whichとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• whiche (obsolete)
• wich (Jamaica)

語源

From 中期英語 which, hwic, wilche, hwilch, whilk, hwilc, from 古期英語 hwelċ (“which”), from Proto-Germanic *hwilīkaz (“what kind”, literally “like what”), derived from *hwaz. By surface analysis, who +‎ like.

Cognates include Scots whilk (“which”), West Frisian hokker (“which”), Dutch welk (“which”), Low German welk (“which”), German welcher (“which”), Danish hvilken (“which”), Swedish vilken (“which”), Norwegian hvilken (“which”), Icelandic hvílíkur (“which”).

発音

• enPR: wĭch, IPA: /wɪt͡ʃ/
• (without the wine–whine merger) enPR: hwĭch, IPA: /ʍɪt͡ʃ/
• 韻: -ɪtʃ
• 異形同音異義語: witch, wich, wych (wine–whine merger)

接続詞

which

1. (nonstandard, originally anacoluthic) And.

   They only offered me five dollars, which I wouldn’t do it for less than fifteen.

限定詞

which

1. (interrogative) What, of those mentioned or implied.

   Which song shall we play?

   They couldn't decide which song to play.

   Which one is bigger?

   Show me which one is bigger.

2. The/Any ... that; whichever.

   Take which one you want.

   You may go which way you please.

3. (relative, formal outside certain phrases) Designates the one(s) previously mentioned.
   • 1860, Alfred Henry Forrester, Fairy footsteps, or, Lessons from legends, with illustr., by Alfred Crowquill, page 166 (Google Books view):

     After glaring upon the smoking philosopher, who took his misfortunes with such positive nonchalance, he growled out an oath in German, which language is particularly adapted for growling in; then, raising his hand, he dealt him a blow on his pipe, which sent it, like a rocket, into the midst of the players.

   • 2015 January 21, Texas Public Radio, “Voices From Death Row: A Prisoner Writes An Ode To ‘Living Dyingly’”, in Texas Public Radio:

     Whitaker’s blog post, housed on a website called Minutes Before Six, goes on to make references to Albert Camus’ 1947 classic, The Plague, dips into a Camus-inspired existential ramble and returns to an attempt to convey the detail of Prieto’s being essentially “noble,” which fact, he admits, will be lost in translation to anyone unfamiliar with death row units.

   • 2015 May 2, Adarsh Matham, “Battle of the Smartphones”, in The New Indian Express:

     All the phones come in plastic bodies that have been given a brushed-metal finish and carry 64-bit processors from Intel, which fact they proudly announce with an Intel Inside logo on the back.

   He once owned a painting of the house, which painting would later be stolen.

   She only speaks Chinese, which language I can hardly follow.

   For several seconds he sat in silence, during which time the tea and sandwiches arrived.

   I'm thinking of getting a new car, in which case I'd get a red one.

使用する際の注意点

In cases where both "which" and "what" are possible, with similar meaning, "which" is preferred for choices from a closed group or set, while "what" is preferred for open-ended choices. For example, "Which one of these do you want?" not "What one of these do you want?".

代名詞

which

1. (interrogative) What one or ones (of those mentioned or implied).

   Which is which?

   By now, you must surely know which is which.

   Which is bigger, the red one or the blue one?

   I'm unable to determine which is bigger.

   Which's your spouse? -The one in trousers.

   • 2013 August 17, Schumpeter, “In praise of laziness”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8849:

     Which of these banes of modern business life is worse remains open to debate. But what is clear is that office workers are on a treadmill of pointless activity. Managers allow meetings to drag on for hours. Workers generate e-mails because it requires little effort and no thought. An entire management industry exists to spin the treadmill ever faster.

2. (not in common use) The/Any ones that; whichever.

   Please take which you please.

3. (relative) In a non-restrictive relative clause, referring to something previously mentioned.
   1. Referring to a preceding noun.

      I dropped a saucepan, which knocked over the eggs, which went all over the kitchen floor.

      I found my camera, which I thought I'd lost, under the bed.

      I entered the room, at the far end of which was a small table.

      • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

        Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. […] A silver snaffle on a heavy leather watch guard which connected the pockets of his corduroy waistcoat, together with a huge gold stirrup in his Ascot tie, sufficiently proclaimed his tastes.

      • 1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter II, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0091:

        There was a neat hat-and-umbrella stand, and the stranger's weary feet fell soft on a good, serviceable dark-red drugget, which matched in colour the flock-paper on the walls.

      • 2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

        Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.

      1. (chiefly archaic) Used of people (now generally who, whom, that; which remains possible with words also referred to by it such as baby, child).

         She had a young child, which cried incessantly.

   2. Referring to a preceding statement.

      The front door was open, which concerned me.

      He had to leave, which was very difficult.

      She saved my life, for which I am eternally grateful.

      • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

        Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

4. (relative, sometimes proscribed, see usage notes) In a restrictive relative clause, referring to a noun previously mentioned.

   This is the letter which I received.

   This is the letter in which he explains his decision.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 1:1:

     Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us...

   1. (chiefly archaic) Used of people.
      • 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Acts:

        The men which acompanyed him on his waye stode amased, for they herde a voyce, butt sawe no man.

使用する際の注意点

• Some authorities insist that relative which be used only in non-restrictive clauses (e.g., “I saw Tom’s car, which was parked outside his house”), or when it is the object of a preposition placed in front of the pronoun (e.g., “These are the things about which we shall talk”, “There were many fish, the biggest of which …”). Non-restrictive clauses are normally set off with a comma or commas. For restrictive clauses (e.g., The song that you just mentioned is better than the later ones), they prefer that. But Fowler, who proposed the rule, acknowledged, “It would be idle to pretend that it is the practice either of most or of the best writers.” In modern UK usage, The song which you just mentioned is better than the later ones is generally accepted without question.
• When which (or the other relative pronouns who and that) is used as the subject of a relative clause, the verb agrees with the antecedent of the pronoun. Thus, “the thing which is …”, “the things which are …”, etc.
• Which is commonly used, sometimes with partitive of, instead of who (the ordinary interrogative pronoun, in the nominative singular or plural) to refer to a person or persons, and corresponding to what of things. Compare “which of us always uses who for people” and “who among us has never used which for a person”. Neither “who of us” nor “which among us” is idiomatic.

派生語

語源

From 古期英語 hwelċ, from Proto-Germanic *hwilīkaz.

発音

• IPA: /hwit͡ʃ/

代名詞

which

1. which
   • 1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

     And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

派生した語

• English: which
• Scots: whilk, whulk, which, quhilk, whilke
• Yola: wich, which, whilke

参照

• “which” listed in the Middle English Dictionary [2001]
• “which, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.