſtout;

語源 4

From 中期英語 been, bene, ben, beon, from 古期英語 bēon (“bees”), equivalent to bee +‎ -en (plural ending).

発音

• IPA: /biːn/

名詞

been

1. (UK dialectal) plural of bee

参照

Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey: been. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.

アナグラム

• Bene, Eben, NEbE, bene, eben, neeb

別の表記

• be, bean, ben, beon, boen
• (from *h₁ésti, rare) seen, sen

発音

• IPA: /beːn/
• IPA: /bøːn/ (Southern, Southwest Midland)

動詞

been (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle been)

1. (intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:
   1. (intransitive) To occur; to come to be.
   2. (with adjective or adverb) To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation.
      • c. 1180, Orͬm, “Secundum Lucam .I. [Luke 1:5] / Secundum Lucam .II. [Luke 1:18]”, in Orͬmulum (Bodleian MS. Junius 1), Bourne Abbey, Lincolnshire, folio 20, verso, column 1; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2019 January 10:

        Forͬ fra þatt hıre make ıſſ dæd⹎ Ne kepeþþ ᵹho nan oþerr. Acc ſerrᵹͪeþþ aᵹᵹ forͬþı ꝥ ᵹho. Ne maᵹᫌ himͫ noƿƿhar fındenn

        Because whenever her mate is dead, she doesn't get another, but always grieves since she can't find him anywhere.

      • c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎, published c. 1410, Apocalips 3:15, folio 118, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

        I woot þi werkis · foꝛ nei[þer] þou art coold nei[þer] þou art hoot / I wolde þat þou were coold ei[þer] hoot

        I know your actions: you aren't cold, but neither are you hot. I'd like it if you were either cold or hot.

   3. (transitive) To be to or for someone or something.
2. (copulative) To be something or someone.
   • 1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

     […] Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   1. (with genitive) To be someone's; to be in someone's possession.
   2. (auxiliary) Forms the continuous present and perfect.
      • c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 16-17; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

        Sone ſo iudaſ of ſlepe waſ awake. / þritti platen of ſelu[er] from hym weren itake.

        As soon as Judas had awakened from his rest, / Thirty pieces of silver had been taken from him.

   3. (auxiliary) Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs.
3. (auxiliary) Forms various passive constructions.

使用する際の注意点

• ben may be used elliptically if the subject, complement, or predicate is implicit.
• The perfect tense is usually formed with haven; see that entry for more.

Conjugation

派生した語

• English: be; been (dialectal)
• Scots: be
• Yola: ba, b', bee, be

参照

• “bẹ̄n, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 2

From Old French and Medieval Latin, from Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”).

名詞

been

1. ben (moringa tree)

派生した語

• English: ben

参照

• “bēn, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 3

From 古期英語 bēon, nominative plural form of bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijōniz, nominative plural form of *bijǭ. Equivalent to bee +‎ -en (plural suffix).

別の表記

• beon

名詞

been

1. plural of bee (“bee”)

語源 4

From 古期英語 ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”); equivalent to y- +‎ be +‎ -en (participial suffix).

別の表記

• ybeen, ybe

動詞

been

1. past participle of been (“to be”)

派生した語

• English: been
• Scots: been

語源 5

From (with the -þ replaced with an -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive) 古期英語 bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).

別の表記

• be

動詞

been

1. plural present indicative of been (“to be”)

使用する際の注意点

The usual plural form of been is aren in the North, been in the Midlands, and beth in the South; sind also existed, especially early on, but was not the predominant form in any area.

派生した語

• English: been (obsolete as the plural)

語源 6

From 古期英語 bēon, present subjunctive plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biwīn, third-person present subjunctive plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).

動詞

been

1. plural present subjunctive of been (“to be”)

派生した語

• English: be
• Scots: be

語源 7

名詞

been

1. alternative form of bene (“bean”)