Tocharianとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• Toch. (abbreviation)
• Tokharian

語源

From Latin Tocharī + -ian, the first element deriving from Ancient Greek Τόχαροι (Tókharoi, “Tochari/Tukharas (an ancient people of Bactria)”), plural of Τόχαρος (Tókharos), probably from an Indo-Iranian source (Old Persian [script needed] (tuxāri-), Khotanese [script needed] (ttahvāra)); compare Sanskrit तुखार (tukhāra).

When manuscripts in an unknown Indo-European language were discovered in the early 20th century in the Tarim Basin, scholars linked them to the Tochari/Tukharas mentioned in ancient sources. As a result, the language was called "Tocharian". However, most scholars now believe this identification was incorrect.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /təuˈkɛəɹi.ən/, /təuˈkɑːɹi.ən/
• (General American, Mary–marry–merry merger) IPA: /toʊˈkɛɹi.ən/, /toʊˈkɑɹi.ən/
• 韻: -ɛəɹiən

形容詞

Tocharian

1. (original sense) Of or relating to the Tochari (people of Bactria).
   • 1871, Alexander Cunningham, Archæological Survey of India, volume 2, Shimla, page 67:

     We have now come to one of the great names in ancient Indian history, that of the Indo-Scythian prince Kanishka, whose conversion to the faith of Sâkya Muni gave a sudden impulse to the propagation of Buddhism, which rapidly spread its doctrines to the utmost bounds of the Tocharian dominion.

   • 1890, D. O. Kellogg, editor, The Encyclopædia Britannica‎, Index, Philadelphia: J. M. Stoddart Co., page 689:

     Hyrcanian and Tocharian independence, b 613–4, b 619

2. [from 20th c.] Of or pertaining to the Tocharian languages or the Tocharians of the Tarim Basin.

名詞

Tocharian (plural Tocharians)

1. (original sense) Any member of the Tochari, a people who inhabited Bactria.

   Synonyms: Tokhar, Tukhar, Tukhara

   • 1634, C. Plinius Secundus, The Historie of the World, volume 1, page 124:

     Beyond the Attaci or Attacores, the Thyrians and Tocharians do inhabit; yea, and the Caſirians, who now by this time belong to the Indians, & are a part of them.

   • 1871, H. Kern, “The Bṛhat-Saṅhitâ; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varâha-mihira.”, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, page 232:

     The Moon presides over: […] Tocharians, […]

   • 1957, Osbert Guy Stanhope Crawford, editor, Antiquity‎, volumes 31–32, page 137:

     Meanwhile Bactria submitted to the Tochari of Western writers (Sanskrit, Tukhāra). They have been sometimes supposed to have been a branch of the Turkish tribes, while the Hiung-nu have been seen as Mongols, the forerunners of the Hūnas and Chionites. It was a section of the Tocharians who later followed the Greeks across the Hindu-kush and created the great Kushan empire in North India.

2. [from 20th c.] Any member of a people who inhabited the Tarim Basin and spoke the so-called Tocharian languages.

   Hyponyms: Agnean, Kuchean

使用する際の注意点

• The application of the name Tocharian to the Tarim Basin peoples is modern and is not securely connected to the classical Tochari.

固有名詞

Tocharian

1. (linguistics) An extinct branch of the Indo-European language family, consisting of two languages, Tocharian A and Tocharian B, written in an abugida derived from Brahmi. [from 20th c.]

   Hyponyms: Agnean, Kuchean, Proto-Tocharian, Tocharian A, Tocharian B

派生語

関連する語

アナグラム

• archontia