Batteryとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Borrowed from Middle French batterie, from Old French baterie (“action of beating”), from batre (“beat”), from Latin battuō (“beat”), from Gaulish. Doublet of batterie. By surface analysis, batter +‎ -y.

The electrical sense was coined by American polymath Benjamin Franklin by analogy with a military battery that his series of Leyden jars resembled.

発音

• (英国発音) IPA: /ˈbæt.(ə)ɹi/, (except sense 2) /ˈbæt͡ʃɹi/
• (米国発音) IPA: /ˈbæt.əɹi/, [ˈbæɾə.ɹi]
• (Indic) IPA: /ˈbaʈ.(ə)ri/
• ハイフネーション: bat‧te‧ry
• 韻: -ætəɹi, -ætɹi

名詞

battery (countable and uncountable, plural batteries)

1. (electricity, electronics, countable) A device used to power electric devices, consisting of one or more electrically connected electrochemical cells or (archaically) electrostatic cells.

   alkaline battery;   sodium-ion battery;   lead-acid battery

   His flashlight takes two AA batteries.

   His car takes a 550-CCA lead-acid battery.

   • 2010, Phillip J. Boucher, The Complete Guide to Canada's General Mobile Radio Service‎, Phillip J. Boucher, →ISBN, page 42:

     For GMRS [General Mobile Radio Service], rechargeable packs alone do not provide the flexibility that user replaceable batteries can. For instance, once the pack is discharged, it must be placed in the charger and recharged, which can take from one to several hours, leaving you unable to use your radio until the pack is recharged unless you have purchased an extra pack. Extra battery packs are bulky and pricey. With radios using replaceable AA and AAA batteries, you never have to worry about recharging or buying extra packs. You can carry charged replacement batteries in your pocket, purse, or bag, and in an emergency you can even go to a store and buy some alkaline batteries so you can be up and running again.

   1. (originally and sometimes still, strictly) Such a device that has multiple cells.

      Her phone needs a new battery because its present battery no longer holds a charge well.

      • 1749 Benjamin Franklin, letter to Peter Collinson

        Upon this We made what we call’d an Electrical Battery, consisting of eleven Panes of large Sash Glass, arm’d with thin leaden Plates, pasted on each Side...

        A Turky is to be killed for our Dinners by the Electrical Shock; and roasted by the electrical Jack, before a Fire kindled by the Electrified Bottle; when the Healths of all the Famous Electricians in England, France and Germany, are to be drank in Electrified Bumpers, under the Discharge of Guns from the Electrical Battery.

      • 2012, John Karsnitz et al., Engineering Design: An Introduction, page 364:

        [For his experiments with electricity,] Benjamin Franklin utilized Leyden jars and referred to several jars hooked together as a battery (after a "battery" of cannon).

      • 2012, Christian Glaize, Sylvie Genies, Lead and Nickel Electrochemical Batteries, page 6:

        [The voltage of a single cell is] too low for most applications [... so] a series of cells will be used to obtain the desired voltage – a "battery" of cells, in the strictest sense of the term.

2. (metonymic, informal, uncountable) The energy stored in such a device.

   Her phone did not have enough battery for another phone call.

   A: How much battery do you have left? B: Only 63%.

3. (law) The infliction of unlawful physical violence on a person, legally distinguished from assault, which involves the threat of impending violence.

   Hypernym: violence

   Holonym: assault and battery

   Comeronym: assault

   Coordinate term: assault

   • 2003, Mike Molan, Modern Criminal Law, 5th edition, 7.2.2-3, pages 221–222:

     […] A battery is the actual infliction of unlawful personal violence. […] [The defendant] fell to the ground and lashed out with his feet and in doing so kicked the hand of one of the police officers, fracturing a bone. He was charged with assault […] although this was a battery.

   • 2023 May 9, Lola Fadulu, “New York law gave jurors three types of battery to consider in the Trump case.”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:

     He offered three types of battery for which Mr. Trump might be liable under New York law: rape, sexual abuse and forcible touching.

   • 2024 September 28, Harry Blank, “Not Ready for Prime Time”, in Deadlined, →ISBN, page 604:

     An order asserted itself, and the hoods on the furnaces were oped wide, and a final march was organized. The wails of the injured and the roars of the dead-on-the-march overwhelmed the tinny speakers in the cell, and they all watched as nearly one thousand people reduced themselves to a few frantic hundred in less than an hour, then settled into a sustained orgy of battery, rapine and rape with no end in sight but the total depopulation of the entire facility.

4. (military, countable) A coordinated group of artillery weapons, with any of various numbers of guns.

   Outside the ancient fort, you can still see worn areas in the stone where the batteries were once placed.

   1. Such a group of a certain size (number of guns and artillerists), within a schema of military unit organization.

      They sent four batteries southward in an attempt to shore up the defenses around the depot.

      • 2005, Barry Leonard, Field Artillery in Military Operations Other Than War, page 20:

        the marines had six 8-inch howitzers, eight 4.2-inch mortars, and three 105-mm howitzer batteries, each with six pieces.

5. (historical, archaic) An elevated platform on which cannon could be placed.
   • 2015, Justin S. Solonick, Engineering Victory: The Union Siege of Vicksburg, pages 142–143:

     The construction of advanced batteries mirrored that of those built along the line of circumvallation. [...] Although Mahan demanded that batteries be constructed to exacting dimensions and revetted with gabions, fascines, and sandbags, at Vicksburg the resources at hand determined what materials soldiers used to build what they termed artillery "forts".

   • 1780, John Robertson et al., The Elements of Navigation, page 53:

     such forts being so contrived as to have two or three batteries, one higher than the other, furnished with many cannon.

   • 1776, Charles Carroll, Brantz Mayer, Journal of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, page 97:

     His grand battery was as badly provided with cannon as his little battery, for not a single gun was mounted on either.

   • 1766, John Entick, A New and Accurate History and Survey of London, page 337:

     On this wharf [Tower Bridge wharf] there is a long and beautiful platform, on which are planted 61 pieces of cannon [...] Devil's Battery, where is also a platform, on which are mounted seven pieces of cannon, although on the battery itself there are only five.

6. An array of similar things.

   Schoolchildren take a battery of standard tests to measure their progress.

7. A set of small cages where hens are kept for the purpose of farming their eggs.
   • 2000, Zadie Smith, White Teeth, London: Penguin Books, published 2001, →ISBN, page 403:

     ‘Do you know how battery chickens live?’

8. (baseball) The catcher and the pitcher together
9. (chess) Two or more pieces working together on the same rank, file, or diagonal
10. (music) A marching percussion ensemble; the section of the drumline that marches on the field during a performance.
11. The state of a firearm or cannon when it is possible to be fired.

    in battery;   out of battery

    In this circumstance, you will have to rack the slide to get back in battery.

12. (archaic) Apparatus for preparing or serving meals.

使用する際の注意点

The electrical sense (sense 1) originated in the precise distinction between a single cell and a battery of cells (that is, a collected set of cells), but that distinction is not upheld in current general usage: any such device, of one or more cells, is now called a battery in casual usage and is seldom called a cell except formally in technical usage.

下位語

派生語

派生した語

• → Bengali: ব্যাটারি (bêṭari)
• → Korean: 배터리 (baeteori)

参考

• accumulator
• assault