forestとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• foreste (obsolete)

語源

Inherited from 中期英語 forest, from Old French forest, from Early Medieval Latin forestis. The Latin could be:

• from foris (“outside”), as in forestis (silva) "(wood) outside,"

• or from Frankish or Proto-West Germanic *furhisti (“forest, fir-grove, wooded land”), equivalent to fir +‎ hurst.(Can this etymology be sourced?) In which case, related to 古期英語 fyrhþe (“forested land”), Old High German forst, forsti (“forest”), Old Norse fýri (“pine forest”). Doublet of frith.

Cognate with Dutch vorst (“copse, grove, woodland”), German Forst (“forest”).

In this sense, mostly displaced the native 中期英語 wode, from 古期英語 wudu (modern English wood) and 中期英語 wold, wald, wæld, from 古期英語 weald (modern English wold, weald).

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) enPR: fŏr′ĭst, IPA: /ˈfɒɹɪst/
• (General American) enPR: fôr′ĭst, fŏr′ĭst, fôrst, IPA: /ˈfɔɹəst/, /fɔɹst/
• (New York City, Philadelphia) IPA: /ˈfɑɹɪst/, /ˈfɑɹəst/
• Homophone: forced (米国発音, sometimes especially in fast speech)
• 韻: -ɒɹɪst
• ハイフネーション: for‧est

名詞

forest (countable and uncountable, plural forests)

1. A dense uncultivated tract of trees and undergrowth, larger than woods.
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto VI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 3, page 76:

     Who after Archimagoes fowle defeat / Led her away into a foreſt wilde, / And turning wrathfull fyre to luſtfull heat, / With beaſtly ſin though her to haue defilde, / And made the vaſſal of his pleaſures vilde.

   • 2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:

     Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia. The cheapest way to clear logged woodland is to burn it, producing an acrid cloud of foul white smoke that, carried by the wind, can cover hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles.

2. Any dense collection or amount.

   a forest of criticism

   • 1998, Katharine Payne, Silent Thunder: In the Presence of Elephants, page 59:

     Squealing and still propelled by the kick, the calf scrabbled through the forest of legs and into the open.

3. (historical) A defined area of land set aside in England as royal hunting ground or for other privileged use; all such areas.
   • 2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion‎:

     Throughout the 1500s, the populace roiled over a constellation of grievances of which the forest emerged as a key focal point. The popular late Middle Ages fictional character Robin Hood, dressed in green to symbolize the forest, dodged fines for forest offenses and stole from the rich to give to the poor. But his appeal was painfully real and embodied the struggle over wood.

   • 2013, Alexander Tulloch, The Little Book of Lancashire, The History Press, →ISBN:

     […] in places such as the Forest of Bowland there is hardly a tree in sight and much of the area is a vast tract of almost barren gritstone hills and peat moorland.

4. (graph theory) A graph with no cycles; i.e., a graph made up of trees.
   • 2000, Victor N. Kasyanov, Vladimir A. Evstigneev, Graph Theory for Programmers: Algorithms for Processing Trees, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 16:

     Let H be a traversal of an undirected graph G = (X, U). For given H, the set U can be split into set of tree edges from the forest G_H and the set of inverse edges that do not belong to this forest.

5. (computing, Microsoft Windows) A group of domains that are managed as a unit.
   • 2008, Laura E. Hunter, Robbie Allen, Active Directory Cookbook, O'Reilly Media, Inc., →ISBN, page 17:

     Forests are considered the security boundary in Active Directory; by this we mean that if you need to definitively restrict access to a resource within a particular domain so that administrators from other domains do not have any access to it whatsoever, you need to implement a separate forest instead of using an additional domain within the current forest.

6. (uncountable) The color forest green.

下位語

• See also Thesaurus:forest

Meronyms

• tree
• See also Thesaurus:forest

派生語

参考

• Category:forest on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons

動詞

forest (third-person singular simple present forests, present participle foresting, simple past and past participle forested)

1. (transitive) To cover an area with trees.
   • 1937, Széchenyi Scientific Society, Report on the Work of the Széchenyi Scientific Society: Founded for the Promotion of Research in Natural Sciences in Hungary, Zeéchenyi Scientific Society, page 83:

     From the view-point of national economy professor Fehér communicates to us most interesting facts, which he has established in an important question now of actuality : in the subject of foresting the Great Hungarian Plains.

関連する語

参考

参照

アナグラム

• Forets, Fortes, Foster, fetors, forset, fortes, fortés, foster, froste, softer

語源

Borrowed from Old French forest, from Early Medieval Latin forestis.

発音

• IPA: /fɔˈrɛst/, /ˈfɔrɛst/

名詞

forest (plural forestes)

1. A forest or wood (uninhabited forested region)
   • c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 4, recto, lines 3-4; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne‎, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 6:

     Hit bi fel in þat foreſt · þere faſt by ſide / þer woned a wel old cherl · þat was a couherde

     It so happened that right there in that forest / there was a very old peasant; a cowherd.

2. A preserve for hunting exclusive to royalty.

関連する語

• forester

派生した語

• English: forest
• Scots: forest
• → Welsh: fforest

参照

• “forest, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 17 October 2018.