earmarkとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

The noun is derived from ear +‎ mark. The verb is derived from the noun.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɪəmɑːk/
• (General American) IPA: /ˈɪ(ə)ɹˌmɑɹk/
• ハイフネーション: ear‧mark

名詞

earmark (plural earmarks)

1. (chiefly agriculture) A mark made or tag attached to the ear of an animal (chiefly a livestock animal), generally to identify or indicate something about the animal, such as ownership, health or gestation status, etc.

   Synonym: (archaic or historical) lugmark

   Hyponym: ear tag

   • 1725, [Noël] Chomel, “MARKING OF SHEEP”, in R[ichard] Bradley, editor, Dictionaire Oeconomique: Or, The Family Dictionary. […], volume II (I–Z), London: […] D[aniel] Midwinter, […], →OCLC, signature Llll2, recto, column 1:

     Some mark them [sheep] vvith Raddle and make Ear-marks.

2. (figurative)
   1. A distinguishing or identifying mark or sign; specifically (archaic), a mark of ownership.
      • 1551, Thomas More, “The Fyrste Boke of the Communycacion of Raphaell Hythlodaye Concernynge the Best State of a Commen Wealthe”, in Raphe Robynson [i.e., Ralph Robinson], transl., A Fruteful, and Pleasaunt Worke of the Best State of a Publyque Weale, and of the Newe Yle Called Utopia: […], London: […] [Steven Mierdman for] Abraham Vele, […], →OCLC, signature [D.viii.], verso:

        [H]e ſhoulde be dyſcryued by hys rounding and his eare marke: […]

      • 1672, [Andrew Marvell], The Rehearsal Transpros’d: Or, Animadversions upon a Late Book, Entituled, A Preface, Shewing what Grounds there are of Fears and Jealousies of Popery, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 151:

        Mr. Bayes, many as proper a man as your ſelf march'd up Holborn for diſtinguiſhing betvvixt the VVealth and the Fanatick: and moreover let me tell you, Fanatick Money hath no Ear-mark.

      • 1743 February 21 (date decided; Gregorian calendar), [John] Willes, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, “Jonathan Scott and Francis Richardson against Robert Surman Salem Owne and John Cruickshank, Assignees of Richard Scott a Bankrupt”, in Charles Durnford, editor, Reports of Adjudged Cases in the Court of Common Pleas during the Time Lord Chief Justice Willes Presided in that Court; […], London: […] A. Strahan, […], for J[oseph] Butterworth, […], published 1799, →OCLC, page 404:

        VVe are likevviſe all agreed that if the goods had remain in ſpecie unſold in the bankrupt's hands at the time of the bankruptcy, the plaintiffs might have recovered them in an action of trover, and that they could not be applied to pay the bankrupt's debts, […] [W]hy are goods conſidered ſtill as the ovvners? becauſe they remain in ſpecie, and ſo may be diſtinguiſhed from the reſt of the bankrupt's eſtate. But as money has no earmark, it cannot be diſtinguiſhed.

      • 1879, Anthony Trollope, “Thackeray’s Style and Manner of Work”, in John Morley, editor, Thackeray (English Men of Letters; 10), London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 201:

        I am inclined to think that his most besetting sin in style,—the little earmark by which he is most conspicuous,—is a certain affected familiarity.

      • 1959, Brunettie Burrow, Angels in White, San Antonio, Tex.: Naylor, →OCLC, page 112:

        […] I saw in my patient one of the most forbidding men I have ever met. He had all the earmarks of a criminal.

   2. (finance) An act of designating certain funds to be used for a specific purpose.
   3. (US, politics), Specifically, a designation by the Congress that certain federal funds be appropriated for a specific project.

      (US, politics): Hyponyms: lettermark, phonemark

参考

• expenditure
• pork barrel

動詞

earmark (third-person singular simple present earmarks, present participle earmarking, simple past and past participle earmarked) (transitive)

1. (chiefly agriculture) To make a mark or attach a tag to the ear of (an animal, chiefly a livestock animal), generally to identify or indicate something about the animal, such as ownership.

   Hyponym: ear-tag

   Coordinate terms: brand, chip

2. (figurative)
   1. To put a distinguishing or identifying mark or sign on (something); to make (something) distinctive or identifiable.
   2. To designate or set aside (someone or something) for a particular purpose; to allocate.

      Synonyms: allot, appropriate; see also Thesaurus:set apart

      • 2012, Michelle Alexander, “The Lockdown”, in The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, revised edition, New York, N.Y.: The New Press, →ISBN, page 74:

        In barely a decade, the War on Drugs went from being a political slogan to an actual war. Now that police departments were suddenly flush with cash and military equipment earmarked for the drug war, they needed to make use of their new resources.

      • 2017 November 16, Jo Ellison, “Help: The gym has turned us into slobs”, in Financial Times‎, London: The Financial Times Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 19 November 2017:

        But even I draw the line at "doing crunches" in designer clothes. Fashion sneakers are for swanking around the shops, not for running in. And so, like everyone else, I wear grotty old tracksuits earmarked for Oxfam, and tragic free festival T-shirts that give away my age.

   3. (finance) Chiefly followed by for: to designate (certain funds) to be used for a specific purpose.

      You can donate to the organization as a whole, or you can earmark your contribution for a particular project.

      • 2020 December 2, Christian Wolmar, “Wales Offers Us a Glimpse of an Integrated Transport Policy”, in Rail, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 56:

        A widening of the M4 had long been mooted, and the Welsh Government had even earmarked most of the required £1.6bn funding for a new 14-mile, six-lane section around Newport. Then, in the face of opposition from environmentalists, came a realisation that similar road schemes across the world tend merely to encourage greater car use and therefore soon prove ineffective in solving the original problem.

      1. (UK) To designate (part of a pension) to be payable to the holder's former spouse or payment when the pension is paid.
      2. (US, politics) Of the Congress: to designate that certain federal funds be appropriated for a specific project.

         Hyponyms: lettermark, phonemark

派生語

• earmarkable
• earmarking (noun)
• unearmarked

参照

Further reading

• earmark (agriculture) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• earmark (politics) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• earmark (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• “earmark, n. and v.”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.